SILIKOSIS
Dr. Adam Herman, SpOk – FK Uniba
PENYAKIT PARU AKIBAT KERJA
Kerusakan paru yg disebabkan
oleh debu, uap maupun gas
yang terhirup di tempat kerja
• PEKERJAAN :
– Penambangan, penggalian
– Peleburan logam, sand-blasting
– Tempat peleburan pasir, pekerjaan konstruksi,
– Pekerjaan yg melibatkan pengasahan, pengeboran atau
pemecahan batu, keramik yg mengandung silika
– Pabrik kaca, serat optik
Aktivitas Yg Meningkatkan Risiko
• Crushing, drilling, chipping rock
• Blasting, loading, shovelling and dumping rock
• Abrasive blasting (sandblasting)
• Polishing stone
• Cutting, hammering, drilling concrete
• Excavation and moving rock or earth
• Demolition
Silica exposure and its health effects were responsible
for the largest industrial disaster in American history.
• The events took place in Gauley Bridge, West Virginia during
from 1930 - 1932. Union Carbide and its subsidiary power
company were building a hydroelectric project along the New
River and the Kanawha River in southern WV and were building
a tunnel, to divert water near the town of Gauley Bridge, WV.
• The subcontractor for the tunnel construction project recruited
workers from the rural hill country of WV and from out of state.
• Working conditions in the tunnel were very bad. Drilling
operations with no suppression of the dust and with no
ventilation exposed hundreds of workers to high
concentrations of dust. The crystalline silica (quartz) content of
the rock was greater than 90%.
• As the project continued increasing numbers of workers
became short of breath and died within only a few months of
exposure. It was estimated that 169 black workers who died in
the tunnel were buried in a mass grave in nearby fields. It is
estimated that more than 475 workers – both black and white-
died during the project and that 1,500 workers contracted
silicosis and were disabled from the disease.
SILIKOSIS
• Paparan dosis rendah yg cukup lama opasitas bulat kecil
terutama di bgn atas paru (simple silicosis) opasitas bertambah
besar & lebih profus setelah paparan berhenti secara perlahan
PMF
• Silikotuberkulosis
– Proses Fibrotik
• Infeksi Acinetobacter
– Penyakit kavitasi
Nodul Silikosis
Nodul Silikosis
SANDBLASTING
Penyemprotan pasir
SILIKOSIS
FOUNDRY
Pengecoran logam
SILIKOSIS
SILIKOSIS
• Berhenti merokok
PENCEGAHAN SILIKOSIS
• Pencegahan :
– Mengontrol paparan debu pada industri di
mana batu dipotong, dihancurkan, dihaluskan
atau dibor
– Substitusi, enclosure, ventilasi ekshaust
– APD
Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Pra-Kerja
• Meliputi
(a) riwayat pekerjaan;
(b) kuesioner pernafasan;
(c) uji fungsi paru / spirometri;
(d) foto toraks (Full size PA view); dan
(e) anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik yang
menekankan sistem pernafasan.
Case Study
• A 55-year-old man consulted his general practitioner for vague
chest pain and shortness of breath on climbing up stairs for the
past two to three years. A chest X-ray was done and it showed
bilateral scattered opacities through the lung fields. There were
also “egg shell calcifications” in the hilar areas. The X-ray was
classified as 2/2 pqr according to the International Labour
Organisation (ILO) Classification for Pneumoconiosis.
• Clinically, no abnormalities were detected. His FEV1 was 84% and
FVC was 79% of the predicted values. He was a tombstone
engraver for the past 36 years. He was exposed to dust from the
cutting, grinding, polishing and engraving of tombstones. He
smoked 10 cigarettes a day for the past 30 days and has no
history of tuberculosis. A repeat chest X-ray done six months later
showed a similar picture.
Clinical Case 2
• Ambil keputusan :
– Pajanan Acceptable
– Pajanan Unacceptable
– Perlu informasi tambahan
Implementasi
Tindakan Pengendalian
Pengendalian Silika
• Eliminasi
• Substitusi
• Pengendalian teknis
• Pengendalian Administratif
• APD / PPE
• Survailans Kesehatan
Eliminasi/Substitusi
• Sandblasting/Abrasive blasting
– Substitusi pasir silika
Pengendalian Teknis
• Ventilasi Mekanik
• Local exhaust ventilation
• Supresi Basah
• Isolasi pekerja
• Dust suppression skirting
Local exhaust ventilation
Wet suppression
Isolasi pekerja
Dust suppression skirts
Pengendalian Administratif
• Air monitoring
• Cara kerja & prosedur kerja aman
• Good hygiene practices
• Tidak ada sapu kering
• Program pemeliharaan preventif
Alat Pelindung Diri
• Seleksi Berdasarkan Konsentrasi Udara
• Pertahanan terakhir
• PARU-PARU ALUMINOSIS
– Penyebab : Aluminium
• FIBROSIS PARU-PARU BAUKSIT
– Penyebab : Bauksit
• Beriliosis,
– Penyebab : Berilium
– Pekejraan : Ekstraksi berilium & metalurgi, industri ruang
angkasa, industri nuklir
• Fibrosis paru-paru grafit, kaolin, talc
– Penyebab : Debu graft
– Pekerjaan : produksi barang grafit, artifisial grafit dari
batu bara atau minyak mineral
• SIDEROSIS
– Penyebab : Serpihan / debu besi
– Pekerjaan : penambangan besi & metalurgi
• Mengurangi pajanan
• Skrining pra-kerja
– Atopi
– Faktor Genetik
• Edukasi
• Skrin sensitizer paru yang berpotensi
Ringkasan
• Kesadaran pajanan kerja sebagai penyebab
penyakit penting
• Riwayat pekerjaan mutlak
• Untuk menegakan hubungan kerja, bukti
obyektif pajanan dan terjadinya gejala atau
perubahan fungsi paru diperlukan
• Mengurangi pajanan merupakan kunci
pencegahan