Objective

• Memahami karakteristik material

besi dan baja
BAJA KARBON DAN BAJA PADUAN
Iron and Steel

IRON Apa beda nya? STEEL

STEEL Apa beda nya? CAST IRON

STEEL Apa beda nya? STAINLESS STEEL

 Baja karbon (Carbon Steel)

BESI (IRON)
Elemen Pencampur (Alloying
element)

CARBON
0.2 – 2.08%
by weight
HARDENING AGENTS ALLOY BAJA
Other alloying elements (STEEL)
Mencegah dislokasi dalam
kisi kristal atom besi • Manganese
• Chromium
Variasi Jumlah Variasi Bentuk • Molybdenum
• Vanadium
• Nickel
Kontrol Kualitas/Control Quality • Cu
• etc
• Kekerasan/Hardness
• Keuletan/Ductility
• Kuat Tarik/Tensile Strength Fe 1538oC
Highest metal melting point W: 3,422oC
Ref.2 Highest Element Melting point: C: 3,527oC sublimate
 Dislokasi
Dislokasi adalah cacat
satu dimensi sekitar
yang beberapa atom
tidak sejajar.
Merupakan cacat
kristalografi atau
ketidakteraturan
dalam struktur kristal
Kehadiran dislokasi Dislokasi ulir
sangat mempengaruhi
banyak sifat material.

Dislokasi tepi
 BAJA KARBON
DEFINISI METALURGIS:
BAJA (STEEL) : BESI DENGAN KADAR
KARBON < 2,1%
BESI COR (CAST IRON) : BESI DENGAN KADAR
KARBON > 2,1%

DALAM PRAKTEK PENGELOMPOKAN BAJA

KARBON ADALAH SBB:
LOW CARBON STEEL : C < 0,25%
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL : C = 0,25 - 0,5%
HIGH CARBON STEEL : C > 0,5%
 Equivalent Carbon Content

EQUIVALENT CARBON CONTENT

ukuran yang digunakan untuk membandingkan mampu las (weldability) relatif
paduan yang berbeda dengan membandingkan sifat mereka dengan baja karbon
biasa
WELDABILITY

Carbon Equivalent
CE

CE = C + Mn + Ni+Cu + Cr+Mo+V %
6 15 5

CE naik, mampu las paduan menurun.

Efek pada mampu las dari unsur-unsur seperti Chromium (Cr) dan Vanadium (V), tidak
sebesar Carbon (C), tapi lebih signifikan daripada tembaga (Cu) dan Nikel (Ni)

Ref.2
IRON Allotropy

Properti beberapa unsur kimia untuk dapat berupa dua atau lebih yang bentuk yang
berbeda, di mana atom-atom disusun secara berbeda oleh ikatan kimia (dalam fase yang
sama)

Allotropy berasal dari bahasa Yunani

ALLOS: bermakna "other“
TROPOS: bermakna "manner”

a-Fe alpha iron, forms < 770oC (Tc), magnetic, BCC crystal structure,
Ferrite

b-Fe beta iron, forms < 912oC, BCC

g-Fe gamma iron, forms < 1394oC, FCC, Austenite

d-Fe delta iron, forms from cooling down molten iron < 1538oC, BCC

Carbon: Diamond (atom in tetrahedral crystal) and Graphite (atom in hexagonal lattice)
Oxygen: O, O2 and O3 in gas phase
Tc : Curie Point
 TRICLINIC The 7 Crystal System
(parallelepiped)

MONOCLINIC
(right prism with parallelogram base)

ORTHOROMBIC
(cuboid)

TETRAGONAL
(square cuboid)

RHOMBOHEDRAL
(trigonal) (3-sided trapezohedron)

HEXAGONAL
(centered regular hexagon)

CUBIC
(isometric, cube)
Ref.2
 Metastable Fe-C Phase Diagram Under atmospheric pressure

d Fe 1600
+ liquid 1538 oC
1500
1495 oC
d Fe Liquid
1400
d Fe+ g Fe 1394 oC
1300
TEMPERATURE oC

gFe + liquid Fe3C + liquid

1200
1154 oC
g Fe
1100

Fe3C + ledeburite
2.08 %
1000
912 oC
gFe +Fe3C + ledeburite
900
b Fe 0.68 %
800
770 oC a+g 738 oC
a Fe 700
Fe3C + ledeburite + pearlite
600
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
aFe + pearlite Pearlite (eutectoid) MASS % Carbon Ledeburite (eutectic)

Fe 0% C < Steel < 2.08% C 2.08% C < Cast Iron < 6.67% C Fe3C
Ref.2
 Metastable Fe-C Phase Diagram Under atmospheric pressure

d Fe 1600
+ liquid 1538 oC
1500
1495 oC
d Fe Liquid
1400
d Fe+ g Fe 1394 oC
1300
TEMPERATURE oC

gFe + liquid Fe3C + liquid

1200
1154 oC
g Fe
1100

Fe3C + ledeburite
2.08 %
1000 HEAT TREATMENT
912 oC
gFe +Fe3C + ledeburite
900
b Fe 0.68 %
800
770 oC a+g 738 oC
a Fe 700
Fe3C + ledeburite + pearlite
600
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
aFe + pearlite Pearlite (eutectoid) MASS % Carbon Ledeburite (eutectic)

Fe 0% C < Steel < 2.08% C 2.08% C < Cast Iron < 6.67% C Fe3C
 FASA PADA BAJA KARBON
FASA PADA BAJA :
FERIT = FASA α (BCC) DENGAN ATOM C YANG LARUT PADAT; SIFAT
LUNAK & ULET
AUSTENIT = FASA Y (FCC) DENGAN ATOM C YANG LARUT PADAT; FASA PADA
SUHU TINGGI; LUNAK & ULET
SEMENTIT = SENYAWA Fe3C = BESI KARBIDA; SANGAT KERAS SEKALI &
GETAS
PERLIT = FASA EUTEKTOID TERDIRI DARI FERIT + SEMENTIT YANG
BERLAPIS-LAPIS; KUAT & CUKUP ULET

FASA YANG DIPEROLEH DARI PENDINGINAN YANG CEPAT DARI FASA

AUSTENIT :
MARTENSIT = FASA METASTABIL (BTC), ATOM C LARUT PADAT LEWAT JENUH;
SANGAT KERAS DAN GETAS
BAINIT = STRUKTUR ANTARA CUKUP KUAT & CUKUP ULET
 PERLAKUAN PANAS (HEAT TREATMENT)

• SIFAT MEKANIK BAJA

DIPENGARUHI OLEH KOMPOSISI
KIMIA DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO.
• STRUKTUR MIKRO DIPENGARUHI
OLEH PROSES PENGERJAAN,
TERMASUK PROSES PERLAKUAN
PANAS (HEAT TREATMENT)
• PROSES HEAT TREATMENT
DIPAKAI UNTUK MENGUBAH
SIFAT DALAM BATAS-BATAS
TERTENTU.

Tensile and yield strength and ductility (%AR) versus

tempering temperature for an oil-quenched alloy steel (type
4340). (Adapted from figure furnished courtesy Republic
Steel Coorporation)
 TEMPERING

Tempering adalah teknik pemanasan ulang untuk "menguatkan (toughing)" baja dengan
mengubah martensit yang brittle/getas menjadi bainit atau kombinasi dari ferit dan
sementit

Biasanya baja diberikan perlakuan panas dalam beberapa proses.

Pertama dipanaskan untuk membuat larutan padat dari besi dan karbon dalam proses
yang disebut austenizing. Austenisasi ini diikuti dengan quenching (pendinginan) untuk
menghasilkan mikrostruktur martensit.

Baja tersebut kemudian dilakukan tempering dengan pemanasan antara rentang 150 ° C-
260 ° C (300 ° F-500 ° F) dan 370 ° C-650 ° C (700 ° F-1200 ° F). Tempering di kisaran 260 °
C-370 ° C (500 ° F-700 ° F) seringkali dihindari untuk mengurangi getas temperring.

Baja ini dijaga pada suhu tersebut sampai karbon yang terperangkap dalam martensit
berdifusi untuk menghasilkan komposisi kimia dengan potensi untuk menghasilkan baik
bainit atau perlit (struktur kristal yang terbentuk dari campuran ferit dan sementit).

Ref.2
 ANNEALING

Annealing adalah memanaskan ulang baja diikuti dengan

pendinginan yang lambat, menghasilkan logam yang lunak dan
ulet

a) Untuk menghilangkan stres internal maupun untuk melunakkan atau

b) Untuk memperbaiki struktur kristal
Hal ini melibatkan pemanasan di atas suhu kritis atas (sekitar 760oC)

Baja dipanaskan sekitar 25oC diatas suhu kritis atas, ditahan selama
waktu yang ditetapkan dan kemudian didinginkan perlahan-lahan dalam
tanur (furnace). Proses ini digunakan untuk menghilangkan tegangan
internal yang dihasilkan sebagai akibat dari proses pekerjaan
pendinginan dan fabrikasi.

Full anneal: Bila bagian yang di-annealing dibiarkan dingin dalam furnace.
Normalizing: Bila bagian yang di-annealing dikeluarkan dari furnace dan dibiarkan
dingin di udara

Ref.2
 QUENCHING

Proses pengerasan logam (biasanya baja atau besi cor)

dipanaskan ke fase kristal austenitic dan kemudian
dengan cepat didinginkan menggunakan suatu media.

Setelah didinginkan dengan cepat, sebagian dari

austenit akan berubah menjadi martensit, suatu
struktur kristal yang keras tapi brittle.
Bergantung juga pada paduan (alloy) dan pertimbangan
lainnya (seperti pertimbangan terhadap kekerasan
maksimum vs crack dan distorsi), pendinginan dapat
dilakukan dengan udara atau nitrogen, minyak, polimer
dilarutkan dalam air, atau air garam (brine) yang
dipaksakan.
Ref.2
 QUENCHING
Cairan yang digunakan untuk pendinginan baja tercantum di bawah ini dalam urutan
tingkatan pendinginan
• Brine (air garam)
• Air
• Minyak
• Cairan khusus
• Udara
Note: pengadukan media meningkatkan keparahan pendinginan nya

• Air suling biasa (soft distilled water) adalah media yang lebih disukai bila menggunakan air untuk
pendinginan baja karbon.
• Air seharusnya tidak memiliki kotoran seperti minyak, lemak atau asam karena bisa mengakibatkan
pengerasan yang tidak merata jika menempel pada permukaan baja yang keras yang memberikan isolasi
termal lokal.
• Air keras tidak memuaskan karena dapat menghasilkan kerak saat suhu dinaikkan. Sabun kadang-
kadang ditambahkan untuk mengatur tingkat pendinginan. Air garam dingin atau air digunakan untuk
menyediakan pendinginan (quenching) yang paling ekstrim dengan hasil kekerasan maksimum.
Perawatan yang hati-hati dibutuhkan dalam pemilihan penampang yang dikeraskan sebagai hasil proses
“thermal shock” dengan konsekuensi crack dan distorsi.
• Quenching dengan minyak digunakan di mana kekerasan yang ekstrim tidak diperlukan dan di perlukan
fleksibilitas “quenching shock”. Minyak yang digunakan adalah terutama minyak mineral dengan
viskositas dipilih sesuai dengan jenis baja yang akan di-quenching. Sistem pendingin minyak diperlukan
saat kapasitas pendinginan yang signifikan diperlukan untuk mencegah minyak dari tidak berfungsi dan
untuk menjaga kondisi quenching. Pendingin udara digunakan untuk proses pengerasan ringan bila
struktur perlitik yang keras dan tangguh diperlukan.
Ref.2
 Ref.2
Crystal Structure Fe

Carbon
Pengerasan melibatkan pemanasan baja sampai suhu
normalisasi dan pendinginan (Quenching) dengan cepat dalam
cairan yang sesuai. misalnya minyak, air atau udara

g-Fe
a-Fe TEMPERING

BODY-CENTERED CUBIC FACE-CENTERED CUBIC

When steel is heated above the upper critical temperature (about 760oC), the iron crystal
structure will change from BCC to FCC, and the carbon atoms will migrate into the central
position formerly occupied by an iron atom. This form of red-hot steel is called austenite (γ iron).
 Ref.2
Crystal Structure Fe

Carbon

g-Fe Pearlite

ANNEALING

FACE-CENTERED CUBIC BODY-CENTERED CUBIC

If this steel form cools slowly, the iron atoms move back into the cube forcing the carbon atoms
back out, resulting in soft steel called pearlite. If the sample was formerly hard, this softening
process is called annealing.
 Ref.2
Crystal Structure Fe

Carbon

Martensite
g-Fe

QUENCHING

FACE-CENTERED CUBIC
BODY-CENTERED TETRAGONAL

If the steel is cooled quickly (quench) by immersing it in oil or water, the carbon atoms are
trapped, and the result is a very hard, brittle steel. This steel crystal structure is now a body
centered tetragonal (BCT) form called martensite.
 Ref.2
IRON Alloy Phases

FERRITE : a-iron, ferritic steel, soft

AUSTENITE : g-iron, austenitic steel, hard

The maximum solubility of carbon in iron is
2.08% by weight, occurring at 1154oC; higher
concentrations of carbon or lower
temperatures will produce cementite.
CEMENTITE : iron carbide, Fe3C

PEARLITE: 88% ferrite, 12% cementite

MARTENSITE: Hardest and most brittle type of steel

BAINITE: Combination of ferrite and cementite
Stronger but less ductile than pearlite
 IRON Alloy Phases

AUSTENITE
FCC (face-centered-cubic)

QUENCHING
Rapid cooling of austenite which traps carbon atoms that do not have time to diffuse out
of the crystal structure, becomes martensite

MARTENSITE
BCT (body-centered-tetragonal)
Hardest and most brittle type of steel

TEMPERING
is a heat treatment technique to "toughen" the metal by transforming brittle martensite
into bainite

BAINITE
Ref.2
combination of ferrite and cementite
 Steel Groups and Class as per API RP2A

STEEL GROUPS STEEL CLASSES

(Based on (Based on
Strength Level Notch Toughness characteristics
and Welding characteristics)
and service temperature)

• GROUP 1 • CLASS A
• GROUP 2 • CLASS B
• GROUP 3 • CLASS C

Ref.2
 Steel Groups and Class as per API RP2A

STEEL GROUPS
(Based on Strength Level and Welding characteristics)

Group 1
Mild Steel, Fy < 280 MPa (40 ksi) , CE < 0.40%. Welding process AWS
D1.1

Group 2
Intermediate Strength Steel, 280 MPa (40 ksi) < Fy < 360 MPa (52 ksi) ,
CE > 0.45%.
Low Hydrogen Welding process

Group 3
High Strength Steel Fy > 360 Mpa (52 ksi). Have to check the weldability,
Fatigue problems and Notch Toughness prior to utilization
Ref.2
 Steel Groups and Class as per API RP2A

STEEL CLASSES
(Based on Notch Toughness characteristics and service temperature)

Class C
Temperature above 0oC, impact tests are not specified, limited thickness,
moderate forming, modest stress

Class B
Temperature 10oC to 0oC, Charpy V-notch energy 20J (Group 1) and 34J
(Group 2)

Class A
Suitable for subfreezing temperature.
Temperature -20oC to -40oC, Charpy V-notch energy 20J (Group 1) and 34J
(Group 2)
Ref.2
 API RP2A

Structural Steel Shapes

Group Class Yield Tensile Plate

Strength Strength thickness
(ksi) (ksi) (inch)

A36 I C 36 58 – 80 <2
A131 Grade A I C 34 58 – 80 < 0.5
A709 Grade 36T2 I B 36 58 – 80
A572 Grade 42 II C 42 60 <2
A572 Grade 50 II C 50 65 <2
A709 Grades 50T2, 50T3 II B 50 65
A131 Grade AH32 II B 45.5 68 – 85
A131 Grade AH36 II B 51 71 – 90

Ref.2
API RP2A

Structural Steel Pipes

Group Class Yield Tensile Plate

Strength Strength thickness
(ksi) (ksi) (inch)

API 5L Grade B I C 36 58 – 80 <2

ASTM A53 Grade B I C 34 58 – 80 < 0.5
ASTM A135 Grade B I B 36 58 – 80
ASTM A139 Grade B II C 42 60 <2
ASTM A500 Grade A II C 50 65 <2
A709 Grades 50T2, 50T3 II B 50 65
A131 Grade AH32 II B 45.5 68 – 85
A131 Grade AH36 II B 51 71 – 90
 API Specifications
API Spec 2B Structural Steel Pipe
API Spec 2H Carbon Manganese Steel Plate for Offshore Platform Tubular Joints
– Grade 42 Steel Plate, Grade 50 Steel Plate
API Spec 2MT1 As-Rolled Carbon Manganese Steel Plate with improved Toughness
for Offshore Structures – Steel Plate, Grade 2MT1
API Spec 2MT2 Rolled Shapes with improved Notch Toughness – Steel Rolled
Shapes
API Spec 2W Steel Plates, Quenched-and-Tempered, for Offshore Structures –
Grade 50 Steel Plates, Grade 60 Steel Plate
API Spec 5L Line Pipe – Manufacturer of Line pipe
API Spec 5LC CRA Line Pipe – Manufacturer of Alloy Pipe
API Spec 5LD CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe – Manufacturer of Clad Steel Pipe,
Manufacturer of Lined Steel Pipe
API Spec 9A Wire Rope – Mooring Wire Rope, Structural Rope and Strand

Ref.2
 ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
“A” is alloy identification and then followed by two, three, or four numbers.

Carbon steels Yield Tensile Plate

Strength Strength thickness
ksi MPa ksi inch

A36 - Structural Shapes & Plate 36 250 36 – 80 <8

32 36 – 80 >8
A53 Grade B - Structural Pipe &Tubing 35 240 60
A500 Grade B - Structural Pipe & Tubing 42 290 58
A501 - Structural Pipe & Tubing 36 250 58
A529 - Structural Shapes & Plate 42 290 60 – 85
A285 Grade C - Structural Plate 30 55 – 75 <2
A515 or 516 Gr 55 - Structural Plate 30 55 – 75 < 12
A515 or 516 Gr 60 - Structural Plate 32 60 – 80 <8
A515 or 516 Gr 65 - Structural Plate 35 240 65 – 85 <8
A515 or 516 Gr 70 - Structural Plate 38 70 – 90 <8
A573 Grade 65 - Structural Plate 35 240 65 – 77 < 1.5
A573 Grade 70 - Structural Plate 42 290 70 – 90 < 1.5

Ref.2 Ref: USS Steel Design Manual

 ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

High strength low alloy steels Yield Tensile Plate

Strength Strength thickness
ksi MPa ksi in

A441 - Structural Shapes & Plates 50 345 70 < 0.75

A441 - Structural Shapes & Plates 46 67 0.75< t < 1.5
A441 - Structural Shapes & Plates 42 290 63 1.5 < t < 4
A441 - Structural Shapes & Plates 40 60 4<t<8
A572 Grade 42 - Structural Shapes & Plates 42 290 60 <8
A572 Grade 50 - Structural Shapes & Plates 50 345 65 <4
A572 Grade 60 - Structural Shapes & Plates 60 75 < 1.25
A618 - Structural Pipe &Tubing 50 345 70

Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels

A242 - Structural Shapes & Plates 42 - 50 63 - 70
A588 or Cor-ten - Structural Shapes & Plates 50 70 <4

Quenched and tempered alloy steels

A514 - Structural Shapes & Plates 90 100 - 130
A517 - Boilers & Pressure vessels 100 115 - 135
Ref.2
 Steel Properties

These properties are essential to selection of the best

material for a structural member

1. Ultimate Tensile Strength

2. Yield Strength in tension
3. Elongation
4. Modulus of Elasticity E
5. Compressive Strength
6. Shear Strength
7. Shear Modulus G = E / 2(1+m)
8. Fatigue Strength
9. Modulus of Resilience u

m= Poisson’s ratio: Ratio of Transverse to Axial strain

= 0.3 in elastic range, 0.5 in plastic range
Ref.2
 Steel Properties

The Yield Strength, the stress that can be applied to a base metal or weld without
permanent deformation of the metal.

The Tensile Strength, "the ultimate tensile strength" is the maximum tensile
strength that the metal or weld can with stand before failure occurs

The preheat temperatures provided are when low hydrogen electrodes used.
Consider all the TIG and gas shielded flux cored electrodes as low hydrogen
consumables.

Post heat increases toughness and reduces residual stresses.

1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa.

Ref.2
 Steel Properties

When a material has reached the limit of its strength, it usually has the option of
either deformation or fracture.

A naturally malleable metal can be made stronger by impeding the mechanisms

of plastic deformation (reducing grain size, work hardening, etc.), but if this is
taken to an extreme, fracture becomes the more likely outcome, and the
material can become brittle.

Improving material toughness is therefore a balancing act.

Ref.2
 Ductility

The amount that a metal or weld will deform without breaking.

Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials

can be deformed plastically without fracture.

Ductility is the most important parameter to consider in metal forming

operations such as rolling, extrusion, and drawing.

Examples of highly ductile metals are silver, gold, copper, and aluminum. The
ductility of steel varies depending on the alloying constituents. Increasing levels
of carbon decreases ductility, i.e., the steel becomes more brittle.

In metallurgy, there is always a trade off between DUCTILITY and BRITTLENESS

Ref.2
 Brittleness

A material is brittle if it is liable to fracture when subjected to stress

That is, it has little tendency to deform (or strain) before fracture

Little or No evidence of Plastic Deformation before failure

This fracture absorbs relatively little energy, even in materials of high strength,
and usually makes a snapping sound

In materials science, it is generally applied to materials that fail in tension rather

than shear

When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle

Preheat, inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to reduce the
potential for brittleness
Ref.2
 Metallic Bonding

When seen as the sharing of 'free' electrons among a lattice of positively-charged metal
ions.
In a more quantum mechanical view the conduction electrons divide their density equally
over all atoms that function as neutral (non-charged) entities.

In metallic bonding, bonding electrons are delocalized over a lattice of atoms. Because of
delocalization or the free moving of electrons, it leads to the metallic properties such as
strength, malleability, ductility, conductivity of heat and electricity, ductility and hardness.

Chemical bonds
Strong:
Covalent Bonds
Metallic Bond
Ionic Bond
Weak:
Hydrogen Bond
Non covalent Bonds
van der Waals
Ref.2
 Toughness

The resistance to fracture of a material when stressed.

Ability to absorb mechanical (or kinetic) energy up to failure

It is defined as the amount of energy per volume that a material can absorb before rupturing

Toughness tests:
• Charpy Impact Test
• Izod Impact Test

Unit of Toughness:
Toughness is measured in units of Joules per cubic meter (J/m3) or (in·lbf/in3)

Ref.2
 Charpy Impact Testing Equipment

Ref.2
 Charpy Impact Test machine

scale
hammer

pointer

anvil 10 mm

Hammer

A’

specimen

anvil

Ref.2
 Base Metal: Weldability

The weldability of steels is inversely proportional to a property known as the

hardenability of the steel, which measures the ease of forming martensite during
heat treatment.

The hardenability of steel depends on its chemical composition, with greater

quantities of carbon and other alloying elements resulting in a higher
hardenability and thus a lower weldability.

In order to be able to judge alloys made up of many distinct materials, a measure

known as the Equivalent Carbon Content is used to compare the relative
weldabilities of different alloys by comparing their properties to a Plain Carbon
Steel.

The disadvantage to using plain carbon and low-alloy steels is their lower
strength—there is a trade-off between material strength and weldability.

Ref.2
 Iron and Steel

STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

Apa beda nya?

Ref.2
 Stainless Steel

Resistance to corrosion is due to a chromium-rich oxide film which forms on the

surface.

When enough chromium (more than about 10%) is added to ordinary steel, the
oxide on the surface is transformed - it is very thin, virtually invisible and
protective in a wide range of corrosive media.

Ref.2
 Stainless Steel

High Chromium content different weldability than other steel

Ferritic stainless steel, are magnetic, not as easily welded, and must often be
preheated and welded with special electrodes.

Martensitic stainless steels, are magnetic, not as easily welded, and must often
be preheated and welded with special electrodes.

Austenitic grades of stainless steels is non magnetic and tend to be the most
weldable stainless steel.

Note: High Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Distortion

Ref.2
 Stainless Steel
Ferritic Stainless Steel
• Basic: Fe C Cr
• Crystal Structure: Ferrite
• Magnetic (Ferromagnetic)
• Least Expensive
• Difficult to form and weld
• Type 430

Add more Carbon

Martensitic Stainless Steel

• Basic: Fe C Cr
• Crystal Structure: Martensite
• Magnetic (Ferromagnetic)
• Strong, hard, brittle
• Difficult to form and weld
• Type 420
Add Nickel

Ref.2
 Stainless Steel
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Add Nickel

Austenitic Stainless Steel

Basic: Fe C Cr Ni
Crystal Structure: Austenite
Non Magnetic (Paramagnetic)
Ductile, tough
Easy to form and weld
Type 304 and 304 L (Low Carbon)
Add Molybdenum
2 - 3%

Marine Grade Stainless Steel

Corrosion Resistance in the Marine and acidic
environment
Non Magnetic (Paramagnetic)
Type 316 and 316 L (Low Carbon)
Ref.2
 Stainless Steel AISI American Iron and Steel Institute

AISI Family Cr Ni Mo N C Other Yield Tensile

Grade (max) Strength Strength
MPa MPa

430 Ferritic 17 0.12 205 450

420 Martensitic 13 0.15 1480 1720
304 Austenitic 18 9 0.08 205 515
304L Austenitic 18 9 0.03 170 485
316 Austenitic 17 11 2.1 0.08 205 515
316L Austenitic 17 11 2.1 0.03 170 485
904L Austenitic 20 25 4.5 0.02 1.5Cu 220 490
2205 Duplex 22 5 3 0.15 0.03 450 620
Alloy 254 Super 20 18 6 0.20 0.02 0.75Cu 300 650
austenitic
Alloy 2507 Super 25 7 4 0.28 0.03 550 795
duplex

Ref.2
 TEMPERING

Oxide Color for Tempering Steel

COLOR TEMPERATURE OC

PALE YELLOW 220

STRAW 230
GOLDEN YELLOW 243
BROWN 255
BROWN DAPPLED WITH PURPLE 265
PURPLE 277
DARK BLUE 288
BRIGHT BLUE 297
PALE BLUE 321

Ref.2
 JACKET STRUCTURE FABRICATION
ASTM A-36, ASTM A572 Gr 50 (ROLLED PLATE to API Spec 2B)
API 5L Grade B (STEEL PIPE)
API Spec 2H for joint cans
(ROLLED STEEL PLATE to API Spec 2B)

Tubular members
Spiral welded pipes can not be used as per API RP2A
Tubulars D/t, local buckling BRACING
KL/r values, slenderness ratio
ANODES
Welding
AWS D1.1 Section 10 for tubular structures
AWS D1.1 Section 8 for plates and structural shapes

Ref.2
 Tubular Welded Joint

Joint Weld

Longitudinal
Seam Weld 1

90o
Longitudinal
Seam Weld 2

Root
Ref.2
 Tubular Joints

offset (positive)
offset (positive)

2 inch (access for welding) 2 inch

BRACE
CHORD

CHORD

SIMPLE JOINT
Ref.2
 Tubular Joints Disadvantage:
• No access to weld toe for future inspection

offset (negative)
CHORD

CHORD
OVERLAP JOINT
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 Tubular Joints

JOINT CAN 2 inch

• Heavy wall
• Different material
2 inch
• Specifications
• Yield stress

Ref.2
 Tubular Joints

Internal stiffener rings

2 inch

2 inch
BOTTLE JOINT CAN
• Avoid overlaps on complicated joints
• Larger diameter
• Different material
• Specifications
• Yield stress
• May need internal stiffener rings

Ref.2
 Tubular Joints

Ref.2
 Tubular Joint

Ref.2
 Referensi
1. Karl-Heinz Brensing, “Steel Tube and Pipe
Manufacturing Processes” Düsseldorf
2. Wisnu Mustapha “Steel and welding for
offshore structures”, Slide KU-KL, March
20, 2009
3. Zulfiadi Zulhan “Metallurgy of Iron and
Steelmaking“, MG-4113 Slide, 2009
4. Mardjono Siswosuwarno,”Logam dan
paduannya”, MT-1201 Note, 2005
5. Other references relevant..