SAA
Tujuan
• Memahami berbagai senyawa lipid yang penting secara
faali
• Memahami proses penggunaan lipid oleh tubuh melalui
metabolisme
• Memahami proses pembentukan asam lemak dan
eikosanoid
• Memahami proses pengangkutan dan penyimpanan
lemak tubuh
• Memahami keadaan ketosis
• Memahami sintesis kolesterol,hormon steroid dan lemak
tubuh lainnya
POKOK BAHASAN
• Lipid yang penting secara faali
• Beta Oksidasi dan ketogenesis
• Biosintesis asam lemak dan eikosanoid
• Penyimpanan dan transport lipid
• Metabolisme Asilgliserol dan sfingolipid
• Sintesis, transport dan ekskresi kolesterol
Lipid yang penting secara faali
BAB 15
• Peran biomedis
• Klasifikasi lipid
• Asam karboksilat alifatik
• Penamaan lemak jenuh dan tidak jenuh
• TGA sebagai simpanan utama
• Fosfolipid sebagai penyusun membran
• Peran steroid dan peroksidasi lipid
• Lipid amfipatik
BAB 15
Beta oksidasi; Ketogenesis
BAB 22
• Peran biomedis
• Oksidasi asam lemak di mitokondria
• 5 rangkaian reaksi
• Jumlah ATP yang dihasilkan
• Peran peroksisom
• Oksidasi asam lemak tak jenuh
• Pembentukan benda keton
• Transport benda keton
• Fungsi benda keton
• Pengaturan ketogenesis
• Aspek klinis
BAB 23: Biosintesis Asam
Lemak & Eikosanoid
• Peran biomedis
• Jalur utama lipogenesis di sitosol
• Status nutrisi mengatur lipogenesis
• Lipogenesis diatur oleh mekanisme jangka pendek dan panjang
• Adanya asam lemak tidak jenuh esensial
• Sistem delta2 Desaturase
• Sistesis asam lemak tidak jenuh ganda
• Defisiensi asam lemak esensial
• Sintesis eikosanoid
• Jalur siklooksigenase dan lipooksigenase
• Aspek klinis
BAB 24; Metabolisme
Asilgliserol dan Sfingolipid
• Peran biomedis
• Hidrolisis mengawali katabolisme TGA
• TGA dan PGA dibentuk melalui asilasi
triosa fosfat
• Semua sfingolipid dibentuk dari seramid
• Aspek klinis
BAB 25: Pengangkutan dan
Penyimpanan Lipid
• Peran biomedis
• Lipoprotein sebagai pengangkut lipid
• Asam lemak bebas cepat dimetabolisme
• Chilomikron dan VLDL sbg pengangut TGA dari
usus
• Chilomikron dan VLDL cepat dimetabolisme
• LDL dan HDL
• Peran sentral hati dalam transport lipid
• Aspek klinis
BAB 26: Sintesis, Transport dan
Ekskresi kolesterol
• Peran biomedis
• Berasal dari diet dan biosintesis sama
banyak
• Dikontrol oleh HMG KoA reduktase
• Keseimbangan kolesterol di jaringan
• Pengangkutan kolesterol
• Ekskresi melalui empedu
• Aspek klinis
Metabolisme LIPID
Metabolisme LIPID
– Degradasi Lipid Oksidasi asam lemak
• Pencernaan, penyerapan dan transpot lemak
• -oksidasi asam lemak
– Biosintesis Lipid
• Biosintesis asam lemak
• Biosintesis triasilgliserol
• Biosintesis fosfolipid
• Biosintesis kolesterol dan steroid
Pencernaan, penyerapan, &
transport lemak
• Penggunaan lemak sebagai sumber energi erat
berhubungan dengan metabolisme lipoprotein
dan kolesterol.
• Mammal mempunyai 5 – 25% / lebih lipid dan
90% dlm bentuk lemak (TAG) yg disimpan di
dalam jaringan adipose
• Hewan lemak disimpan dalam adiposit
• Tumbuhan biji untuk perkembangan
embrio
• Sumber lemak :
– Makanan
– Biosintesis de novo
– Simpanan tubuh
adiposit
• Masalah utama sifatnya
yang tidak larut dalam air.
• Lemak diemulsi oleh
garam empedu – disintesis
oleh liver & disimpan dlm
empedu mudah dicerna &
diserap
• Transportasi membentuk
kompleks dg protein
lipoprotein
Garam empedu terdiri dr asam empedu yg berasal dari
kolesterol
Garam empedu bersifat amfifatik mengemulsi lemak
membentuk misel
Lemak dipecah oleh lipase pankreas hasil?
• Penyerapan oleh sel
mukosa usus halus
• Asam lemak yg diserap
disintesis kembali
mjd lemak dalam
badan golgi dan
retikulum endoplasma
sel mukosa usus halus
• TAG masuk ke
sistem limfa
membentuk kompleks
dgn protein
chylomicrons
Gliserol hasil hidrolisis TAG : dirubah mjd
DHAP oleh ensim :
1 Glycerol Kinase
2 Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase.
Mengapa beta-
oksidasi?
• Oksidasi LCFA jalur metabolisme penghasil
energi utama pada hewan, bbrp protista, dan
beberapa bakteri
• Kolesterol • Lipoprotein
• Kolesterol ester Kilomikron
VLDL
• Trigliserida
LDL
• Fosfolipida
HDL
• FFA
Lipoprotein
Fosfolipid
KOL-
Ester
Kolesterol
non-ester TG
Berbentuk sferis
Dalam: Kolesterol ester, trigliserida
Luar: fosfolipid, kolesterol non-ester
Density
Complex Source %Protein %TGa %PLb %CEc %Cd %FFAe
(g/ml)
Chylomicr
Intestine <0.95 1-2 85-88 8 3 1 0
on
0.95-
VLDL Liver 7-10 50-55 18-20 12-15 8-10 1
1.006
1.006-
IDL VLDL 10-12 25-30 25-27 32-35 8-10 1
1.019
1.019-
LDL VLDL 20-22 10-15 20-28 37-48 8-10 1
1.063
Intestine,
liver
*HDL2 1.063-
(chylomicr 33-35 5-15 32-43 20-30 5-10 0
1.125
ons and
VLDLs)
Intestine,
liver
*HDL3 1.125-
(chylomicr 55-57 3-13 26-46 15-30 2-6 6
1.21
ons and
VLDLs)
Albumin- Adipose
>1.281 99 0 0 0 0 100
FFA tissue
a
Triacylglycerols, bPhospholipids, cCholesteryl esters, dFree cholesterol, eFree fatty acids
*HDL2 and HDL3 derived from nascent HDL as a result of the acquisition of cholesteryl esters
Lipoprotein
Apoprotein - MW(Da) Function and Comments
Association
Chylomicron
apo-A-I - 29,016 major protein of HDL, activates LCAT
s, HDL
Chylomicron
apo-A-II - 17,400 primarily in HDL, enhances hepatic lipase activity
s, HDL
Chylomicron
apo-A-IV - 46,000 present in triacylglycerol rich lipoproteins
s and HDL
exclusively found in chylomicrons, derived from apo-B-100 gene by RNA
Chylomicron
apo-B-48 - 241,000 editing in intestinal epithelium; lacks the LDL receptor-binding domain of
s
apo-B-100
VLDL, IDL major protein of LDL, binds to LDL receptor; one of the longest known
apo-B-100 - 513,000
and LDL proteins in humans
Chylomicron
s, VLDL,
apo-C-I - 7,600 may also activate LCAT
IDL and
HDL
Chylomicron
s, VLDL,
apo-C-II - 8,916 activates lipoprotein lipase
IDL and
HDL
Chylomicron
s, VLDL,
apo-C-III - 8,750 inhibits lipoprotein lipase
IDL and
HDL
apo-D - 20,000; also
called cholesterol ester HDL exclusively associated with HDL, cholesteryl ester transfer
transfer protein, CETP
Kilomikron
(chylomicron)
• Protein 2%
• Lemak 98%
Trigliserida 84%
Kolesterol 7%
Fosfolipid 7%
VLDL
Very Low Density Lipoprotein
• Protein 8%
• Lemak 90%
Trigliserida 51%
Kolesterol 20%
Fosfolipid 9%
FFA 2%
LDL
(Low Density Lipoprotein)
• Protein 21%
• Lemak 78%
Trigliserida 11%
Kolesterol 45%
Fosfolipid 22%
FFA 1%
HDL
(High-density Lipoprotein)
• Protein 30%
• Lemak 48%
Trigliserida 4%
Kolesterol ester 18%
Kolesterol bebas 4%
Fosfolipid 23%
FFA 1%
Disorder Defect Comments
(a) deficiency of LPL; slow chylomicron clearance, reduced LDL and HDL
Type I (familial LPL deficiency,
(b) production of abnormal LPL; levels; treated by low fat/complex carbohydrate diet;
familial hyperchylomicronemia)
(c) apo-C-II deficiency no increased risk of coronary artery disease
2 different mutations: Gln for Arg (amino dramatic increase in LDL levels; no affect on HDL,
acid 3500) or Cys for Arg (amino acid VLDL or plasma triglyceride levels; significant cause
Familial ligand-defective apo-B
3531); both lead to reduced affinity of of hypercholesterolemia and premature coronary
LDL for LDL receptor artery disease
absence of LCAT leads to inability of decreased levels of plasma cholesteryl esters and
Familial LCAT deficiency HDLs to take up cholesterol lysolecithin; abnormal LDLs (Lp-X) and VLDLs;
Disorder Defect Comments
R-COO-CH2
R-COO-CH
R-COO-CH2
• Triglycerides found in seeds and
animal adipose.
• Diglycerides found in plant leaves,
one fatty acid is replaced by sugar
(galactose).
Most Common Fatty Acids in Di- and Triglycerides
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Triglyceride Containing Linoleic Acid
Omega-6
Linolenic Acid
Omega-3
Fatty Acid Isomers
Atherosclerosis Timeline
Endothelial dysfunction
From first decade From third decade From fourth decade
Smooth muscle Thrombosis,
Growth mainly by lipid accumulation and collagen haematoma
Lipid
Early Atherosclerosis (II) – The Consequences of
Endothelial Dysfunction
Activated endothelial
cells express adhesion
molecules and recruit
inflammatory cells,
predominantly
monocytes
Lipid
Early Atherosclerosis (III) – Formation of Fatty
Streak
Monocytes migrate
into the intima,
differentiate into
macrophages
and ingest lipid to
form foam cells
Lipid
T-lymphocytes
accompany the
monocytes on
migration into
the intima
Gliserol Steroid
FFA
Lipolisis
TGA
Kolesterol
Fosfolipid
Esterifikasi
Gliserol P
Asil Ko-A
Spingolipid
Asetil Ko-A
Triosa P Piruvat
TCA
Glukosa Benda
Keton
Fatty acid + ATP + CoA -------> Acyl-CoA + PPi + AMP
monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, induces leukocyte chemotaxis and aggregation, vascular permeability, T-cell
LTB4
eosinophils, mast cells, epithelial cells proliferation and secretion of INF- , IL-1 and IL-2
LTD4 monocytes and alveolar macrophages, predominant component of SRS-A, induces vasodilation, vascular permeability
eosinophils, mast cells, epithelial cells and bronchoconstriction and secretion of INF-
LTE4 mast cells and basophils component of SRS-A, induces vasodilation and bronchoconstriction