1
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas Rahmat dan nikmat-Nya sehingga kami dapat
menyelesaikan buku panduan, log dan evaluasi mahasiswa Program Profesi Ners Departemen
Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Fakultas Keperawatan USU.
Buku ini disusun sebagai pedoman bagi mahasiswa dan perseptor keperawatan medikal bedah
dalam melaksanakan profesi keperawatan medikal bedah di rumah sakit/klinik. Buku panduan ini
diharapkan dapat memberikan arahan bagi mahasiswa dalam pencapaian kompetensi demi
menyelesaikan mata ajar Keperawatan Medikal Bedah.
Ucapan terima kasih kami ucapkan kepada seluruh tim Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Fakultras
Keperawatan USU yang telah memberikan kontribusi dalam penyusunan buku ini. Demi
kesempurnaan dari buku ini kami menerima saran yang membangun dan masukan dari berbagai
kalangan akademik.
DAFTAR ISI
Hal
Halaman Judul 1
Kata Pengantar 2
Daftar Isi 3
Pendahuluan 4
Tujuan Pembelajaran 4
Tata Tertib peserta program Profesi 5
Kompetensi Profesi Ners 6
Strategi pengajaran 7
Evaluasi 8
Lampiran 9
A. PENDAHULUAN
Sejak pertengahan Maret, USU mengganti segala kegiatan akademik dan perkuliahan
yang bersifat tatap muka di kelas dengan pembelajaran secara virtual. Hal ini sesuai dengan
Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia terkait Surat Edaran Nomor 4 Tahun
2020 tentang Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Pendidikan dalam Masa Darurat Penyebaran Corona
Virus Disease (COVID-19). Metode pembelajaran secara daring ini, masih akan terus
dijalankan saat pandemi. Tidak hanya perkuliahan yang dilakukan secara daring, hal serupa
juga diterapkan untuk kegiatan praktikum, pendidikan profesi, pelaksanaan tugas akhir dan
wisuda.
Pendidikan Keperawatan Medikal Bedah 2 (KMB2) tahap profesi merupakan penerapan
dari konsep dan prinsip KMB kepada klien dewasa yang sedang atau dalam situasi
kecenderungan mengalami perubahan fisiologis ataupun struktur anatomi tubuh. Asuhan
keperawatan yang diberikan berdasarkan pada pendekatan tahapan proses keperawatan yang
dilaksanakan secara komprehensif (bio-psiko-sos-spiritual) dan berlandaskan pada,
akuntabilitas, aspek etik dan legal keperawatan. Pelaksanaan proses keperawatan dilakukan
melalui analisis data pasien, perumusan diagnosa keperawatan, penyusunan rencana
keperawatan dan pelaksanaan tindakan keperawatan. Pendidikan tahap profesi keperawatan
KMB2 terdiri atas 3 sks, dengan lama proses pembelajaran 3 minggu. Target pencapain
mahasiswa untuk KMB 2 yaitu Surgical.
B. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
I. Tujuan
Pendidikan tahap program profesi keperawatan adalah untuk mempersiapkan
mahasiswa melalui penyesuaian profesional dalam bentuk pengalaman belajar klinik
dan lapangan secara komprehensif. Setelah Menyelesaikan Program Profesi
Keperawatan Medikal Bedah 2 Mahasiswa mampu:
1. Menerapkan prinsip etik kepada pasien dalam melakukan asuhan Keperawatan
Medikal Bedah 2
2. Menerapkan prinsip akuntabilitas dalam melakukan asuhan keperawatan Medikal
Bedah 2
3. Menerapkan konsep, teori dan prinsip ilmu perilaku, ilmu sosial, ilmu biomedik, dan
ilmu keperawatan dalam melaksanakan pelayanan dan atau asuhan keperawatan
kepada pasien dan keluarga
4. Melaksanakan pelayanan dan atau asuhan keperawatan dari masalah sederhana
sampai yang kompleks secara tuntas melalui pengkajian, penetapan diagnosa
keperawatan, perencanaan tindakan keperawatan baik bersifat promotif, preventif,
kuratif, dan rehabilitatif sesuai batas kewenangan tanggung jawab dan
kemampuannya berlandaskan etika profesi keperawatan
5. Melakukan Asuhan Keperawatan Medikal Bedah 2 secara komprehensif pada pasien
pembedahan jantung dan pembuluh darah, perkemihan, pencernaan, endokrin,
musculoskeletal, sensori, hematologi, intergumen, neurologi, respiratori.
KELOMPOK 01 KELOMPOK 02
NO NIM NAMA NO NIM NAMA
1 161101001 Zulfahani 1 161101007 Priska W.J.P Waruwu
2 161101003 Elizabeth Simamora 2 161101008 Yossi Naomi Br Marbun
3 161101004 Zusra Khairunnisa Btr 3 161101010 Muhammad Iqbal
4 161101005 Rosleni Mendrofa 4 161101011 Sri Indah Yani
5 161101006 Ervina Uli Habeahan 5 161101012 Anggi Nur Syahfitri
6 161101075 Andri Suranta 6 161101080 Siti Elvira Hardianty
7 161101076 Arief Prabowo 7 161101081 Artha Meynanda Simarmata
8 161101077 Indah Agustinia 8 161101083 Muhammad Nur Maghribi S
9 161101078 NUR HASANAH NASUTION 9 161101084 Ardevi Marnita
10 161101079 Pranciska Sitorus 10 161101085 Diana Yolanda Sitorus
11 161101134 D. Novita Margaret Gurning 11 161101137 Desy Octavia Silaban
12 161101135 Sonya Butarbutar 12 161101138 Indah Yuli Marpaung
13 161101136 Nurul Aini Jamal 13 161101141 Riris Agustina Sinaga
KELOMPOK 03 KELOMPOK 04
NO NIM NAMA NO NIM NAMA
1 161101014 Dina Rizki Phonna 1 161101022 Sakinah Al Muniroh Nasution
2 161101016 Mandela Siregar 2 161101023 Kiki Andriani
3 161101017 Sheila Syakila Tanjung 3 161101025 Ade Khairunnisa Siregar
4 161101019 Yengsi Mei Karmita Br Pasaribu 4 161101026 Emila Ramadhani Hsb
5 161101021 Latifah Hayani Taufik 5 161101029 Fina Devi Sitorus
6 161101036 Yunita Eliafni Br Siregar 6 161101054 Ribka Saktiana Pasaribu
7 161101086 Lija Caesarina Simbolon 7 161101055 Siti Aisyah Nasution
8 161101087 Fatimah Ahmad Nasution 8 161101092 Nauly Annisa Dalimunthe
9 161101088 Hans Ivandar Pistar Parlindungan H 9 161101093 Nora Anriani
10 161101090 Elisabet Terang Uli Pane 10 161101096 Irene Winanda Saragih
11 161101091 Ghina Yorisma 11 161101144 Adi Rahmad Agustian Ritonga
12 161101142 Hanna Mailyasta 12 161101146 INDAH ANGGRIANI
13 161101143 Agatha Novelia Simamora 13 161101147 Khairani Ramadhani
14 151101117 Fasya Zahra Nasution
KELOMPOK 05 KELOMPOK 06
NO NIM NAMA NO NIM NAMA
1 161101031 Khairiyah Ningrum 1 161101039 Fanny Khair
2 161101037 Ratna Sari Dewi 2 161101040 Mia Meliyani Br.Barus
3 161101038 Khairunnisa 3 161101041 Fadillah Umaiyah
4 161101095 Doni Ananda 4 161101042 Rinaldi Ginting
5 161101098 Yasmin Achmad Badegeil 5 161101043 Agnes Anggi Amelia Simarmata
6 161101099 Tesya Neks Widri 6 161101102 Dinda Agnesia Sinaga
7 161101100 Miptah Anggraini Nasution 7 161101103 Dinda Julia Ghalby
8 161101101 Vini Alvionita 8 161101104 Cecelia Emei Oktarin
9 161101112 Fathiyah Nabila Daulay 9 161101105 Diana S. Sihombing
10 161101116 Dani Ramadhani 10 161101107 Ernestine Apryl Sarumaha
11 161101148 Ainul Mardhiyah Angkat 11 161101156 Gracella Simanullang
12 161101153 Elliyana Nainggolan 12 161101157 Intan Indah Permata Sari
13 161101154 Irena Yesicca Simbolon 13 161101158 Nova Reza Nadila
14 151101071 Aininnisa al amini nazwari 14 151101029 Ira Syafitri
KELOMPOK 07 KELOMPOK 08
NO NIM NAMA NO NIM NAMA
1 161101044 Novita Handayani Siregar 1 161101035 Utari Anggraini Dalimunthe
2 161101045 Wulandari 2 161101049 Yulita Purba
3 161101046 Mitha Audina Ramadhani 3 161101050 Lista Melisa Br. Tarigan
4 161101047 Cinta Bela Marpaung 4 161101052 Fauziah Fahira
5 161101048 Nurazizah P.S 5 161101094 Nur Shella Handayani
6 161101108 BONIPASYA GESITA SINURAT 6 161101097 Evarista Simbolon
7 161101109 Endang Simamora 7 161101115 Dinda Nirwana
8 161101110 SUSANTI 8 161101118 Putri Anjeli Situmeang
9 161101111 Shafira Aulia Br. Purba 9 161101130 Yanti Lusyana Lumbanraja
10 161101114 Reza Afrizal 10 161101145 Bani Sahputra Siburian
11 161101160 Netty Simangunsong 11 161101165 Winda Clara Panjaitan
12 161101162 Insanul Fikri Wiselly 12 161101170 Febby Pricilliana Br Sihombing
13 161101164 Sunti Fratiwi Sitanggang 13 161101172 Resya Eka Putri
14 151101068 Rahmah Sakinah 14 151101013 Hornauli Sitio
KELOMPOK 09 KELOMPOK 10
NO NIM NAMA NO NIM NAMA
1 161101057 Indah Okta Sari 1 161101067 Aminullah Harahap
2 161101058 Windi Marwah Siallagan 2 161101069 Siti Nurul Huda
3 161101061 Ervina 3 161101071 Feni Abe Br Pangaribuan
4 161101062 Kartini 4 161101072 Nur Hizrah Aini
5 161101065 Ina Fitrah 5 161101073 Dela Kharisma
6 161101119 Indira Mastura Pulungan 6 161101127 Sita Raki Yasina Situmorang
7 161101120 LHESMI TRI YANA PUTRI S 7 161101128 Marnala Natalia Br Sihotang
8 161101122 MELISA WULAN TRESIA HUTAGALUNG 8 161101129 Ayu L. Rajagukguk
9 161101123 AMI ANNA YOHANA SINAGA 9 161101117 Silvia Dorice Sinambela
10 161101124 Lidya Ernika Giawa 10 161101131 Melati Hasian Br. Lumban Gaol
11 161101173 Eni Yolanda Ginting 11 161101176 Widuri Khoiriyah
12 161101174 Maghfiratur Rahma 12 161101180 Jeni Fiana Bauw
13 161101175 Ade Arisi Resya Ketaren 13 151101009 Dewi Feronika Sinaga
14 151101107 Roy Alfredo Barus 14 151101012 Een Handayani
LAMPIRAN 2:
FORM PORTOFOLIO
PENDIDIKAN PROFESI NERS F.KEP USU
Nama Mahasiswa :
NIM :
Ruang Dinas :
1. Uraikan mengenai pengetahuan, pengalaman dan ketrampilan yang sudah anda peroleh
selama menempuh stase pendidikan profesi Ners
3. Pendapat mahasiswa mengenai hal-hal yang menarik dan tidak menarik dalam proses
mendapatkan pengetahuan/pengalaman tersebut
4. Deskriopsikan hasil karya anda yang terbaik selama melakukan pengelolan pasien di wahana
praktek beserta alasannya
LAMPIRAN 3
I. BIODATA
A. IDENTITAS PASIEN
Nama : .................................................................................................................
Jenis Kelamin : .................................................................................................................
Umur : .................................................................................................................
Status Perkawinan : .................................................................................................................
Agama : .................................................................................................................
Pendidikan : .................................................................................................................
Pekerjaan : .................................................................................................................
Alamat : .................................................................................................................
Tanggal Masuk RS : .................................................................................................................
No. Register : .................................................................................................................
Ruangan/ Kamar : .................................................................................................................
Golongan Darah : .................................................................................................................
Tanggal Pengkajian : ............................................................................................................... ..
Tanggal Operasi ...................................................................................................................
Diagnosa Medis : ...................................................................................................... ...........
B. PENANGGUNG JAWAB
Nama : .................................................................................................................
Hubungan dengan Pasien : .................................................................................................................
Pekerjaan : .................................................................................................................
Alamat : .................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. .......................
B. Quantity/ quality
1. Bagaimana dirasakan
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2. Bagaimana dilihat
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
C. Region
1. Dimana lokasinya
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2. Apakah menyebar
...................................................................................................................................... ...................
.........................................................................................................................................................
D. Severity (mengganggu aktivitas)
...............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. .............
E. Time (kapan mulai timbul dan bagaimana terjadinya)
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
Perempuan
Klien
17
f. Titik Mc Burney :
...................................................................................................
4. Perkusi
a. Suara abdomen :
...................................................................................................
b. Pemeriksaan ascites :
...................................................................................................
H. Pemeriksaan kelamin dan daerah sekitarnya
1. Genitelia
a. Rambut pubis :
...................................................................................................
b. Lubang uretra :
...................................................................................................
c. Kelainan pada genitalia eksterna dan daerah inguinal :
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Anus dan perineum
a. Lubang anus :
...................................................................................................
b. Kelainan pada anus :
...................................................................................................
c. Perineum :
...................................................................................................
I. Pemeriksaan muskuloskeletal/ ekstremitas
1. Kesimetrisan otot :
...................................................................................................
2. Pemeriksaan edema :
...................................................................................................
3. Kekuatan otot :
...................................................................................................
4. Kelainan pada ekstremitas dan kuku :
.........................................................................................................................................................
J. Pemeriksaan neorologi
1. Tingkat kesadaran
GCS :..............................................., E.............M............V.............
2. Meningeal sign
.........................................................................................................................................................
3. Status mental
a. Kondisi emosi/ perasaan
...................................................................................................................................................
b. Orientasi
...................................................................................................................................................
c. Proses berpikir (ingatan, atensi, keputusan, perhitungan)
...................................................................................................................................................
d. Motivasi (kemauan)
...................................................................................................................................................
e. Persepsi
...................................................................................................................................................
f. Bahasa
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Nervus Cranialis
a. Nervus Olfaktorius/ N I
...................................................................................................................................................
b. Nervus Optikus/ N II
...................................................................................................................................................
c.
Nervus Okulomotoris/ N III, Trochliaris/ N IV, Abdusen/ N VI
...................................................................................................................................................
d. Nervus Trigeminus/ N V
...................................................................................................................................................
e. Nervus Fasialis/ N VII
...................................................................................................................................................
f. Nervus Vestibulocochlearis/ N VIII
...................................................................................................................................................
g. Nervus Glossopharingeus/ N IX, Vagus/ N X
...................................................................................................................................................
h. Nervus Asesorisus/ N XI
...................................................................................................................................................
i. Nervus Hipoglossus/ N XII
...................................................................................................................................................
5. Fungsi Motorik
a. Cara berjalan
...................................................................................................................................................
b. Romberg test
...................................................................................................................................................
c. Tes jari-hidung
...................................................................................................................................................
d. Pronasi-supinasi test
................................................................................................................................ ...................
e. Heel to shin test
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Fungsi Sensori
a. Identifikasi sentuhan ringan
...................................................................................................................................................
b. Tes tajam-tumpul
...................................................................................................................................................
c. Tes panas dingin
...................................................................................................................................................
d. Tes getaran
...................................................................................................................................................
e. Streognosis test
...................................................................................................................................................
f. Graphestesia test
...................................................................................................................................................
g. Membedakan dua titik
...................................................................................................................................................
h. Tropognosis test
......................................................................................................................................... ..........
7. Reflek
a. Reflek Bisep
...................................................................................................................................................
b. Reflek Trisep
...................................................................................................................................................
c. Reflek Brachioradialis
.................................................................................................................................................. .
d. Reflek Patelar
...................................................................................................................................................
e. Reflek Tendon Achiles
...................................................................................................................................................
f. Reflek Plantar
...................................................................................................................................................
VIII. POLA KEBIASAAN SEHARI-HARI
A. Pola tidur dan kebiasaan
1. Waktu tidur :
.................................................................................................................
2. Waktu bangun :
.................................................................................................................
3. Masalah tidur :
.................................................................................................................
4. Hal-hal yang mempermudah tidur :
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
5. Hal-hal yang mempermudah bangun :
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
B. Pola eliminasi
1. B A B
a. Pola BAB : ................................... Penggunaan laksatif : ya/
tidak
b. Karakter feses : ................................... BAB terakhir : ....................
c. Riwayat perdarahan : ................................... Diare : ya/ tidak
2. B A K
a. Pola BAK : ................................... Inkontinensi : ya/
tidak
b. Karakter urin : ................................... Retensi : ya/ tidak
c. Nyeri/ rasa terbakar/ kesulitan BAK : ya/ tidak
d. Riwayat penyakit ginjal/ kandung kemih : ya/ tidak
e. Penggunaan diuretika : ya/ tidak
f. Upaya mengatasi masalah :
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
C. Pola makan dan minum
1. Gejala (Subyektif)
a. Diit (Type) : .....................................
Jlh makan/ hari : ...................
b. Pola diit :
....................................................................................
c. Kehilangan selera makan :................................................mual
muntah : ......................
d. Nyeri ulu hati :
....................................................................................
e. Yang berhubungan dengan :
....................................................................................
f. Disembuhkan dengan :
....................................................................................
g. Alergi/ intoleransi makanan :
....................................................................................
h. Berat badan biasa :
....................................................................................
2. Tanda (Obyektif)
Berat badan sekarang : ........... Kg, Tinggi badan.....................cm
Bentuk tubuh : ....................................................................................
3. Waktu pemberian makan : ....................................................................................
4. Jumlah dan jenis makanan : ....................................................................................
5. Waktu pemberian cairan : ....................................................................................
6. Masalah makan dan minum
a. Kesulitan mengunyah :
....................................................................................
b. Kesulitan menelan :
....................................................................................
c. Tidak dapat makan sendiri :
....................................................................................
7. Upaya mengatasi masalah
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
D. Kebersihan diri/ personal hygine
1. Pemeliharaan badan : ...................................................................................................
2. Pemeliharaan gigi dan mulut : ...................................................................................................
3. Pemeliharaan kuku : ...................................................................................................
E. Pola kegiatan/ aktivitas
....................................................................................................................................... ........................
...............................................................................................................................................................
IX. HASIL PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG/ DIAGNOSTIK
A. Diagnosa Medis
...............................................................................................................................................................
B. Pemeriksaan diagnostik/ penunjang medis
1. Laboratorium
Tanggal : Nilai normal :
........................................................................................................................................... ..............
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... ................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
2. Rontgen
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... ..........................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
3. ECG
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
4. USG
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
FORMAT PENATALAKSANAAN DAN TERAPI
1. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
3. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
4. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
5. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
6. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
7. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
8. ...................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
FORMAT RENCANA ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN MEDIKAL BEDAH
PROSES KEPERAWATAN
DIAGNOSA
NO TUJUAN
KEPERAWATAN INTERVENSI EVALUASI
DO:
DO:
DO:
LAMPIRAN 4
Asma Bronkial adalah penyakit pernafasan obstruktif yang ditandai oleh spame akut otot polos
bronkiolus. Hal ini menyebabkan obsktrusi aliran udara dan penurunan ventilasi alveolus. ( Huddak &
Gallo, 1997 )
A. Etiologi
Faktor Ekstrinsik (asma imunologik / asma alergi)
• Reaksi antigen-antibodi
• Inhalasi alergen (debu, serbuk-serbuk, bulu-bulu binatang)
Faktor Intrinsik (asma non imunologi / asma non alergi)
• Infeksi : parainfluenza virus, pneumonia, mycoplasmal
• Fisik : cuaca dingin, perubahan temperatur
• Iritan : kimia
• Polusi udara : CO, asap rokok, parfum
• Emosional : takut, cemas dan tegang
• Aktivitas yang berlebihan juga dapat menjadi faktor pencetus. (Suriadi, 2001 : 7)
B. Patofisiologi
Spasme otot Sumbatan Edema Inflamasi bronchus mukus
dinding bronchus
Mk : Perub nutrisi
kurang dari
Retensi CO2 Asidosis kebutuhan tbh
respiratorik
C. Gejala Klinis
1. Stadium dini
b. Whezing
2. Stadium lanjut/kronik
a. Batuk, ronchi
g. Sianosis
D. Pemeriksaan Diagnostik
Spirometri
Uji provokasi bronkus
Pemeriksaan sputum
Uji kulit
Pemeriksaan kadar IgE total dan IgE spesifik dalam sputum
Foto dada
Analisis gas darah
E. Penatalaksanaan Medis
....................................................................................................................................
................................
....................................................................................................................................
................................
F. Pengkajian Data Dasar Keperawatan Kasus Penyakit
• Awitan distres pernafasan tiba-tiba
• Perpanjangan ekspirasi mengi
• Penggunaan otot-otot aksesori
• Perpendekan periode inpirasi
• Sesak nafas
• Restraksi interkostral dan esternal
• Krekels
• Bunyi nafas : mengi, menurun, tidak terdengar
• Duduk dengan posisi tegak : bersandar kedepan
• Diaforesis
• Distensi vera leher
• Sianosis : area sirkumoral, dasar kuku
• Batuk keras, kering : batuk produktif sulit
• Perubahan tingkat kesadaran
• Hipokria
• Hipotensi
• Pulsus paradoksus > 10 mm
• Dehidrasi
• Peningkatan ansietas : takut menderita, takut mati
G. Diagnosa Keperawatan
Tidak efektifnya bersihan jalan nafas b.d bronkospasme : peningkatan
produksi sekret, sekresi tertahan, tebal, sekresi kental : penurunan
energi/kelemahan
Kerusakan pertukaran gas b.d gangguan suplai oksigen, kerusakan
alveoli
Perubahan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh b.d penurunan
masukan oral
Kurang pengetahuan b.d kurang informasi/tidak mengenal sumber informasi
H. Intervensi Keperawatan
DP : Tidak efektifnya bersihan jalan nafas Tujuan : Bersihan jalan
nafas efektif
KH : - Mempertahankan jalan nafas paten dengan bunyi nafas
bersih/jelas
- Menunjukkan perilaku untuk memperbaiki bersihan jalan
nafas mis : batuk efektif dan mengeluarkan sekret
Intervensi
Auskultasi bunyi nafas, catat adanya bunyi nafas, mis; mengi, krekels,
ronki
Kaji/pantau frekuensi pernafasan
Catat adanya/derajat diespnea
Kaji pasien untuk posisi yang nyaman mis : peninggian kepala tempat
tidur, duduk pada sandaran tempat tidur
Pertahankan polusi lingkungan minimum
Dorong/bantu latihan nafas abdomen/bibir
Observasi karakteristik batuk mis : menetap, batuk pendek, basah
Tingkatkan masukan cairan sampai 3000 ml/hr ss toleransi jantung
dan memberikan air hangat, anjurkan masukkan cairan sebagai
ganti makanan
Berikan obat sesuai indikasi
Awasi/buat grafik seri GDA, nadi oksimetri, foto dada