Hubungan sifat fundamental untuk sistem fluida fase tunggal dengan komposisi
konstan maupun sebagai variabel:
d (nV )dP (nS idni
(nG) )dT i
Jika n = 1,
dG VdP SdT G G(P,T , , ,..., ,...)
idxi x1 x2 xi
i
G G
V S
T , P , x
x
Sifat larutan, M P T
i i i i
i i
nM (nM ) (nM )
d (nG) (nV )dP (nS dn dn
)dT
i i i
ii i
Neraca massa:
Multi fase pada T dan P yg sama semua dn
i
adalah dalam kesetimbangan jika fase i
ndM M
Mdn M dP n dT (x dn ndx )
n M
i i i
P T , P ,n i
n
T
M
dM dP M M
0
dT
P
M i dx i n xi M i dn
T ,n T P ,n i i
M
dM dP M
dT M dx 0 dan M xi Mi 0
T ,
T
P,n
i i
i
i
P n
dM xidMi
i nM ni Mi 0
M i dx i i
Perhitungan sifat-sifat
campuran dari sifat-
sifat parsialnya
Persamaan Gibbs/Duhem
M dP M
P T dT xi dM
i 0
T ,n P,n i
Sifat Parsial pada Larutan Biner
• Untuk sistem biner
M x 1M 1 x2 M 2
V
n t 200 n1 (0.3)(83.246) 24.974 mol
mol
0 83.246
V2 t n22V (58.272)(18.068) 1053 cm3
V 24.025 n2 (0.7)(83.246) 58.272 mol
38.632
W,= 18 lHi8
17 785
Entalpi sistem cairan biner dari spesies 1 dan 2 pada T dan P tertentu adalah:
H 400 x1 600 x2 x1 x2 (40x1 20 x2 )
Tentukan H1 dan H 2 sbg fungsi x1, nilai numerik entalpi spesies murni H1 and H2,
nilai numerik entalpi parsial pada pengenceran tak H 1 dan H 2
berhingga
x1 0 x1 1
H 2 640 J
mol
420 J
H1
mol
Hubungan antar Sifat Parsial
d (nG)
(nV )dP (nS Gi dni
)dT i
• Relasi Maxwell :
V S Gi (nS ) Gi (nV )
T P
T P n n
P T ,n P , i P,T ,n
j
T , i P ,T ,nj
,n n n
Gi Gi
Si Vi
T P , P T ,
x x
dGi VidP SidT
H U PV
H i U i PVi
Campuran Gas Ideal
• Teorema Gibbs’s
– Sifat molar parsial spesies (kecuali volume) dalam
camp. gas ideal SAMA DENGAN sifat molarnya
sbg gas ideal murni pada suhu campuran tetapi pada
tekanan yg sama dengan tekanan parsialnya dalam
campuran.
ig ig
M i Vi M iig (T , P) M
i ig (Ti , p )
Untuk yg tidak tergantung tekanan, mis.
H
(T , P) H ig (T , ) H ig (T ,
ig
y U ig
p P) H
ig y H ig
U
ig
i i i i i i i i
i i
i
S (T , P) S (T
ig ig
P P
,p ) R ln R ln R ln y
i i i
pi yi P i
M ig (T , P) M ig (T pi )
i
,
i
ig
(T , P)
S i R y ln
ig
Si S (T , P) R ln
ig
S ig
i
y i
i i
yi yi
i
G ig
iig i TS (T , P)
H ig H ig
H ig
(T , P)
ig
ln y
G ig
H ig TS RT
i i ig i i i i
i S (T , P) S
ig
(T , R ln y
P)
i i i
Giig i (T ) RT ln P
S ig Sigi yi ln yi
R
i
yi
i
S 1
yi ln yi R y ln S >0
R
ig ig
i
y
yi Si
i i i i
Gi i Γi (T ) ln P
RT fi
f R
ig
Gi Gi RT ln i Gi RT ln i i
P
P
Residual Gibbs energy Fugacity coefficient
P dP
ln i (Z i 1)P (const. T )
0
Kesetimbangan Uap-Cair (VLE)
untuk Spesies Murni
• Uap Jenuh: Gi v Γi (T ) RT ln fi v
• Cairan Jenuh: Gi l Γi (T ) RT ln fi l
v
v l f
Gi Gi RT ln i
l
fi
VLE v
v l f
Gi Gi RT ln i
0
l
fi
v i l i sat i fff
i
v
i
l
i
s
For a pure species coexisting liquid and vapor phases are in equilibrium when they
have the same temperature, pressure, fugacity and fugacity coefficient.
Fugasitas Cairan Murni
• Fugasitas spesies murni i sebagai cairan
tertekan (compressed liquid):
sat fi P
Gi Gi RT ln
fi
sat
G i Gsati P i VidP (isothermal process)
sat
fi 1 P
VidP
l
f isat
RT
i
sat
fi V il (P Pi sat )
ln
fi
sat
RT f sat sat Psat
i i i
V l (P ii Psat )
f
i sat
Pexp
i i
sat
RT
For H2O at a temperature of 300°C and for pressures up to 10,000 kPa (100 bar)
calculate values of fi and φi from data in the steam tables and plot them vs. P.
For a state at P: Gi i (T ) RT ln fi
For a low pressure reference state:
Gi * Γi (T ) RT ln fi *
f 1 fi 1
Hi H* * ln (G G * )
i
ln i i
S i ) f* RT i
fi *
(Si
R T Hi TSi i
Gi
For different values of P up to the saturated pressure RT at 300°C, one obtains the
values of fi ,and hence φi . Note, values of fi and φi at 8592.7 kPa are obtained
Sifat residual R ig
parsial
M Mi M
i i
Gi R Gi G ig
i
i i (T ) RT ln ˆf
i
i i Γi (T ) RT ln yi P
ig ˆ
RT ln fi
i i
yi P
(nG)
i ˆ G
Untuk gas ideal,
G 0 Gi RT ln ˆ
R R
i i
i
y
ni ˆ i
i P,T , n
j
fP
ˆ
ˆ fi 1
i
Koefisen fugasitas spesies i
i
yi P dalam larutan
fˆi yi P
Fundamental residual-property relation
nG 1
d (nG) nG
d RT 2 dT
RT
d (nG) (nV )dP (nS
)dT idni
i
G H TS
nG nV dP nH Gi
dT dn nG
d f (P,T , n )
RT
RT
RT i RT i
RT
2
i
i
Fix T and
composition: VR (G R / RT )
RT P T , x
R
Fix P and composition: H
(GR / RT )
T
RTˆ (nGR / RT )
T P, x
ln i
ni P,T ,n j
Fix T and P:
Develop a general equation for calculation ln values form compressibility-
of factor data. ˆ
i
ˆ (nG R
/ RT )
ln i
ni P,T ,n
j
nGR P dP
n)
RT ∫0 P
(nZ
ln ˆ
P (nZ n) dP
i 0 n
P
P,T ,n
i j
n (nZ
1 Zi
ni )
ni
ln (Z i dP
1)
ˆ i P
0
P
Inte
grat
ion
at
con
stan
t
tem
pera
ture
and
com
posi
tion
Fugacity coefficient from the virial
E.O.S
• The virial
Z 1
equation: BP B y y B
RT
i j ij
– the mixture second virial coefficient i j
B:
– for a binary mixture: B y1 y1B11 y1 y2 B12 y2 y1B21 y2 y2 B22
• n mol of gas mixture: nBP
nZ n
RT
(nZ ) P (nB)
Z
1
1
n1
RT n T ,n
P,T ,n
2 2
1
P (nB) P(nB)
ln 1ˆ 1 n dP RT n
RT 0
1 T ,n2 1 T ,n2
ˆ 1
ln (nB) dP P (nB)
P
1
RT 0 n T ,n
RT n T ,n
1 2
1 2
B y1 y1B11 y1 y2 B12 y y B y y B
2 1 21 2 2 22
12 2B12 yi ni / n
B11 B22
ˆ
ln
P ˆ P
1 RT
2
11 y 2 12 Similarly: ln
2
RT
22 y21 12
For multicomponent gas mixture, the general form:
ik 2Bik Bii Bkk
ln 1
P
φˆ k
Bkk RT y y (2 ij )
2 i j
i j
where
Determine the fugacity coefficients for nitrogen and methane in N2(1)/CH4(2) mixture
at 200K and 30 bar if the mixture contains 40 mol-% N2.
12 3
2B12 2(59.8) 35.2 105.0 20.6 cm
mol
B11 B22
P
ln ˆ B 30
35.2 (0.6) 2
(20.6) 0.0501
y2
2 12
1
RT
11 (83.14)(200)
ˆ 1 0.9511
P
ln ˆ B 30
105.0 (0.4) 2
(20.6) 0.1835
y
2
2ˆ 0.8324
1 12
2
RT
22 (83.14)(200)
Generalized correlations for the
fugacity coefficient
Z 1 (B
dP Pr 0
ln i
Pr
(Z 1) B1) ln
(const. Tr (B B 1
)
0 i r Tr
P 0
Pr ) r
Tr
ZZ0 Z
1 PHIB(TR, PR, OMEGA)
Pr dPr
ln (Z 1) P
dPr
(const. Tr )
1
For pure gas
r
0 Z Pr
0
0
Pr
or
ln ln with
0
ln1
ln Pr dPr dP
(Z 1)
0 1
ln
For pure gas
0 P
r
1
0
Pr 0
Z r
Pr
Tr
1.127 1
0 0.627 and 1.096
Pr
1.731
0.191 Table E15 and E16
ln f
ln 0.638 (0.638) 44.7 bar
0
ln1 P (70)
ln 1
P yi y j ij )
φˆ k Bkk RT
2 i j (2
ik
0
ij i
RTcij
Bi (B B1 ) ij
j
Pcij
2 Tci E p ic in ra ion parameter
j m ir al te ct
j (TciTcj ) (1 kij )
Prausnitz et al. 1986 Zcij RTcij Zci Z 1/ 1/ 3
3
Pcij Zcij
cj 3 V V
Vcij
ci cj
V 2
cij
2
Estimate ˆ ˆ
1 and 2 for an equimolar mixture of methyl ethyl ketone (1) /
toluene (2) at 50°C and 25 kPa. Set all kij = 0.
i Zci Z Zcij RTcij 1/ 1/ 3
3
j
cj V V
3
ij Zcij Pcij
Vcij
ci cj
2 2 V
cij
2
RTcij T (TciTcj ) (1 kij 12 2B12 B11 B22
Bi (B i B1 cij
Pcij 0 )
j j )
ˆ P
ln
1 RT 11 y2
2
12 ˆ 1 0.987
2ˆ 0.983
0.0128
ˆ
ln
P
2 RT 22 y
2
1 12 0.0172
The ideal solution
• Serves as a standard to be compared:
xi Mi i
M
Gid G
G
G
id
RT ln x id i x RT ln x
x
i i i i i
i i
i i
cf.
Gigi Gigi RT ln yi
G id G
id
Si i S id x S R x ln x
i R ln S id
R ln i i i i
xi S x
i i i
P, T P i i
x
T
id G id G V id xV
Vi
i i V
V
id
i i
P
T , T
i i
i
id id x id
id
H i Gi TSi RT ln TSi RT ln xi Hi Hi
Gi xi
H id xii H
i
The Lewis/Randall Rule
• For a special case of species i in an ideal solution:
i Γi (T ) RT ln fˆ id G id Γi (T ) RT ˆfi id
i
i i ln
id
Gi RT ln x
i
Gi i (T ) RT ln fi
ˆiid
i
RT RT RT RT
2
i
The fundamental excess-property relation
(1) If CEP is a constant, independent of T, find expression for GE, SE, and HE as
functions of T. (2) From the equations developed in part (1), fine values for GE , SE,
and HE for an equilmolar solution of benzene(1) / n-hexane(2) at 323.15K, given the
following excess-property values for equilmolar solution at 298.15K:
CEP =-2.86 J/mol-K, HE = 897.9 J/mol, and GE = 384.5 J/mol
E 2GE 2GE a
From Table 11.1: CP T
T P, T 2 P, x T
2
E
CP a const.
x
integration
E E
E G G
From Table 11.1: S a ln T b
T P, T P,
x x
integration
integration
S E a ln T G E a(T ln T ) bT c
b T
H E G E TS aT c
E
E
a 2.86
CP We have values of a, b, c
897.9 a(298.15) c and hence the excess-
384.5 a((298.15) ln(298.15) (298.15) b(198.15) properties at 323.15K
c
The excess Gibbs energy and the
activity coefficient
• The excess Gibbs energy is of particular interest:
G E G Gid
Gi
i (T ) RT ln fˆi
id
Gi Γi (T ) ln xi fi
fˆ RT
Gi E RT ln i
xi f i
ˆ The activity coefficient of species i in solution.
fi
i A factor introduced into Raoult’s law to
xi fi
account for liquid-phase non-idealities.
Gi RT ln i
E
For ideal solution, Gi E 0, 1i
c.f. G R RT ln ˆ
i i
nH dT
E
d nG nV dP Ei
G dni
E E
RT RT RT RT
2
i
nG E nV E
nH E
d dP dT ln idni
RT RT RT
2
i
VE (G E / RT )
RT P T ,
x
Experimental accessible values:
HEE / RT ) activity coefficients from VLE data,
(G
T
RT T P, x VE and HE values come from mixing experiments.
(nGE / RT )
ln i
ni P,T ,n
j
E
i
G
xi ln
RT i
I mportant application in phase-equilibrium
thermodynamics.
x d ln
i i (const. T , P)
0
i
The nature of excess properties
• GE: through reduction of VLE data
• HE: from mixing experiment
• SE = (HE - GE) / T
• Fig 11.4