Dietary
protein -==:,,.
1
Amino acids
NH!
I Carbon skeletons
Biosynthesis of amino
acids, nucleotides, and
biological amines
a-Keto
Carbamoyl
acids
phosphate
U
re
a
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxaloacetat
e
Glucose
(synthesized in
gluconeogenesi
s)
Intracellular
protein
Dietary Amino
1i
protein� acids
Nu- Jl
Carbon
... ���skeletons
l
Biosynthesis
of amino acids,
nucleotides, and
biological amines
Carbamoyl a-Keto
phosphate acids
Aspartate·
arginino•
Citric
succinate
shunt of
acid C02 + H20
cycle + ATP
!
excretion product)
(a)
Deaminasi oksidatif
ll
� o
coo- coo•
Amino acids + I l
Hs - -H ---------===---=------+
N C
protein
Amino:cids ( \ a-Keto acids
coo• coo•
l + I
C=O HsN-C-H
I I
CH2 CH2
I I
CH2 CH2
I I
c oo- c oo-
a-Ketoglutarate Glutamate
NHt
Arri no • kh rrom nGUU 11�2 ....... ,n1..... ,.. o..... �oic;a.-olil� o'M"lrog-o.,p
ln,uted prot.eln ,.._.,..,,.t'tb'a:1,,.-e,o ,.,l�tr�•di,I. l'o-1M,.(� 'M: • � &.'\
._..,'""IO'I.. ..,� be, ... ""'l�I
.- .
C .l hd, r .rN :':'IQl(le""fll"'•h.,-d:r.-:,. o•.rc:M:ld brdi, •'IC!tt"�•l'"fl•
•b ''*« ""-' .,d .r1c .ci.1 •·e 'lig'I�·
'e c...1:Jr;n .,...., d .ru.
000- coo-
H,N-b-H
i --7�-"""�-
t-o NU:
I
R �·(••
�ion..
Amir,oadd_. coo- coo• o.,Keti:u.::i.d.,
,!,-o ll,N-!-H o,Ket;aglctuate- �ie anin-.-11:
ff".CSt aquwc ,�.u...
I I
tfl; •= • myrwha and
I"'"'' of.an:.:phibia
tH, too-
Ctb CHl
too-
u.S>
......
H�..-t-H
!tt, G
, lt:\e".IM
.........
,!,,., H
,!
0 \.tt,
"� ....
l ,, . L : , , J-
"C -- " - :
0
Cli:&A.mitie O it H
th: arid
)',;fl; ,u.,... Of u.:r. ICId
\.\o'i-.lit �..-..1.·
0,)
i
3. Siklus Urea
I+
HCNH3
I
coo Aspartate coo-
Arginine HA-c-H
+ I
A rginirosucc,nate
3W I
CDH2
CH2
I + vase Argininosuccinate
I
8=CDH2 + coo-
I
NH
CDH2 coo-
I II I
CH 2
Furna rate
coo• e-CD-cH
H"-... -:
I I I
I c H C H2
I
CH? II NH
I /c'-.... cI H? coo-
CH, "ooo H I .
I
H-C-NH3
- CH2
I
600- CH2
I +
H
-
C
-
N
H
�
4. Hubungan Siklus Urea dan Siklus Asam
Sitrat (Aspartate-Argininosuccinate shunt)
Ma l a t e
L t - . NAD+
f�NADH
Oxaloacetate Urea
cycle Ornithine
Aspartate•
arginino• Cytosol
succinate
shunt of
citric acid
cycle
Aspartate
ea-Ketoglutarate Carbamoyl
--• Oxaloacetate-�.. . . Glutamate phosphate
LNADH
��AD+
--� Malate Citric
acid Mitochondrial
cycle matrix
5. Siklus glukosa-alanin
F
a
l
a
n
y
l
c
i
n
u
t
e
a
l
e
L
a
m n
i
e
u
c
l n i
e n
T e
t y
r
o
T
r
y
} s
i
n
p
t
e o
p
h
A
s
p
a
r
a
g
i
n
e
A
s
p
a
r
t
a
t
e
Urea Cycle
Requires 3 ATPs +
Ammonia + Aspartate
+ Bicarbonate
Get urea + fumurate +
2ADP + 2 Pi + AMP +
PPi.
Fumurate skeleton
feeds back into TCA
Glucose Alanine Cycle
Amino acid can be catabolized in muscle tissue
where carbon skeletons are oxidized for
energy.
Must remove toxic ammonia and transport to
liver where it can be converted to urea.
Amino group from Glu is transferred to
pyruvate to form alanine.
Alanine is exported to the liver via the blood
stream where the it is deaminated to pyruvate
Pyruvate is converted to glucose which is
returned to the muscle for fuel.
Glucose-Alanine Cycle
Catabolism of Carbon
Chains From Amino Acids
Removal of nitrogen
Step 1: transamination with -
ketogluturate to form glutamate and new
-keto acid.
Step 2: glutamate is deaminated through
oxidative process involving NAD+
Step 3: form urea through urea cycle.
transaminase deaminase
Urea Cycle