Journal Reading
Penulis Jurnal : Richards JR, McGahan JP
Jessica Michelle Theo (112019168)
Ilmu Radiologi RSUD Tarakan
Periode Koas : 15 Maret – 17 April 2021
Introduction • Luka trauma penyebab kematian dari 1-44 tahun,
mendekati 200.000Penting
kematian/tahun di AS
• 2013 → 27 juta dirawat di IGD, 3 juta dirawat
• Penemuan FAST → skrining cedera di samping tempat
tidur pasien (hemodinamik tidak stabil untuk CT-Scan)
• Aplikasi FAST lain : deteksi cedera organ padat,
• FAST & eFAST dapat digunakan dengan cepat & in real time
pneumothorax,
• Sensiticitas FAST (69-98%) untuk deteksi cairan fraktur, pemeriksaan berkala,
bebas dan (63%) deteksi trauma organ padat
• Spesifisitas (94-100%) deteksi cairan bebasprehospital transport
dan atau cedera organ dan
padatalat triage
• Sensitivitas eFAST untuk pneumotoraks dan hemotoraks lebih tinggi dari radiografi toraks (11-21% vs
• Ada beberapa aplikasi baru dalam kegunaan USG
43-77%)
• Pemeriksaan FAST v. cava inferior (IVC) dapat
• Penulis
membedakan tipe shokperkembangan
akan mengulas pada pasien trauma
baruhipotensif
dari
kegunaan USG pada korban trauma dan membahas
aplikasi yg berguna untuk radiologis
Evolusi FAST • Penggunaan USG pada pasien trauma (1970s) di Eropa
• Hingga 1990s kurang dipakai di Amerika Utara,
akronim FAST (focused abdominal sonography for
trauma)
• Berubah nama “focused assessment with sonography
for trauma”
– Modalitas skrining awal umum di pusat trauma AS &
dunia
– Termasuk program ATLS
Akurasi FAST & • Asher, dkk (1976) → sensitivitas USG untuk trauma
limpa dari trauma tumpul abdomen (80%)
Pengambilan • Penelitian myriad (1990s) → Sensitivitas (69-98%) dan
• Curved-array transducer
– Untuk abdomen dengan resolusi yang lebih baik
– Tidak ideal untuk jantung/paru
https://radiologykey.com/transducers/
• Linear-array transducer probe
– Sejajar dengan costae di sela iga untuk pneumotoraks
4 area FAST
A. Kuadran kanan atas
• Sektor/curved-array transducer frekuensi rendah (3.5-5 MHz)
• Hepar sebagai acoustic window
• Hemoperitoneum terlihat anekoik/hipoekoik
B. Kuadran kiri atas
• Sasaran : limpa (fossa splenorenal & area perisplenik)
• Pemeriksaan cephalad : rongga pleura kiri
• Kaudal : kutub inferior ginjal kiri dan paracolic gutter
• Area perisplenik
C. Suprapubik
• Probe secara sagital & transversal
• Posisi Reverse Trendelenburg
• Wanita usia produktif cairan 50ml (cavum douglas) normal,
pria tidak ada cairan.
• Deteksi cairan diperlukan VU yang terisi
D. Perikardial sub-xiphoid
Limitasi
• Pemeriksaan abdominal
– Cedera tumpul mesenterika, usus, diafragma dan retroperitoneal serta luka tusuk terisolasi pada
peritoneum
• False positive
– Deteksi asites, dialisat peritoneal, ventriculoperitoneal shunt outflow, hiperstimulasi ovarium dan
ruptur kista ovarium
– Resusitasi cairan intravaksular masif
• Hemoperitoneum?
– Trauma terkait isi urin, empedu dan usus.
• Pipes
– Suprasternal, parasternal, epigastrik dan supraumbilikal
Ghane et al
Sensitivitas 100% pada RUSH untuk shok aorta
hipovolemik (16/16) – Vena femoral dan poplitea (DVT)
• Gambaran bermakna
– Normal : tanda “sliding lung”, “A-Lines”, “B-Lines”
– Pneumotoraks : sliding lung (-), A-Lines (+ banyak, tidak
sejajar), B-lines tidak terlihat
Pneumothorax.
(a) Parasagittal viewNote
of thethe
lungpresence
between theof multiple
ribs echogenic
shows shadowing at theA-lines (arrows)
anterior ribs but lack
(arrowheads). of anterior echogenic line (arrow just below
The most
arrowhead) is the junction of the parietal and visceral pleura, where motion of sliding lung is observed. There are also A-lines (lower two arrows), which
anterior echogenic “sliding lung” interface of parietal/visceral pleura in this small
are equally spaced reverberation artifacts and decrease in echogenicity with depth. (b) Scan between ribs shows the most echogenic line (anterior arrow), or
pneumothorax.
the junction of parietal and visceral pleura which represents the “sliding lung” sign in real time. Multiple reverberation artifacts are noted (posterior arrows). A
B-line or “comet tail” artifact is also seen (arrowheads).
Pneumotoraks • Bat’s Sign (normal) → profil tulang rusuk atas bawah,
garis pleura
• Lung point → perbatasan paru normal & abnormal
Lung point in M-mode. On the left the echogenic interface between the
parietal and visceral pleural is seen, and posteriorly there is a granular
Lung point. Normal appearance
lung to thetoleft
thewith
normal lung,equally
multiple, the “seashore
spaced sign.” To the right are
Rib fracture. The anterior and posterior
A-lines numerous
(short echogenic
arrows) andlineslines,
with termed
(arrows)
normal the “barcode
“sliding sign,”
lung” in real time.representing pneumothorax.
correspond with the two anterior ribpoint”
A “lung margins The interface
andarrow)
(long between
gap (arrowhead)
separates the
from
the normal
a lung
normal lung
fromandthepneumothorax is the “lung
displaced rib fracture. point.”
abnormal lung to the right.
Inferior Vena • Penyebab hipotensi pada pasien trauma
– Shok hipovolemik (perdarahan)
Serial FAST in a 44-year-old man with blunt abdominal trauma from a motor vehicle accident with abdominal pain. (a) Initial CT
scan was interpreted as normal. Slight inhomogeneity of the spleen was thought to be due to normal enhancement of splenic
pulp. (b) Nine hours later, the patient developed hypotension and a bedside FAST examination was performed, which
demonstrated free fluid in the upper abdomen (arrow) and pelvis. L = liver, K = kidney. (c) Real-time images showed marked
heterogeneity to the spleen. (d) Color flow demonstrated fairly avascular appearance of the spleen. (e) Patient was
resuscitated and underwent CT, during which a large spleen laceration with subcapsular hematoma and free fluid was detected.
Patient was rushed to the operating room for successful emergency splenectomy.
Evaluasi Organ • Gambaran heterogen difus : laserasi limpa
– Akan menjadi hipoekoik dalam beberapa hari
Padat • Gambaran hiperekoik diskrit : laserasi hepar
• Hiper/hipoekoik pada pinggiran parenkim : hematoma
limpa
Penelitian Richards & McGahan • echogenisitas campuran dengan pola yang tidak teratur :
melaporkan penemuan usg tentang
high-grade renal injuries
parenkim pada trauma organ padat
• Hematoma vesika urinaria sering muncul echogenic
Pasien • Metaanalisis
Pediatri
– Sensitivitas 66% & spesifisitas 95% (hemoperitoneum)