KULIAH 3

•PERLAKUAN PANAS KONTINYU;ANIL

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Perlakuan Panas

PERLAKUAN PANAS -ANIL

KLASIFIKASI PERLAKUAN PANAS BAJA
 Perlakuan panas termal : Annealing, Homogenising, Hardening, dst.
(thermal treatment)

 Perlakuan panas termokimia : Carburising, Carbonitriding, Nitriding,

(thermochemical treatment) Nitrocarburising, dst.

 Perlakuan panas termomekanik : Ausforming, Isoforming, dst.

(themomechanical treatment)

 Perlakuan inovatif permukaan : Enhanced plasma diffusional treatment

(innovative surface treatment) Laser/electron beam surface alloying,
Laser surface hardening, PVD/ CV

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 FUNGSI PERLAKUAN PANAS TERMAL
SEBAGAI BAGIAN PROSES MANUFAKTUR

PELUNAKAN :
MEMPERSIAPKAN BAHAN LOGAM SEBAGAI PRODUK
1/2 JADI AGAR LAYAK DIPROSES BERIKUTNYA.

PENGERASAN :
MEMPERSIAPKAN BAHAN LOGAM SEBAGAI PRODUK JADI
AGAR MEMILIKI SIFAT MEKANIS YANG OPTIMUM.

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 PERLAKUAN PELUNAKAN
--Homogenising

--Normalizing
--Full annealing
--Spherodising
--Stress relieving
--Process and recrystallisation annealing

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 HOMOGENIZING
Pemanasan pada temperatur tinggi didaerah
fasa austenit (), jauh diatas titik kritis (A3 dan Acm)

 --Bertujuan untuk menghilangkan efek segeregasi kimia akiba

proses pembekuan lambat ingot/billet.

--Memperbaiki mampu pengerjaan panas (hot workability).

Penuangan
logam cair

Ingot Segregasi kimia HOMOGENISING

sebelum pengerjaan panas

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 NORMALIZING
Pemanasan lambat sampai dengan temperatur diatas transformasi  
 dan diikuti oleh pendinginan udara

 --Menghilangkan ketidak ragaman mikrostruktur.

--Mengeleminasi tegangan sisa.
--Meningkatkan keseragaman dan penghalusan ukuran butir.
CASTING
HOT WORKING:
Forging, Extrusion, Rolling

NORMALIZING

Ketidak ragaman reduksi/temperatur

Pengecualian: HSS, Shock Resisting Steel, Hot Work Tool Steel
Cold Work Tool Steel D & A (tdk termasuk A10), Mold Steel P4.

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 FULL ANNEALING
Pemanasan sampai temperatur sedikit diatas transformasi   
(A3: hypoeutectoid steels dan A1: hypereutectoid steels), yang
diikuti oleh pendinginan lambat didalam dapur

--Membulatkan sementit ‘proeutectoid” atau karbida lainnya

sehingga memperbaiki keuletan baja.
--Menghasilkan kekerasan/kekuatan yang minimum sehingga
mudah dilakukan deformasi pada pengerjaan dingin.
-- Menghilangkan struktur martensit pada baja paduan yang mungkin
terbentuk akibat pendinginan relatif cepat melewati transformasi    .
--Biasanya dilakukan pada baja yang akan dipasok kepasaran

Pembulatan sementit
‘proeutectoid’ dalam
1 2 3 bentuk networks pada
batas butir.

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 PERLAKUAN PELUNAKAN - DIAGRAM Fe-C

Homogenising (H)
Normalising (N)
Full-Annealing (A)
Recrystallisation annealing
911°C Austenite
Stress-relief annealing
()  + Fe3C
Acm
A3 Karakteristik (H) (N) Full (A)
723 °C A1
Temp. *** ** *
Temperature

 + Fe3C
Metoda -- udara dapur
pendingin
Ferrite
()
Wkt. Proses *** * *
Eutectoid Rendah *  Tinggi***
Hypo Hyper
eutectoid eutectoid

0 0.8 1.4 2.0 Carbon %

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 NORMALIZING VS FULL ANNEALING
Normalizing membentuk mikrostruktur lebih halus dibandingkan
full annealing meskipun pemanasan dilakukan pada temperatur
yang lebih tinggi akibat laju pendinginan lebih cepat

Heating Cooling
Cycle Cycle
Normalizing
Ac3 Anneal
Temperature

Ac1 F +A

Pendinginan di dapur
P +A
Pendinginan udara
Ms

Time Time

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 EHW 98

ANNEALING LAINNYA
Spherodising: dilakukan untuk meningkatkan mampu-mesin (machinability)
pada baja yang akan ‘dimachining´. Caranya dengan membulatkan sementit/karbida.
Pemanasan dilakukan dibawah temperatur kritis A 1 ( ~723ºC), atau sedikit diatas A1
tetapi kemudian ditahan dibawah A 1.

Stress-relief annealing: pemenasan s/d dibawah temperatur kritis 550-650 ºC baja

karbon dan paduan rendah, 600-750 ºC baja perkakas. Bertujuan untuk menghilangkan
tegangan sisa akibat deformasi pengerjaan dingin.

Recrystallisation annealing: pemanasan s/d temperatur 600 ºC dibawah temperatur kritis.

Bertujuan untuk membentuk butir poligon yang bebas tegangan dan mempunyai keuletan
serta sifat konduktivitas baik. Dilakukan pada baja setelah deformasi pengerjaan dingin.

Quench annealing: dilakukan pada baja jenis austenitk yang di homogenising atau
recrystallisation annealing dimana diikuti oleh pendinginan cepat untuk menghindari
terbentukya endapan karbida terutama pada batas butir.

Isothermal Annealing: pendinginan cepat sampai temperatur tepat

dibawah daerah transformasi, ditahan 1-2 jam, diikuti pendinginan udara.

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 Impact of Cold Work
As cold work is increased
• Yield strength (y) increases.
• Tensile strength (TS) increases.
• Ductility (%EL or %AR) decreases.

Adapted from Fig. 7.20,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

low carbon steel

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Mechanical Property Alterations
Due to Cold Working
• What are the values of yield strength, tensile strength & ductility after cold
working Cu?
Do2 Dd2

Copper %CW  4 4 x 100
Cold Do2
Work
4
Do2  Dd2
 x 100
Do = 15.2 mm Dd = 12.2 mm Do2

(15.2 mm) 2  (12.2 mm) 2

%CW  x 100  35.6%
(15.2 mm) 2
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 Mechanical Property Alterations
• Due
What to values
are the Coldof Working
yield strength, tensile strength & ductility for Cu for
%CW = 35.6%?

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tensile strength (MPa)

yield strength (MPa)

700 800

ductility (%EL)
40
500 600
300 MPa Cu
300 Cu 400 340 MPa 20
Cu
100 7%
200 00
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 20 40 60
% Cold Work % Cold Work % Cold Work

y = 300 MPa TS = 340 MPa %EL = 7%

Adapted from Fig. 7.19, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 7.19 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties
and Selection: Iron and Steels, Vol. 1, 9th ed., B. Bardes (Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1978, p. 226;
and Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H.
Baker (Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 276 and 327.) 14
Effect of Heat Treating After Cold Working
• 1 hour treatment at Tanneal...
decreases TS and increases %EL.
• Effects of cold work are nullified!

annealing temperature (ºC)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 • Three Annealing stages:
tensile strength (MPa)

600 60 1. Recovery
tensile strength 2. Recrystallization

ductility (%EL)
50 3. Grain Growth
500
40

400 30

ductility 20
Adapted from Fig. 7.22, Callister & Rethwisch
8e. (Fig. 7.22 is adapted from G. Sachs and
300 K.R. van Horn, Practical Metallurgy, Applied
Metallurgy, and the Industrial Processing of
Re Re Gr Ferrous and Nonferrous Metals and Alloys,
c ov c ry s ain American Society for Metals, 1940, p. 139.)
e ry tal Gr
liza ow
tio th
n
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Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
1. Recovery
Reduction of dislocation density by annihilation.
• Scenario 1 extra half-plane
of atoms Dislocations
Results from annihilate
diffusion atoms
and form
diffuse
a perfect
to regions
atomic
of tension
extra half-plane plane.
of atoms
• Scenario 2

3. “Climbed” disl. can now R

move on new slip plane
2. grey atoms leave by
4. opposite dislocations
vacancy diffusion
meet and annihilate
allowing disl. to “climb”
1. dislocation blocked; Obstacle dislocation
can’t move to the right

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Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
2. Recrystallization
• New grains are formed that:
-- have low dislocation densities
-- are small in size
-- consume and replace parent cold-worked grains.
0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(a),(b),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(a),(b)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

33% cold New crystals

worked nucleate after
brass 3 sec. at 580C.

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As Recrystallization
Continues…
cold-worked grains are eventually consumed/replaced.
• All

0.6 mm 0.6 mm

Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(c),(d),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(c),(d)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 4 After 8
seconds seconds

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Three Stages During Heat Treatment:
3. Grain Growth
• At longer times, average grain size increases.

-- Small grains shrink (and ultimately disappear)

-- Large grains continue to grow

0.6 mm 0.6 mm
Adapted from
Fig. 7.21(d),(e),
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 7.21(d),(e)
are courtesy of
J.E. Burke,
General Electric
Company.)

After 8 s, After 15 min,

580ºC 580ºC

• Empirical Relation: coefficient dependent

on material and T.
exponent typ. ~ 2
grain diam. elapsed time
n
at time t. d  d on  Kt
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 TR = recrystallization
temperature

TR

Adapted from Fig. 7.22,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

º
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Recrystallization Temperature
TR = recrystallization temperature = temperature
at which recrystallization just reaches
completion in 1 h.
0.3Tm < TR < 0.6Tm

For a specific metal/alloy, TR depends on:

• %CW -- TR decreases with increasing %CW
• Purity of metal -- TR decreases with
increasing purity

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Diameter Reduction Procedure -
Problem
A cylindrical rod of brass originally 10 mm (0.39 in) in diameter is to be
cold worked by drawing. The circular cross section will be maintained
during deformation. A cold-worked tensile strength in excess of 380
MPa (55,000 psi) and a ductility of at least 15 %EL are desired.
Furthermore, the final diameter must be 7.5 mm (0.30 in). Explain how
this may be accomplished.

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Diameter Reduction
Procedure - Solution
What are the consequences of directly drawing
to the final diameter?
Brass
Cold
Work

Do = 10 mm Df = 7.5 mm

 Ao  Af   Af 
%CW    x 100  1   x 100
 Ao   Ao 
 D 2 4    7 .5  2 
 1  f  x 100  1     x 100  43.8%
 D 2 4    10  
 o   
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 Diameter Reduction
Procedure – Solution (Cont.)

420 540

Adapted from Fig. 7.19,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
• For %CW = 43.8%
 y = 420 MPa
– TS = 540 MPa > 380 MPa
– %EL = 6 < 15
• This doesn’t satisfy criteria… what other options are possible? 24
Diameter Reduction
Procedure – Solution (cont.)

380 15

12 27

Adapted from Fig. 7.19,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.

For TS > 380 MPa > 12 %CW

For %EL > 15 < 27 %CW

 our working range is limited to 12 < %CW < 27 25

 Diameter Reduction Procedure –
Solution (cont.)
Cold work, then anneal, then cold work again
• For objective we need a cold work of 12 < %CW < 27
– We’ll use 20 %CW
• Diameter after first cold work stage (but before 2nd cold work stage) is
calculated as follows:

 D 2 D 2
%CW

%CW  1  f 2  x 100  1  f 2 
 D 2 D02 2 100
 02 
0. 5 Df 2
Df 2  %CW   D02 
 1    %CW 
0 .5
D02  100  1  
 100 
0 .5
 20 
Intermediate diameter = Df 1  D02  7.5 mm 1    8.39 mm
 100 
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 Diameter Reduction
Procedure – Summary
Stage 1: Cold work – reduce diameter from 10 mm to 8.39 mm
  8.39 mm 2 
%CW1  1     x 100  29.6
  10 mm  
 

Stage 2: Heat treat (allow recrystallization)

Stage 3: Cold work – reduce diameter from 8.39 mm to 7.5 mm

  7 .5  2  Fig 7.19  y  340 MPa


%CW2  1   
 x 100  20 
  8.49   TS  400 MPa
 
%EL  24
Therefore, all criteria satisfied

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Cold Working vs. Hot
Working
• Hot working  deformation above TR
• Cold working  deformation below TR

Grain Size Influences Properties

Metals having small grains – relatively strong and
tough at low temperatures
Metals having large grains – good creep resistance at
relatively high temperatures

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Summary
• Strength of metals may be increased by:
•-- decreasing grain size
-- solid solution strengthening
•-- precipitate hardening
-- cold working

• A cold-worked metal that is heat treated may experience

recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth – its properties
will be altered.

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 PENGARUH PANAS PADA PENGELASAN PADA
University of
Indonesia STRUKTUR LOGAM

Dept. of Metallurgy and Materials: Training in Materials Technology for PT. Astra Honda Motor, 2006