METABOLISME

PROTEIN
ALUR METABOLISME
ENERGI

SIKLUS
KREB

CO2
 STRUCTUR ASAM AMINO

Non-ionized form

H
O
Amino
group
H2N C C Carboxyl
group

OH
R
Side chain
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

N-terminus C-terminus

H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O
H N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C OH
H CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2
OH C OH H3 C CH3 SH
O
OH
 Protein
 Asam amino merupakan sumber utama untuk glukosa melalui
jalur glukoneogenesis, tetapi gliserol dari trigliserida juga
dapat digunakan.
 Glukoneogenesis dan glikogenolisis penting untuk memback
up sumber glukosa pada saat puasa.
 Asam amino dalam tubuh terutama digunakan untuk sintesis
protein. Tetapi, jika asupan glukosa rendah, asam amino dapat
diubah menjadi glukosa melalui jalur yang disebut
glukoneogenesis yaitu pembentukan glukosa baru dari
prekursor nonkarbohidrat
 Struktur Makromolekul

Protein asam nukleat polisakarida lipid

Asam amino nukleotida gula sederhana*) gliserol

asam lemak

- ketoacids ribosa pyruvat(C3) asetat (C2)

C3, C4, C5 nitrogen pyruvat (C3)

Karbon (C), hidrogen (H), oksigen (O), Nitogen (N), fosfor (P), sulfur (S)
 Protein dalam
makanan
pencernaan
Asam Amino

absorbsi

A. A dalam darah

A.A. Dalam darah A.A. dl HATI A. A. dl Hati

(ektrasel) (intra sel)

PROTEIN
A. A. ektra sel
Senyawa N lain

A. Keto NH3
A. A. intra sel Sik. A. Sitrat

S
PROTEI A. Keto Asam lemak urea
N
 karbohidrat lipid protein

Mulut: pencernaan mekanik & cairan ludah (enzim saliva)

poli/oligo/disakarida lipid prot & polipeptida

Lambung: enzim pepsin & lipase; asam lambung (HCl)

poli/oligo/disakarida lipid/trigliserida prot & polipeptida

Usus halus: cairan pankreas (tripsin, kimotripsin, karboksipeptidase, amilase, lipase,

ribonuklease, deoksiribonuklease, kolesterol esterase); cairan empedu/hati; enzim
kelenjar usus (aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, sukrase, mltase, laktase, fosfatase,
glukosidase); bakteri usus halus

monosakarida gliserol,as.lemak asam amino

(gluk,frukt,galaktosa) as.fosfat
Amino Acids
20 Amino
Acids

Note:
Variable
R Group
 Asam amino dalam darah
Jumlah asam amino dalam darah tergantung jumlah
yang diterima dan jumlah yang digunakan.
Proses absorbsi asam amino dalam dinding usus
adalah proses transport aktif yang memelukan energi
Dalam keadaan berpuasa. Konsentrasi asam amino
dalam darah 3.5-5 mg/ 100ml darah. Setelah ada
asupan makanan menjasi 5-10mg/100ml darah. Dan
turun kembali setelah 6 jam.
 Alanine carries amino groups from muscle to the
liver for excretion

muscle
muscle blood liver O
protein
H2N-C-NH2
glucose glucose
urea
amino acids
NH4+

CO2- CO2-
Glu
C=O C=O Glu

CH3 pyruvate CH3

pyruvate

CO2- CO2-
-keto- +H N C H +H N C H
3
Ala 3 -keto-
glutarate
CH3 Ala CH3 glutarate
 Reaksi Awal Pembentukan
Metabolisme Asam Amino Melibatkan :
Dua Proses Utama Pelepasan Gugus
Amino
 1. Transaminasi
Proses katabolisme asam amino berupa
pemindahan gugus amino dari suatu asam amino
ke senyawa lain (keto. Asam piruvat, ketoglutarat
atau oksaloasaetat). Sehingga senyawa (keto)
tersebut dirubah menjadi asam amino. Sedangkan
asam amino dirubah menjadi senyawa keto)

Enzim utama rekasi transaminasi adalah:

Alanin transaminase : alanin
Glutatamat transaminase : glutamat
 The first step in catabolism of most amino acids is transamination

CO2- CO2-
+H N-C-H C=O
3
R
amino acid R -keto
acid

CO2- CO2-
C=O +H N C H
3
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CO2- CO2-
-ketoglutarate glutamate

The main function of transamination is to funnel amino groups

into a small number of amino acids, particularly Glu & Asp.
Some amino transferases (“transaminases”) are specific for
-ketoglutarate and Glu; others use oxaloacetate and Asp.
 2. Deaminasi Oksidatif

Asam glutamat dapat mengalami

deaminasi oksidatif mengunakan
glutamat dehidrogenase, menghasilkan
NH4+.
NADP+ dan NAD+ sebagai akseptor
elektron
 cellular
protein The amino groups of glutamic acid and glutamine can
be released as ammonia in liver mitochondria

ingested
protein
CO2- transaminases CO2-
+ C=O -keto
amino H3N C H acids
acids R R
CO2- CO2-
C=O +H N
3 C H
CH2 CH2
-keto-
glutarate CH2 CH2 Gluta
glutamate
CO2-
mat CO2-
dehydrogenase CO2-
+H N C H
3

NADH or CH2
NADPH + H+ NAD+ or H2O CH2
NADP +
CONH2

But ammonia is toxic, Gln from

NH4+ NH4+ muscle &
particularly to neural tissue.
Organisms must get rid of it. other tissue
 Pembentukan
Asetil KoA
Merupakn senyawa penghubung antra
metabolisme asam amino dengan siklus
asam sitrat (merubah menjadi energi)
Ada 2 Jalur menghasilkan energi :
1. Jalur asam piruvat
2. Jalur asam asetoasetat
 AMINO ACID DEGRADATION INTERMEDIATES
Glucogenic
Ile*
Ketogenic Ala Ser Leu•
Cys Thr* Lys•
* Both Glucogenic and Ketogenic
• Purely Ketogenic Gly Trp* Thr*

CO2
Pyruvate
Glucose
Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetate
Asn Leu• Trp*
Asp Lys• Tyr*
Citrate Phe*
Oxaloacetate
Asp Citric
Phe* Acid Isocitrate
Tyr* Fumarate Cycle
CO2

-ketoglutarate Arg His

Ile* Succinyl-CoA
Met Glu Pro
Val CO2 Gln
 Asam amino yang
berhubungan dengan piruvat
JALUR PRODUKSI ENERGI
THANK YOU !!!
Biosintesis
Protein
 Biosintesa protein

transkripsi translasi
DNA RNA Protein

Replikasi

RNA terdiri atas : mRNA (mesenger RNA)(5%)

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) (70%)
t RNA ( transfer RNA
 Protein Synthesis

Gene expression: information coded in a gene is used to

synthesize a product—a protein or a molecule of RNA.
6-18
FORMATION OF A DIPEPTIDE BY WAY OF A PEPTIDE BOND

H H H O H H
O O O
H2N C C + H2N C C H2N C C N C C + H2O
OH OH OH
H Amino CH3 H Peptide CH3
group bond
Carboxyl
group
 SUMMARY OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
H H O H O H H
O O
H2N C C + H2N C C H2N C C N C C + H2O
OH Amino OH OH
H CH3 H Peptide CH3
Carboxyl group bond
group

N-terminus C-terminus
H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O
H N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C C OH

H CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2

OH C OH H3C CH3 SH
O
OH
N-terminus C-terminus
H2N Gly Ala Ser Asp Phe Val Tyr Cys COOH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 PROTEIN STRUCTURE
TABLE 3.2 A Summary of Protein Structure
Level Description Stabilized by: Example: Hemoglobin

Primary The sequence of Peptide bonds Gly Ser Asp Gls

amino acids

Secondary Formation of Hydrogen bonding between

-helices and peptide groups along the
-pleated sheets peptide backbone

Tertiary Overall three- Bonds and other interactions

dimensional shape between R-groups, or
of a polypeptide between R-groups and the
peptide backbone

Quaternary Shape produced by Bonds and other interactions

combinations of between R-groups, and
polypeptides between peptide backbones
of different polypeptides
Several common functional groups
in a single biomolecule.
THANK YOU !!!
 ESENSIAL

Makanan Asam Amino

(protein)

ASAM KETO

SEL TUBUH
HATI
S. AS SITRAT

UREA