Midwifery
beranda jurnal www.elsevier.com/midw
Pendahuluan
abstrak
dari kecemasan lebih cenderung berkembang menjadi rumah selama periode pascakelahiran
depresi pascakelahiran (Ross et al., 2003; Skouteris et al.,
2009). Dengan kata lain, beberapa kecemasan dan depresi Gambar 1. Kerangka studi.
ibu pascamelahirkan dapat dicegah jika tingkat dukungan
1266 S. Sapkota et al . / Kebidanan 29 (2013) 1264–1271
karena mereka lebih mungkin untuk menghadiri pemeriksaan medis
3. Tingkat kecemasan ibu pasca melahirkan berkorelasi positif pascakelahiran. Namun, wanita dikeluarkan dari penelitian jika
dengan tingkat gejala depresi pascapersalinan pada ibu baru pada mereka dipilih untuk operasi caesar, memiliki dilatasi serviks lebih dari
enam hingga delapan minggu pascapersalinan. empat sentimeter pada saat masuk, atau
ditakdirkan untuk induksi dan augmentasi. Selain itu, perempuan
Hipotesisuntuk sebuah proyek penelitian yang awalnya meneliti yang suaminya tidak tinggal bersama mereka pada saat perekrutan
dampak pada hasil fisiologis dan psikologis untuk ibu baru di rumah karena komitmen lain, misalnya, bekerja di luar negeri dikeluarkan.
sakit bersalin umum di Kathmandu ketika wanita menerima CLS dari
suami mereka. Bagian dari temuan telah dipublikasikan di tempat lain
(Sapkota et al., 2012a) Prosedur perekrutan
wanita primigravida
Wanita tanpa CLS (n=
Kalah dari tindak lanjut (n= 67)
Menolak (n= 5) Tidak termasuk (n= 11) Gambar 2. Aliran
Logsdon
Prosedur etis
Dukungan setelah melahirkan Kuesioner Dukungan
Pascapersalinan (PSQ) dikembangkan oleh Logsdon (et al., 1996;
Penelitian ini disetujui oleh Komite Etik Sekolah Pascasarjana
Logsdon dan Usui, 2006) untuk mengukur seberapa 'penting' perilaku
Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Hiroshima, dan Dewan Riset Kesehatan
dukungan tertentu bagi ibu baru, serta 'dukungan' yang sebenarnya
Nepal.
dia terima selama periode postnatal. Dalam penelitian ini, wanita
hanya diminta untuk menilai seberapa banyak dukungan yang
Analisis data Analisis
mereka terima selama periode pascakelahiran, menggunakan PSQ
versi Nepal. Skala terdiri dari 34 item, yang dinilai pada skala 0-7.
akhir mencakup data untuk 231 wanita yang menyelesaikan studi
Skor total berkisar dari 0 hingga 238, dengan skor yang lebih tinggi
lanjutan. Hasil penelitian dibandingkan
menunjukkan tingkat dukungan yang lebih besar. Konsistensi internal
SPSS for Windows, versi 18.0. Hipotesis diuji dengan Structural
PSQ versi Nepal dievaluasi dengan menghitung alpha Cronbach.
Equation Modeling (SEM), menggunakan AMOS (versi 18.0).model
Skor alfa Cronbach sebesar 0,92 diperoleh dalam penelitian ini.
dievaluasi dengan w2Kecocokan , indeks kesesuaian yang disesuaikan
(AGFI), indeks kesesuaian komparatif (CFI), dan kesalahan
Kecemasan ibu pascakelahiran pendekatan akar rata-rata kuadrat (RMSEA) (Ho, 2006).
Gejala kecemasan keadaan ibu pada ibu baru diukur dengan Dalam semua analisis, signifikansi ditetapkan pada alpha o0,05
mengelola Inventarisasi Kecemasan Sifat-Negara untuk Orang (2-tailed test) kecuali analisis post-hoc dengan koreksi Bonferroni, di
Dewasa (STAI-AD), yang awalnya dikembangkan oleh Spielberger et mana tingkat alfa ditetapkan pada 0,017 (0,05/3) untuk mengurangi
al. (1983). Skala ini terdiri dari dua subskala: satu untuk mengukur kemungkinan membuat Tipe 1 kesalahan.
tingkat kecemasan negara dan satu lagi untuk kecemasan sifat.
Masing-masing subskala memiliki 20 pernyataan yang mengevaluasi
bagaimana perasaan responden tentang dirinya 'saat ini, pada saat Temuan
ini', pada skala mulai dari 1 hingga 4. Skor total di setiap subskala
bervariasi dari 20 hingga 80, dengan skor yang lebih tinggi Dari 231 wanita, 51,1% telah menyelesaikan pengumpulan data
menunjukkan a tingkat kecemasan yang lebih tinggi. Dalam tindak lanjut mereka pada saat kunjungan mereka ke klinik
penelitian ini, subskala kecemasan negara dalam STAI AD versi pascakelahiran dan/atau ke klinik imunisasi. Sisanya (48,9%)
dihubungi dan mengisi kuesioner melalui telepon. Jika dibandingkan menepati janji kehamilan mereka daripada rekan-rekan mereka yang
dengan jenis orang pendukung yang hadir saat melahirkan, tidak ada mangkir. Perbedaan-perbedaan ini dibahas di bagian selanjutnya.
perbedaan statistik yang diamati dalam karakteristik wanita dan cara
kontak mereka. Hasil
Tabel 1
Perbandingan karakteristik latar belakang antar kelompok.
Variabel Wanita dengan suami saat melahirkan (n¼77) wanita Wanita dengan teman wanita saat melahirkan
(n¼75)
Karakteristik Wanita tanpa pendamping saat melahirkan (n¼79) Usia
wanita: mean (SD) 22,03 (3,09) 21,80 (2,63) 21,54 (2,30) Tahun menikah: rata-rata (SD) 1,52 (0,74) 1,61 (0,82) 1,87 (1,75) Wanita yang menikah karena cinta
(%) 51,9 57,3 62,0
Wanita yang bersekolah lebih dari 10 tahun (%) 44,2 40,0 29,1
Jumlah wanita yang melaporkan ibu rumah tangga ( %) 80,5 86,7 86,1
Karakteristik
suami Usia suami: rata-rata (SD) 26,29 (5,44) 25,19 (3,71) 25,31 (3,82)
Suami dengan sekolah lebih dari 10 tahun (%) 39,0 41.3 39.2 18.2 13.3 15.2
Suami bekerja dalam posisi manajerial dan profesional (%)
Rata-rata pendapatan bulanan keluarga (SD) dalam Rupeen 15.946.67 (8687.74) 14.268.66 (8318.00) 13.761,19 (10.000.14) Wanita beragama Hindu (%) 63 57 63
Wanita dilaporkan sebagai Brahman/Chettri (%) 44.2 52.0 39.2 Wanita dalam keluarga inti (%) 68,8 54,7 55,7
Wanita dengan persalinan spontan (%) 93,5 92,0 77,2 Wanita yang melahirkan bayi perempuan (%) 36,4 41,3 48,1
Karakteristik postnatal
Hari rawat inap: mean (SD) 2,40 (2,66) 1,88 (1,81) 2,41 (2,31) Wanita dilaporkan mengalami komplikasi (%) 16,9 8,0 7,6
Wanita dilaporkan mengalami masalah pada bayi (%) 16,9 10,7 17,7 75,3 84,0 74,7
Kecemasan keadaan: mean (SD) 30,09 (8,14) 33,27 (7,99) 32,99 (7,84) Sifat kecemasan: mean (SD) 31,38 (7,37) 33,95 (7,18) 33,90 (7,54)
a
Dukungan perempuan menunjukkan dukungan yang diterima dari ibu mertua/adik ipar baru (57,8%), ibu/adik (35,0%), anggota keluarga perempuan (3,9%) dan pembantu wanita
(3,3%) dan variabel ini dikodekan secara dikotomis (Ya/Tidak).
Semua wanita dalam penelitian ini dilaporkan telah menikah.
Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam karakteristik dasar antara kelompok kecuali rata-rata lama persalinan (p =0,01) dan tingkat persalinan spontan (p =0,01). n Memiliki
beberapa nilai yang hilang; 1 Pound Inggris¼140.25 Rupee Nepal.
Tabel 2
Perbandingan kelompok: dukungan pascakelahiran, dan gejala kecemasan dan depresi.
melahirkan (n¼77) melahirkan (n¼75) (n¼79)
Variabel Wanita dengan suami saat Wanita dengan teman wanita saat Wanita tanpa pendamping saat melahirkan F (df1, df2)n nilai p
P= 0,466
Dukungan
PSQ: rerata7SD 6,59 (2, 228)
144,47 ± 36,77 130,68 ± 35,06 121,58 ± 45,82 P= 0,001 p¼0,029
Gejala depresi
EPDSy: mean7SD 1.62 (2, 228)
p¼0.200 3,38 ± 2,82 3,97 ± 2,84 4,15 ± 2,76 P= 0,258
n
Hasil dari ANOVA.
y
Tiga item yang mengukur tingkat kecemasan dikeluarkan.
keseluruhan, model menyumbang 26% dari varians dalam
menjelaskan dukungan pascanatal, dan 27% dan 18% dari varians
Gejala depresi pascakelahiran dalam menjelaskan kecemasan dan gejala depresi di
S. Sapkota et al. / Kebidanan 29 (2013) 1264–1271 1269ibu masing-masing pada
Model 1
karena itu dipertahankan sebagai model akhir.
enam hingga delapan minggu pascapersalinan. Ini adalah Model terakhir menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran dukungan
perempuan di rumah selama periode postnatal memiliki dampak yang
Nilai rata-rata keseluruhan untuk EPDS adalah 3,8472,81. Tidak signifikan pada tingkat dukungan postnatal yang dirasakan oleh ibu
ada perbedaan statistik yang diamati pada skor EPDS rata-rata baru (b0,45, po0,001). Hasilnya juga menunjukkan bahwa wanita
antara ketiga kelompok (F (2, 228) 1,62, p¼0,20). Kami memeriksa yang menerima CLS dari suaminya merasakan tingkat dukungan
item terakhir (10) di EPDS secara terpisah. Ini mengukur perasaan pascapersalinan yang lebih besar daripada mereka yang tidak
bunuh diri pada peserta, dan kami tidak menemukan perbedaan yang menerima CLS dari suaminya (b0,23, po0,001). Dampak pada
signifikan antara kelompok (p¼0,75). dukungan pascapersalinan ketika perempuan menerima CLS dari
suami mereka terbukti bahkan setelah mengontrol pengaruh
dukungan perempuan di rumah. Oleh karena itu, hasil ini mendukung
Pengujian hipotesis
hipotesis pertama. Demikian pula, model menunjukkan bahwa jika ibu
Pertama, kerangka studi yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 1
baru merasakan tingkat dukungan pascamelahirkan yang lebih besar,
dipasang menggunakan pemodelan persamaan struktural, sambil
mereka lebih mungkin mengalami tingkat kecemasan yang lebih
mengendalikan efek dari panjang dan jenis tenaga kerja (lihat Model
1 pada Gambar. 3). Pengaruh variabel kontrol ini tidak signifikan, rendah (b0,52, po0,001). Temuan ini mendukung hipotesis kedua.
bagaimanapun, dan kesesuaian model juga tidak baik, seperti yang Selain itu, model menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kecemasan
ditunjukkan oleh w2(14)¼35.933, p¼0.001, AGFI¼0.912, CFI¼0.894, pascakelahiran yang lebih rendah terkait dengan gejala depresi
RMSEA¼0.083 . Akibatnya, model dipasang kembali setelah pascakelahiran yang lebih sedikit, yang mendukung hipotesis ketiga.
mengurangi panjang dan jenis tenaga kerja (lihat Model 2 pada
Gambar 3). Model ini cocok.¼6.933 (6 untuk model ini tidak signifikan
(w2p¼0.327), menunjukkan kecocokan yang memadai untuk data. Baik Pembahasan
GFI dan CFI mendekati 1.0 (AGFI¼0.971, CFI¼0.995), menunjukkan
kecocokan yang sangat baik (Ho, 2006). Demikian pula, RMSEA Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh dukungan
berada di bawah 0,08 (RMSEA¼0,026), yang juga menunjukkan postnatal, kecemasan ibu dan depresi yang dialami
kesesuaian yang baik (Cudeck dan Browne, 1993). Secara
persalinan
Model 2
Lama 0,06
persalinan
Catatan: Adanya dukungan wanita di rumah selama periode postnatal (kode Ya= 1, Tidak=0)
Variabel dikotomis (persalinan spontan = 1, persalinan induksi/tambahan= 0).
CLS: Dukungan persalinan berkelanjutan
Gambar. 3. Model Persamaan Struktural menunjukkan dampak CLS oleh suami pada dukungan pascakelahiran, kecemasan ibu, dan gejala depresi pascakelahiran.
1270 S. Sapkota dkk. / Kebidanan 29 (2013) 1264–1271
understand the different needs of a new mother, and it may have
oleh ibu baru pada enam hingga delapan minggu pascapersalinan motivated him to continue providing care after his wife and baby were
ketika suaminya memberikan CLS, dibandingkan dengan wanita yang dis charged from the hospital.
menerima CLS dari teman wanita, dan wanita yang tidak menerima On the other hand, the results of SEM indicated that women who
CLS sama sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wanita yang did not receive CLS from their husband tended to perceive lower
telah menerima CLS dari suaminya merasakan tingkat dukungan levels of postnatal support. Moreover, the results of the ANOVA
yang lebih besar selama periode pascakelahiran daripada mereka revealed that, in cases where the husband was not present during
yang tidak menerima dukungan ini dari suaminya. Moreover, mothers childbirth, the women reported significantly lower levels of support
who received more postnatal support were less likely to experience than where the husband was present. This may be because the
anxiety at six to eight weeks post partum. In addition, these lower women who did not receive CLS from their husband may have had no
levels of anxiety were associated with fewer symptoms of depression. opportunity to discuss the experience or the more difficult aspects of
childbirth with their husband during the postnatal period (Czarnocka
The impact on the level of postnatal support perceived by the new
and Slade, 2000; Green and Baston, 2003). The woman's husband
mothers when they received CLS from their husband can be
may therefore have been unaware of her needs, and may not have
explained in two ways. First, where a woman's husband was
given his wife sufficient postnatal support. Although not statistically
physically present in a labour and delivery room, this gave him an
significant, the results of the ANOVA also suggested that mothers
opportunity to become involved in the care of his wife and baby while
who were given CLS by a female friend considered themselves to
they were in the hospital (Scott et al., 1999; Wolman et al., 1993;
have had less support than those who had received CLS from their
Campbell et al., 2007). This involvement may have strengthened the
husband. Wolman dkk. (1993) argued that to promote the emotional
husband's attachment to his wife and baby, which contributed to his
well being of a new mother, the same person who was present at
extended involvement in their care during the postnatal period.
childbirth should remain in constant touch with the new mother to
Secondly, where a husband was physically present during childbirth,
support her during the postnatal period. However, in this study, in the
doctors/midwives may have been encouraged to include him in formal
case of the women who were supported by a female friend at
and informal discus sions on how to care for the new mother and her
childbirth, their husband (who was not present during childbirth) or a
baby. This type of discussion would have helped the husband to
new female supporter may have taken charge of their care after they
were discharged from the hospital. As a result, the new mother could educated to take an active role not only during childbirth but also from
not share her experience with anyone who was aware of what she the time of conception through the postnatal period in Nepal. But this
had gone through during childbirth. This may partly explain why is challenging in the Nepalese context where husbands are not
women who were supported by a female friend during childbirth generally welcomed inside the antenatal clinics and labour rooms
reported a lower level of postnatal support than those who had (Mullany, 2006). Therefore, adopting the policy to encourage and
received CLS from their husband. Unfortunately, the present study did include husbands together with their pregnant wives during preg
not differ entiate the support received from a husband and the support nancy and childbirth appointments is also required.
received from other sources (for example, in-laws, friends) when the
amount of postnatal support received by mothers was measured
Limitations
using PSQ. Further studies are required to clarify why women who did
not receive CLS from their husband perceived lower levels of
There were a number of limitations to this study. First, we did not
postnatal support than their counterparts who received this type of
assign the subjects to the three groups randomly. Instead, it was
support.
done according to the availability of beds in the birthing unit where a
Another important finding was that the presence of female support
support person was allowed. Secondly, the women were allowed to
at home during the postnatal period was associated with
choose their labour companion. This may have increased the
greater levels of postnatal support perceived by the new mothers
likelihood that women who had supportive husbands chose them as
(Fig. 3). Moreover, the impact was twice as great as cases where
opposed to another type of companion. Thirdly, it should be noted
women had received CLS from their husband. This suggests that,
that this study was conducted in a health-care facility with a sample of
when it comes to postnatal care for a new mother and baby, a female
first-time expectant mothers, the majority of whom were Hindu, and
companion at home provides better support to young Nepalese
whose educational qualification was higher than the national average
mothers than their husband. This may be because first time fathers
(MOHP (Nepal), 2007). Moreover, in this study, 22.5% of the women
lack confidence in how to take care of their wife and baby, so the new
were lost to follow-up. These women tended to have a lower family
mothers had to seek support from female companions who had
income and a record of attending fewer pregnancy appointments with
experience in child-rearing (VaRG, 1999; Manandhar, 2000; Mullany,
their husbands. According to Patel et al. (2002) and Husain et al.
2006).
(2006), these groups of women are more likely to receive a lower
The results of the SEM also demonstrated that, where CLS was
level of postnatal support and suffer from poor emotional well-being
provided by husbands, the impact on postnatal maternal anxiety was than the others. In this study, the impact of lost-to-follow-up may be
mediated by perceived postnatal support. Furthermore, the results considered minimum, since there were no significant statistical
showed that the level of postnatal maternal anxiety was directly differences between the number of women lost in each group (Fig. 2)
related to levels of postnatal depression in the new mothers. These or between their background characteristics. To examine further the
findings suggest that CLS administered by husbands has indirect effect on the maternal well-being of new mothers when husbands
effects on the maternal emotional well-being of a new mother at six to provide CLS, additional studies are required based on a more
eight weeks post partum. The perception of postnatal support may rigorous study design and under different context not represented in
have given the new mother the feeling that she was being cared for this study.
and loved by her husband and other members of the family. This type
of feeling may have acted as a protection against anxiety (Cohen and
Wills, 1985) and ultimately reduced symptoms of depression in the Conclusion
new mothers (Stewart et al., 2003). This relationship highlights the
importance of husbands' support during childbirth on the emotional Our findings suggest that CLS from husbands is associated with
well-being of new mothers during the postnatal period. However, to an increase in the postnatal support perceived by first-time
have more women benefit from this effect their husbands need to be
S. Sapkota et al. / Midwifery 29 (2013) 1264–1271 1271
us in following up the participants in the study.
Nepali mothers. Furthermore, this perceived postnatal support was
associated with reduced maternal anxiety, which in turn was related References
to lower levels of depression in new mothers at six to eight weeks
post partum. This finding can be used to highlight the importance of Bagner, DM, Pettit, JW, Lewinsohn, PM, Seeley, JR, 2010. Effect of maternal
depression on child behavior: a sensitive period? Journal of American Academy of
CLS from husbands on postnatal support and on the emotional
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 49, 699–707.
well-being of a new mother in urban Nepal, and in other countries Beck, CT, 2001. Predictors of postpartum depression: an update. Nursing Research
with a similar social context. However, further research is needed to 50, 275–285.
understand why CLS provided by husbands contributes to an Caltabiano, M., Castiglioni, M., 2008. Changing family formation in Nepal: marriage,
cohabitation and first sexual intercourse. International Family Planning Perspective
increase in the level of postnatal support perceived by their wife. 34, 30–39.
Campbell, D., Scott, KD, Klaus, MH, Falk, M., 2007. Female relatives or friends trained
as labour doulas: outcomes at 6 to 8 weeks postpartum. Birth 34, 220–227.
Conflict of interest statement Cohen, S., Wills, TS, 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis.
Psychological Bulletin 98, 310–357.
Cox, JL, Holden, JM, Sagovsky, R., 1987. Detection of postnatal depression.
None declared. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British
Journal of Psychiatry 150, 782–786.
Cudeck, R., Browne, MW, 1993. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen, KA,
Acknowledgements Long, JS (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models. Sage, Newbury Park,
California, pp. 136–162.
Czarnocka, J., Slade, P., 2000. Prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress
We would like to thank all the women who volunteered with such following childbirth. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 39, 35–51. Department of
enthusiasm for this research. We are indebted to Dr. Gehanath Baral, Health Services (Nepal), 2007. Annual Report 2006/2007. Ministry of Health and
Dr. Kusum Thapa, Ms. Jayanti Chhantyal and the team of Paropakar Population, Department of Health Services, Kathmandu, Nepal. Dhakal, S., Chapman,
GN, Simkhada, PP, van Teijlingen, ER, Stephens, J., Raja, AE, 2007. Utilisation of
Maternity and Women's Hospital for their valuable co-operation in postnatal care among rural women in Nepal. BMC Preg nancy and Childbirth 7, 19.
carrying out this study. We are grateful to Ms. Pasang Doma Sherpa, Eberhard-Gran, M., Eskild, A., Tambs, K., Opjordsmoen, S., Samuelsen, SO, 2001.
Ms. Rajkumari Jugjali and Ms. Ranju Pandey Gyawali who assisted Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104, 243–249.
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Stewart, DE, Robertson, E., Dennis, C.-L., Grace, SL, Wallington, T., 2003. Postpartum
2009. Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant Depression: Literature Review of Risk Factors and Interventions. University Health
social engagement, fear regulation and stress reactivity. Journal of American Network Women's Health Program, Toronto Public Health.
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48, 919–927. Valley Research Group (VaRG), 1999. Male's Attitudes on Reproductive and Sexual
Gavin, N., Gaynes, B., Lohr, K., Meltzer-Broady, S., Gartlehner, G., Swinson, T., 2005. Health. UNFPA, Nepal, pp. 80–92.
Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstetrics Wolman, W., Chalmers, B., Hofmeyr, GJ, Nikodem, VC, 1993. Postpartum depression
and Gynecology 106, 1071–1083. and companionship in the clinical birth environment: a rando mized controlled
Giakoumaki, O., Vasilaki, K., Lili, L., Skouroliakou, M., Liosis, G., 2009. The role of study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168, 1388–1393.
maternal anxiety in the early postpartum period: screening for anxiety and
depressive symptomatology in Greece. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and
Gynecology 30, 21–28.
Glasheen, C., Richardson, GA, Fabio, A., 2010. A systematic review of the effects of
postnatal maternal anxiety on children. Archives of Women's Mental Health 13,
61–74.
Green, JM, Baston, HA, 2003. Feeling of control during labour: concepts, correlates
and consequences. Birth 30, 235–247.
Gungor, I., Beji, NK, 2007. Effects of fathers' attendance to labour and delivery on the
experience of childbirth in Turkey. Western Journal of Nursing Research 29,
213–231.
Ho, R., 2006. Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis and Inter
pretation with SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC, USA, pp. 284–356. Ho-Yen, SD,
Bondevik, GT, Eberhard-Gran, M., Bjorvatn, B., 2007. Factors associated with
depressive symptoms among postnatal women in Nepal. Acta Obstetricia et
Gynecologica 86, 291–297.
Hodnett, ED, Gates, S., Hofmeyr, GJ, Sakala, C., Weston, J., 2011. Continuous
support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Issue 2 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub3, Art. No.: CD003766.
Husain, N., Bevc, I., Husain, M., Chaudhary, IB, Atif, N., Rahman, A., 2006. Prevalence
and social correlates of postnatal depression in a low income country. Archives of
Women's Mental Health 9, 197–202.
Lemola, S., Stadlmayr, W., Grob, A., 2007. Maternal adjustment five months after birth:
the impact of the subjective experiences of childbirth and emotional support from
the partner. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 25, 190–202.
Logsdon, MC, Usui, W., 2006. The Postpartum Support Questionnaire. Psycho metric
properties in adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 19,
145–156.
Logsdon, MC, Usui, W., Birkimer, J., McBride, A., 1996. The postpartum support
questionnaire: reliability and Validity. Journal of Nursing Measurement 4, 129–142.
Manandhar, M., 2000. Ethnographic prospective on obstetric health issues in Nepal. A
literature review. Nepal Safer Motherhood Project, Department of Health Services,
Ministry of Health; His Majesty's Government of Nepal, 176/ 96 DFID.
McVeigh, C., 2000. Investigating the relationship between satisfaction with social
support and functional status after childbirth. The American Journal of
Maternal/Child Nursing 25, 25–30.
Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) [Nepal], New ERA, and Macro Inter national
Inc., 2007. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Ministry of Health and
Population, New ERA, and Macro International Inc., Kathmandu, Nepal.
Moss, KM, Skouteris, H., Wertheim, EH, Paxton, SJ, Milgrom, J., 2009. Depressive
and anxiety symptoms through later pregnancy and the first year post-birth: an
examination of prospective relationships. Archives of Women's Mental Health 12,
345–349.
Mullany, BC, 2006. Barriers to and attitudes towards promoting husbands' involvement
in maternal health in Kathmandu, Nepal. Social Science and Medicine 62,
2798–2809.
Nepal, MK, Sharma, VD, Koirala, NR, Khalid, A., Shrestha, P., 1999. Validation of
Nepalese version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in tertiary health care
facilities in Nepal. Nepal Journal of Psychiatry 1, 46–50.
O'Hara, MW, Swain, AM, 1996. Rates and risk of postpartum depression: a meta
analysis. International Review of Psychiatry 8, 37–54.
Patel, V., Rodrigues, M., DeSouza, N., 2002. Gender, poverty and postnatal
depression: a study of mothers in Goa, India. American Journal of Psychiatry 159,
43–47.
Power, TJ, Parke, RD, 1984. Social network factors and the transition to parenthood.
Sex Roles 10, 949–971.
Regmi, S., Sligl, W., Carter, D., Grut, A., Seear, M., 2002. A controlled study of
postpartum depression among Nepalese women: validation of the Edinburgh
Postpartum Depression Scale in Kathmandu. Tropical Medicine and Interna tional
Health 7, 378–382.
Ross, LE, Gilbert Evans, SE, Sellers, EM, Romach, MK, 2003. Measurement issues in
postpartum depression part 1: anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression.
Archives of Women's Mental Health 6, 51–57.
Sapkota, S., Kobayashi, T., Kakehashi, M., Baral, G., Yoshida, I., 2012a. In the
Nepalese context, can a husband's attendance during childbirth help his wife feel
more in control of labour? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 12, 49.
Sapkota, S., Kobayashi, T., Takase, M., 2012b. Husbands' experiences of supporting
their wives during childbirth in Nepal. Midwifery 28, 45–51.
Scott, KD, Klaus, PH, Klaus, MH, 1999. The obstetrical and postpartum benefits of
continuous support during childbirth. Journal of Women's Health and
Gender-Based Medicine 8, 1257–1264.
Skouteris, H., Wertheim, EH, Rallis, S., Milgrom, J., Paxton, SJ, 2009. Depression and
anxiety through pregnancy and the early postpartum: an examination of
prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders 113, 303–308.
Spielberger, CD, Gorsuch, RL, Lushene, R., Vagg, PR, Jacobs, GA, 1983. State Trait
Anxiety Inventory for Adults: Manual, Instrument and Scoring Guide. Consulting
Psychologists press, Mind Garden.