Lab:
wind attack.
Currently, it is thought that herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the main
causal agent, lying dormant in the geniculate ganglion much as it does
in cases of cold sores. Elevated HSV-1 titres have been found in
affected patients. Other infections that can also result in facial nerve
palsy include herpes zoster virus, Epstein Barr virus, Lyme's disease,
syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mycoplasma.
Alternative or co-morbid factors may be autoimmune disease causing
demyelination or vasculitis and the microvascular effects of
hypertension and diabetes.
History
The aim of initial assessment is to establish the potential causes of the
patient's symptoms in order to direct further investigation and
management. Typically, in Bell's palsy, maximal weakness develops
within 2 days and if onset is more insidious (i.e. greater than 2 weeks),
a mass lesion must be suspected.
Patients usually report a feeling of fullness behind the ear. Other
common associated symptoms include:
loss of taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
dry eyes/mouth (as the facial nerve supplies the lacrimal and salivary
glands)
Ear symptoms (e.g. hearing impairment, tinnitus, vertigo, discharge)
may indicate a cholesteatoma impinging on the facial nerve, a
malignant necrotising otitis externa or involvement of CN VIII. Severe
ear pain may indicate herpes zoster infection, with associated painful
vesicular rash often appearing later (Ramsay-Hunt syndrome). It is
important to note that cases of Ramsay-Hunt syndrome without rash
have been documented (zoster sine herpete).
Other information that may be relevant is the history of a preceding viral
illness or immunizations. An intranasal influenza vaccination has been
linked with the development of facial nerve palsy. This vaccine has
since been withdrawn, but because of this association, consider
notifying the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Authority (MHRA) if
a palsy develops within 6 weeks of a vaccine being administered. Any
recent trauma, such as lacerations anterior to the tragus, temporal bone
fracture or ear surgery, may have caused transection or swelling of the
facial nerve and thus facial nerve palsy.
It is useful to explore past medical history as there is a recurrence rate
Examination
When examining the patient, be sure to look for other cranial nerve
deficits. Establish whether the facial nerve dysfunction is the result of an
UMN or LMN lesion (eye closure, blinking and furrowing of the brow will
only be affected if there is an LMN lesion).
Pay particular attention to the following areas:
Ears: many make the rudimentary mistake of not examining the ears.
Exclude painful vesicular rash of Ramsay-Hunt. Look for features of
malignant otitis externa and cholesteatoma (i.e. discharge, abnormal
tympanic membrane, granulations in the ear canal). Palpate the parotid
gland that lies anterior to the tragus to exclude tumour
Eyes: assess eye closing ability. On attempting closure, the eyes may
be seen to roll upwards and outwards (Bell's phenomena). This is a
normal defensive reflex
Investigation
As the risk of developing a Bell's palsy is higher in diabetic individuals, it
is a good practice to measure blood glucose at presentation in at-risk
individuals not known to be diabetic as this may help to detect
underlying occult diabetes. Furthermore, people with diabetes tend to
show poorer recovery, have higher recurrence rates and may have
problems with blood glucose control during steroid treatment. Therefore,
it is important to know if patients with Bell's palsy have diabetes.
Initial management
Reassurance is crucial. Without any treatment, approximately half of
patients recover completely from Bell's palsy. For those that have
received treatment with steroids (prednisolone 25 mg twice daily for 10
days), full recovery is seen in 85% by 9 months.
Prompt administration of steroids further increases the prospects of full
recovery with 94% those presenting within 72 hours of onset of palsy
having full recovery. There is evidence to show that steroids provide
beneficial effects even up to 5 days from the initial onset of palsy, so for
patients who present later, it may well be worth still considering steroid
use (Sullivan et al., 2007).
Although a viral aetiology has been postulated for Bell's palsy and
herpes simplex is considered the most likely candidate, treatment with
an appropriate antiviral such as aciclovir is no more effective than
placebo (Sullivan et al., 2007). Thus, prescription of anti-virals for
idiopathic facial nerve palsy is not recommended. However, if the palsy
is felt to be attributable to a herpes zoster infection, as seen in RamsayHunt Syndrome, then anti virals do have a clear role.
Markers of poor prognosis are summarized in Box 1. If there is any
doubt over whether an UMN or LMN lesion is present, patients should
be referred acutely to the on-call medical team to exclude an underlying
stroke.
Box 1. Markers of poor prognosis
Complete palsy
Severe pain
Adapted from Finsterer, J. (2008) Management of peripheral facial
nerve palsy. European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 265 (7), p. 743
752.
Eye care
As eye closure is commonly affected in Bell's palsy, good eye care
routines are important to maintain corneal integrity and prevent
irreversible loss of vision. Lubricating eye drops, wearing of protective
glasses, taping at night and eye patches are advisable measures to
help prevent corneal damage. Referral to ophthalmology should be
considered in those in whom corneal damage is suspected or if there is
still incomplete eye shutting after 6 weeks.
Box 2. Useful Patient Resources
Alternative therapies
Ongoing management
Doctors should safety net by appropriately advising patients at the initial
consultation about when further clinical review may be necessary. For
example, if symptoms have not significantly improved within 12 weeks,
if eye symptoms develop and to offer essential psycho social support for
any facial disfigurement which proves more persistent. Upon further
review, the House-Brackmann scale may be used to help quantify
progress.
The resulting cosmetic disfigurement from Bell's palsy can be isolating
and socially disabling. The provision of patient advice leaflets (see
References) and information about online support resources (there is a
Bell's palsy support group on Facebook) can both provide an additional
invaluable source of support. Some useful sites are mentioned in Box 2.
Steroids are effective the earlier the better; aciclovir is not effective
those
with
diabetes,
PENDAHULUAN (1)
Bells palsy atau prosoplegia adalah kelumpuhan fasialis akibat
paralisis nervus fasial perifer yang terjadi secara akut dan
penyebabnya tidak diketahui (idiopatik) di luar sistem saraf pusat
tanpa disertai adanya penyakit neurologis lainnya.
Paralisis fasial idiopatik atau Bells palsy, ditemukan oleh Sir Charles
Bell, dokter dari Skotlandia. Bells palsy sering terjadi setelah infeksi
virus ( misalnya herpes simplex) atau setelah imunisasi, lebih sering
terjadi pada wanita hamil dan penderita diabetes serta penderita
hipertensi Lokasi cedera nervus fasialis pada Bells palsy adalah di
bagian perifer nukleus nervus VII. Cedera tersebut terjadi di dekat
ganglion genikulatum.
Salah satu gejala Bells palsy adalah kelopak mata sulit menutup
dan saat penderita berusaha menutup kelopak matanya, matanya
terputar ke atas dan matanya tetap kelihatan. Gejala ini disebut
juga fenomena Bell. Pada observasi dapat dilihat juga bahwa
gerakan kelopak mata yang tidak sehat lebih lambat jika
dibandingkan dengan gerakan bola mata yang sehat (lagoftalmos).
DEFINISI
(2)
A. Idiopatik
Sampai sekarang belum diketahui secara pasti penyebabnya yang
disebut bells palsy. Faktor-faktor yang diduga berperan
menyebabkan Bells Palsy antara lain : sesudah bepergian jauh
dengan kendaraan, tidur di tempat terbuka, tidur di lantai,
hipertensi, stres, hiperkolesterolemi, diabetes mellitus, penyakit
vaskuler, gangguan imunologik dan faktor genetic.
B.
Kongenital
a.
anomali kongenital (sindroma Moebius)
b.
trauma lahir (fraktur tengkorak, perdarahan intrakranial .dll.)
C.
Didapat
Trauma Penyakit tulang tengkorak (osteomielitis)
Proses intrakranial (tumor, radang, perdarahan dll)
Proses di leher yang menekan daerah prosesus stilomastoideus)
Infeksi tempat lain (otitis media, herpes zoster dll)
Sindroma paralisis n. fasialis familial
GEJALA KLINIK (1, 2)
Manifestasi klinik BP khas dengan memperhatikan riwayat penyakit
dan gejala kelumpuhan yang timbul. Pada anak 73% didahului
infeksi saluran napas bagian atas yang erat hubungannya dengan
cuaca dingin. Perasaan nyeri, pegal, linu dan rasa tidak enak pada
telinga atau sekitarnya sering merupakan gejala awal yang segera
diikuti oleh gejala kelumpuhan otot wajah berupa :
Kelopak mata tidak dapat menutupi bola mata pada sisi yang
lumpuh (lagophthalmos).
Sakit telinga
Pendengaran berkurang