JTP480: Kaedah Penyelidikan

Zulkifli Sulaiman

Bab 1 Pengenalan kepada Penyelidikan

Penyelidik Dalaman
Maksud Penyelidikan Perniagaan (atau Pengurusan Kelebihan:
Perniagaan)  Penerimaan yang baik daripada staf/pekerja
 Penyelidikan Perniagaan: siasatan yang teratur,  Pengetahuan tentang organisasi
sistematik, berasaskan data, kritikal, objektif keatas  Merupakan sebahagian pasukan penting dalam
masalah yang tertentu, bertujuan untuk mencari pelaksanaan dan penilaian ke atas cadangan kajian
penyelesaian atau jawapan kepada masalah tersebut. Kekurangan:
 Kurang idea baru
Penyelidikan Asas (basic) & Penyelidikan Gunaan (applied)  Mungkin akan menjadi mangsa politik organisasi
a. Penyelidikan Asas: menghasilkan ilmu pengetahuan  Mungkin tidak dilihat sebagai “pakar” oleh staf/pekerja
dengan memahami bagaimana masalah yang dihadapi
oleh organisasi dapat diselesaikan. Penyelidik Luaran
b. Penyelidikan Gunaan: menyelesaikan masalah yang Kelebihan:
dihadapi oleh pengurus dalam persekitaran kerja, ianya  Pemikiran mencapah (divergent) dan menumpu
memerlukan penyelesaian segera. (convergent)
 Pengalaman dari pelbagai situasi di organisasi yang
Contoh Penyelidikan Gunaan berbeza
Mesin-mesin yang digunakan sekarang sering rosak dan  Latihan teknikal yang lebih baik
menimbulkan masalah kepada Jabatan Pengeluaran. Mesin- Kekurangan:
mesin tersebut perlu ditukar. Oleh kerana kos yang tinggi,  Memerlukan masa untuk mengenali dan memahami
satu analisa yang teliti perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan organisasi
penyelesaian terbaik iaitu membeli atau sekadar menyewa  Hubungan baik dan kerjasama dari staf/pekerja tidak
mesin tersebut. begitu mudah
 Tidak terlibat dalam penilaian dan pelaksanaan
Contoh Penyelidikan di Bidang Perniagaan/Pengurusan cadangan penyelidikan
i. Masalah kehadiran (Absenteeism)  Kos/upah yang tinggi
ii. Komunikasi (Communication)
iii. Motivasi (Motivation) Bab 2 Penyelidikan Saintifik
iv. Pembuatan keputusan pengguna (Consumer decision
making) Ciri-Ciri Kecemerlangan Penyelidikan Saintifik
v. Kepuasan pelanggan (Customer satisfaction) i. Tujuan yang jelas (Purposiveness)
vi. Peruntukan belanjawan (Budget allocations) ii. Disiplin/Tegas (Rigor)
vii. Prosedur perakaunan (Accounting procedures) iii. Kebolehujian (Testability)
iv. Kebolehulangan (Replicability)
Kenapa pengurus perlu mahir tentang penyelidikan? v. Jitu dan Yakin (Precision and Confidence)
Dengan pemahaman tentang penyelidikan dan kaedah vi. Objektiviti (Objectivity)
penyelidikan akan membantu pengurus untuk: vii. Generalisasi (Generalizability)
 Mengenal pasti dan menyelesaikan secara efektif viii. Parsimoni (Parsimony)
masalah-masalah kecil ditempat kerja.
 Membezakan di antara penyelidikan yang baik/bermutu Penyelidikan Hipotetiko-Deduktif
dengan penyelidikan yang tidak baik/tidak bermutu. 7 langkah dalam kaedah penyelidikan hipotetiko-deduktif
 Menghargai kesan dan impak pelbagai faktor-faktor ke i. Kenalpasti masalah secara kasar
atas sesuatu situasi. ii. Takrifan pernyataan masalah
 Menggunapakai risiko terhitung (calculated risks) dalam iii. Bentuk hipotesis
membuat keputusan. iv. Tentukan pengukuran
 Menghalang mana-mana pihak yang berkepentingan v. Kutip data
dari memberi tekanan dalam mana-mana situasi. vi. Analisa data
 Mencari/mengupah penyelidik/konsultan dengan lebih vii. Tafsiran data
efektif.
 Menggabung pengalaman dan pengetahuan dalam Deduksi dan Induksi
membuat keputusan.  Ketaakulan (reasoning) deduktif: mengaplikasikan teori
kepada ke atas satu situasi/kes-kes tertentu. -
Hubungan Pengurus - Penyelidik Pengujian hipotesis
 Mesti memahami peranan masing-masing  Ketaakulan (reasoning) induktif: satu proses di mana
 Tahap kepercayaan kita memerhati suatu fenomena yang khusus dan
 Sistem nilai membuat kesimpulan daripada pemerhatian tersebut. -
 Penerimaan dapatan kajian dan pelaksanaan Mengira itik di dalam tasik
 Isu berkaitan penyelidik/konsultan dalaman berbanding  Kedua-dua proses deduktif dan induktif sering
penyelidik/konsultan luaran digunakan di dalam penyelidikan.

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 JTP480: Kaedah Penyelidikan
Zulkifli Sulaiman

Bab 3 Proses Penyelidikan – Masalah Asas dan Contoh Pernyataan Masalah yang baik
Pembentukan Pernyataan Masalah  Sejauh manakah struktur organisasi dan jenis sistem
maklumat yang digunakan mempengaruhi anggapan
Contoh-cotoh masalah atau isu yang mungkin berlaku di keberkesanan ke atas proses pembuatan keputusan
persekitaran/tempat kerja: pengurusan? (To what extent do the structure of the
i. Program latihan tidak efektif seperti yang dijangkakan. organization and type of information systems installed
ii. Jumlah jualan barangan tidak meningkat. account for the variance in the perceived effectiveness
iii. Kerjaya pekerja-pekerja dari kumpulan minoriti tidak of managerial decision making?)
berkembang.  Sejauh manakah kejayaan kempen pengiklanan terbaru
iv. Sistem teknologi maklumat yang baru dipasang tidak dalam menghasilkan imej korporat yang berkualiti tinggi
digunakan oleh kumpulan sasar. dan berasaskan pelanggan seperti yang diharapkan?
v. Penggunaan waktu kerja fleksibel telah mendatangkan (To what extent has the new advertising campaign been
lebih banyak masalah/keburukan berbanding kebaikan successful in creating the high-quality, customer-
di kebanyakan syarikat. centered corporate image that it was intended to
produce?)
Mengutip Maklumat Awal  Apakah kesan pembungkusan baru ke atas jualan
Bentuk maklumat yang perlu dikutip: produk? (How has the new packaging affected the
i. Latarbelakang organisasi yang terlibat. sales of the product?)
ii. Ilmu/maklumat terkini berkenan topik tersebut.  Apakah kesan pengurangan pekerja terhadap corak
pertumbuhan jangka panjang syarikat? (What are the
Tinjauan Literatur effects of downsizing on the long-range growth patterns
 Memastikan pembolehubah-pembolehubah penting of companies?)
 Membantu dalam pembentukan kerangka teoretikal dan
hipotesis untuk diuji. Cadangan Penyelidikan
 Memastikan pernyataan masalah adalah tepat dan jitu. Elemen utama:
 Mengukuhkan lagi aspek kebolehujian (testability) dan i. Tujuan kajian.
kebolehulangan (replicability) dapatan sesuatu kajian. ii. Masalah/Isu specifik yang ingin dikaji.
 Mengurangkan risiko mengulangi sesuatu yang telah iii. Skop kajian.
wujud (reinventing the wheel). iv. Relevan/kepentingan kajian.
 Mengesahkan bahasa masalah kajian adalah relevan v. Rekabentuk penyelidikan:
dan bermakna. a) Persampelan
b) Kaedah kutipan data
Sumber Data c) Analisis Data
 Buku teks vi. Jangka masa
 Jurnal akademik dan professional vii. Belanjawan
 Thesis viii. Rujukan
 Laporan persidangan (Conference proceedings )
 Manuskrip yang tidak diterbitkan Cadangan Penyelidikan
 Laporan jabatan kerajaan dan swasta
 Akhbar Abstrak
 Internet 1.0 Pengenalan
1.1. Pengenalan
Carian Literatur 1.2. Pernyataan Masalah
Kebanyakan perpustakaan menyediakan perkhidmatan 1.3. Persoalan Kajian
elektronik: 1.4. Tujuan Kajian
 Jurnal dalam bentuk elektronik - 1.5. Objektif Kajian
http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/index 1.6. Signifikan Kajian
 Pengkalan data dengan teks sepenuhnya (full-text
databases) - www.usm.lib.my 2.0 Lintasan Sastera
 Pengakalan data bibliography 2.1. Pengenalan
 Pengkalan data abstract 2.2. Fokus #1
 Jurnal dalam bentuk elektronik - 2.3. Fokus #2
2.4. ...
Pengkalan data bidang pengurusan:
 Blackwell Synergy Full Collection 3.0 Metodologi
 Emerald 3.1. Perbincangan
 JSTOR 3.2. Rekabentuk Kajian
 ProQuest 3.2.1. Persekitaran Kajian
 SAGE JOURNALS Online 3.2.2. Unit Analisis
 ScienceDirect 3.2.3. Dimensi Masa
 SpringerLINK 3.3. Kerangka Teori

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JTP480: Kaedah Penyelidikan
Zulkifli Sulaiman

3.4. Hipotesis
3.4.1. Hipotesis 1 Example
3.4.2. Hipotesis 2 Moderators
3.4.3. Hipotesis 3
3.5. Populasi dan Sampel Moderating variable
3.6. Kaedah Pengutipan Data Moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class)
3.7. Sumber Soal Selidik or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the
3.8. Pembentukan Soal Selidik direction and/or strength of relation between independent
3.9. Kaedah Analisis and dependent variable.

4.0 Jangkaan Analisis & Keputusan, Perbincangan Dan

Cadangan
4.1. Pendahuluan Mediating Variable
4.2. Jangkaan Keputusan & Perbincangan Mediating variable
4.2.1. Pengalaman Aliran (Persoalan Kajian…) surfaces between the time the independent variables start
4.3. Kaitan Dengan Persoalan Kajian operating to influence the dependent variable and the time
4.4. Implikasi their impact is felt on it.
4.4.1. Implikasi Kepada Penyelidik
4.4.2. Implikasi Kepada Pengamal Permainan
Secara Talian Hypothesis
4.5. Cadangan A proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical
4.6. Kesimpulan statement concerned with the relationship among variables.

5.0 Bibliografi Good hypothesis:

Must be adequate for its purpose
6.0 Lampiran Must be testable
Must be better than its rivals
Chapter 4 - Proses Penyelidikan – Pembangunan
Keranga Kerja & Hipotesis Can be:
Directional
Theoretical Framework Non-directional
A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how
certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to Exercise
each other (a model) and an explanation on why you believe Exercise
that these variables are associated to each other (a theory). Argumentation
Theoretical Framework The expected relationships / hypotheses are an integration
Basic steps: of:
Identify and label the variables correctly Exploratory research
State the relationships among the variables: formulate Common sense and logical reasoning
hypotheses
Explain how or why you expect these relationships Chapter 5
Variable Proses Penyelidikan– Elemen Reka Bentuk Kajian
Any concept or construct that varies or changes in value Research Design
Purpose of the Study
Exploration
Main types of variables:
Description
Dependent variable
Hypothesis Testing
Independent variable
Purpose of the Study
Moderating variable
Exploratory study:
Mediating variable
is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at
hand, or no information is available on how similar problems
(In)dependent Variables
or research issues have been solved in the past.
Example:
A service provider wants to know why his customers are
Dependent variable (DV)
switching to other service providers?
Is of primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the
Purpose of the Study
research project is to understand, predict or explain the
Descriptive study:
variability of this variable.
is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe
the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation.
Independent variable (IV)
Example:
Influences the DV in either positive or negative way. The
variance in the DV is accounted for by the IV.

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JTP480: Kaedah Penyelidikan
Zulkifli Sulaiman

A bank manager wants to have a profile of the individuals effectiveness, shopping enjoyment, length, weight, ethnic
who have loan payments outstanding for 6 months and diversity, service quality, conditioning effects and taste.
more. It would include details of their average age, earnings,
nature of occupation, full-time/part-time employment status, Types of Variables
and the like. This might help him to elicit further information Two types of variables:
or decide right away on the types of individuals who should One lends itself to objective and precise measurement;
be made ineligible for loans in the future. The other is more nebulous and does not lend itself to
Purpose of the Study accurate measurement because of its abstract and
Hypothesis testing: subjective nature.
Studies that engage in hypotheses testing usually explain Operationalizing Concepts
the nature of certain relationships, or establish the Operationalizing concepts: reduction of abstract concepts to
differences among groups or the independence of two or render them measurable in a tangible way.
more factors in a situation. Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral
Example: dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the concept.
A marketing manager wants to know if the sales of the Example
company will increase if he doubles the advertising dollars.
Type of Investigation Chapter 7 Pengukur Pemboleh Ubah: Reka Bentuk
Causal Study Skala, Kebolehpercayaan, Kesahan
it is necessary to establish a definitive cause-and-effect
relationship. Scale
Correlational study Scale: tool or mechanism by which individuals are
identification of the important factors “associated with” the distinguished as to how they differ from one another on the
problem. variables of interest to our study.
Study Setting Nominal Scale
Contrived: artificial setting A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign
subjects to certain categories or groups.
Non-contrived: the natural environment where work
proceeds normally What is your department?
Population to be Studied O Marketing O Maintenance
Unit of analysis: O Finance
Individuals O Production O Servicing
Dyads O Personnel
Groups O Sales O Public Relations O
Organizations Accounting
Cultures
Time Horizon What is your gender?
Cross-sectional studies O Male
Snapshot of constructs at a single point in time O Female
Use of representative sample Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Multiple cross-sectional studies Ordinal scale: not only categorizes variables in such a way
Constructs measured at multiple points in time as to denote differences among various categories, it also
Use of different sample rank-orders categories in some meaningful way.

Longitudinal studies What is the highest level of education you have completed?
Constructs measured at multiple points in time O Less than High School
Use of same sample = a true panel O High School/GED Equivalent
O College Degree
Chapter 6 Pengukur Pemboleh Ubah: O Masters Degree
O Doctoral Degree
Definisi Operasi Ordinal Scale
Measurement Interval Scale
Measurement: the assignment of numbers or other symbols Interval scale: whereas the nominal scale allows us only to
to characteristics (or attributes) of objects according to a pre- qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them into
specified set of rules. mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive sets, and the
(Characteristics of) Objects ordinal scale to rank-order the preferences, the interval scale
Objects include persons, strategic business units, lets us measure the distance between any two points on the
companies, countries, kitchen appliances, restaurants, scale.
shampoo, yogurt and so on. Interval scale
Examples of characteristics of objects are arousal seeking
tendency, achievement motivation, organizational

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JTP480: Kaedah Penyelidikan
Zulkifli Sulaiman

Circle the number that represents your feelings at this

particular moment best. There are no right or wrong
answers. Please answer every question.

1. I invest more in my work than I get out of it

I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree

completely

2. I exert myself too much considering what I get

back in return

I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree

completely

3. For the efforts I put into the organization, I get

much in return

I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree

completely

Interval scale
Ratio Scale
Ratio scale: overcomes the disadvantage of the arbitrary
origin point of the interval scale, in that it has an absolute (in
contrast to an arbitrary) zero point, which is a meaningful
measurement point.

What is your age?

Ratio Scale
Properties of the Four Scales
Goodness of Measures
Validity
Reliability
Reliability of measure indicates extent to which it is without
bias and hence ensures consistent measurement across
time (stability) and across the various items in the instrument
(internal consistency).
Stability
Stability: ability of a measure to remain the same over time,
despite uncontrollable testing conditions or the state of the
respondents themselves.
Test–Retest Reliability: The reliability coefficient obtained
with a repetition of the same measure on a second occasion.
Parallel-Form Reliability: Responses on two comparable sets
of measures tapping the same construct are highly
correlated.
Internal Consistency
Internal Consistency of Measures is indicative of the
homogeneity of the items in the measure that tap the
construct.
Interitem Consistency Reliability: This is a test of the
consistency of respondents’ answers to all the items in a
measure. The most popular test of interitem consistency
reliability is the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha.
Split-Half Reliability: Split-half reliability reflects the
correlations between two halves of an instrument.