Geothermal Energy AS a HUMAN ENERGY

Source : Geothermal education

Reykjavik City (Iceland) as a smoke city, Reykjavik (Iceland) with geothermal energy utilization
at few years ago
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY : 1000 MWe ( 30 TAHUN) SETARA
- NON POLLUTAN PENGHEMATAN BBM 465 JUTA
– ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BAREL OIL
– TOBECOME HUMAN ENERGY FOR FUTURE
 Geothermal Energy Vs Fuels + Coal

RENEWABLE ENERGIES :
( GEOTHERMAL, HYDROPOWER,
SOLAR CELL, & WIND ENERGY)

Source : Geothermal education

geothermal
UNRENEWABLE ENERGIES :
( OIL , GASSES, & COAL )

RENEWABLE Vs UNRENEWABLE
• Salah satu energi
alami di dalam bumi,
hasil interaksi antara
panas batuan dan
air yang mengalir di
sekitarnya
• Energi yang diekstrak
dari panas yang
tersimpan dalam
batuan di bawah
permukaan bumi dan
dari fluida yang
terkandung di
dalamnya
Spa, bathing, pooling, health theraphy, farming, etc
SEJARAH PEMANFAATAN GEOTHERMAL DI DUNIA

• Orang romawi telah memanfaatkan untuk pemanas ruangan dan

mandi
• Di NZ (orang Maori) dan Jepang memakai air panas dari
Geothermal untuk memasak
• Tahun 1904, sumur uap pertama yang menghasilkan listrik Pemandian di Roma
pertama kali di Larderello Italia
• Tahun 1913, untuk pertama kalinya listrik dari geothermal di
pasarkan sehingga energi geothermal mulai di kenal di dunia
• Pemanfaatan energi geothermal secara langsung (Direct use)
sudah mulai berlangsung selama 70 tahun di Iceland
• S/d 2007 installed capacity listrik mencapai 10 GW + 28 GW dari
direct use atau setara dengan +/- 110,000,000 barrel Mesin penghasil listrik di
minyak/tahun atau baru sekitar 0.3% kebutuhan energi listrik Larderello
dunia
• Sekitar 24 negara memanfaatkan secara tidak langsung dan 72
negara memanfaatkan secara langsung
• Indonesia menjadi negara dengan potensi paling besar mencapai
27.000 MW atau sekitar 40% dari cadangan dunia

Orang Maori memasak

 GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY
Installed capacity MWe 2004 - 2011
Iceland 202
Russia 79
Germany 0.2 Austria 1
USA 2544 Turkey 20
Italy 790 Japan 535
Azores 16
Mexico 953 China 29
Guatemala 33 Ethiopia (7) Thailand 0.3
Guadeloupe 15 Philippines
El Salvador 161
1931
Nicaragua 77
Costa Rica 163 Kenya 127 Papua N Guinea 6
Indonesia 1194
USA 2544 MW
Australia 0.2
PHILIPPINES 1931 MW
INDONESIA 1194 MW New Zealand 437
MEXICO 953 MW
ITALY 790 MW
Top 5 biggest geothermal power plants in
the world

• The Geysers Geothermal complex, California, United

States of America
The Geysers Geothermal complex located about 121 km
north of San Fransisco, California, is comprised of 18 power
plants making it the biggest geothermal installation in the
world. The complex has an installed capacity of 1517 MW
and active production capacity of 900 MW.
Calpine owns 15 power plants in the complex, with a
combined net generating capacity of about 725MW, while
two power plants are jointly owned by Northern California
Power Agency and Silicon Valley Power, plus US Renewables
Group, which owns the Bottle Rock Power Plant. Ram
Power is constructing a new 26MW geothermal power
plant at the complex.
The complex covers an area of approximately 78km².
Production from the geothermal field commenced in 1960
and reached its peak in the 1980s. The turbines suppliers
for the power plants in the complex include Toshiba and
Mitsubishi Steam.
• Larderello Geothermal complex, Italy
Larderello Geothermal complex, comprising of 34
plants with a total net capacity of769MW, is the second
biggest geothermal power plants in the world. The
power produced from the geothermal field, located in
Tuscany, Central Italy, accounts for ten percent of all
geothermal energy produced worldwide and caters for
26.5% of regional power needs.
Enel Green Power owns the power plants at the
complex serving approximately two million
families,8700 residential and business customers and
25 hecters of greenhouses. Reservoir depths at the
geothermal field range 700m to 4000m below the
surface. The first plant at the geothermal field was
commissioned a century ago, in 1911 making it the first
of its kind in the world. The first Larderello power plant
had a generating capacity of 250kW comprising of a
turbine designed and built by Tosi Electrochemical
Company. The geothermal plants at the field were
rebuilt after they were destroyed during World War ii.
• Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station,
Mexico
At 720MW, Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power
station in south Mexicali, Baja California in north
Mexico, is the second third geothermal plant in
the world.
The power plant, like all other geothermal fields
in Mexico, is owned and operated by the
Commission Federal de Electricidad (CFE). The
power station features four plants, comprising of
13 units . The first plant was commissioned in
1973, while fourth plant was commissioned in
2000.
The turbines at the complex include four 110MW
condensing type, four 110Mw double-flash type,
four single-flash of 37.5MW each, four single-
flash of 25MW each and one 30MW single-flash.
They were supplied by Toshiba and Mitsubishi
heavy industries. A fifth plant, which will
comprise of two 50MW turbines I currently under
construction.
• Makban Geothermal Complex,
Philippines
Makban Geothermal power complex, also
known as Makiling-Banahaw power plants,
is located in the municipalities of bay and
Calauan in the Laguna province and Santo
Tomas in the Batangas province. It is the
fourth biggest geothermal power facility in
the world with an output capacity of
458MW.
The geothermal power complex is owned
by AP Renewables a wholly- owned
subsidiary of aboitiz power. The complex of
six power plants comprising an area of 10
units including a binary plant with five
3MW units and one 0.73MW unit.
The complex covering an area of 700ha,
commenced operations in 1979. Mitsubishi
Heavy industries was one of the turbine
suppliers for the plants at the complex.
• CalEnergy Generation’s Salton Sea
Geothermal Plants, United States
CalEnergy Generation’s Salton Sea
Geothermal Plants include a cluster of 10
generating geothermal plants in
Calipatria, near the Salton Sea in Southern
California’s imperial Valley. With a
combined generating capacity of 340MW,
it is the fifth largest geothermal facility in
the world.
Unit 1 with an out put capacity of 10MW
was the first to come in 1982. it was built
by a joint venture comprising of Union Oil
Company and Southern California Edison.
The 10 field came online in 2000.
CalEnergy generation is currently
developing new projects in the area
including the Black Rock Project which will
consist of three new
50MW geothermal plants.
VOLCANIC BELT AND GEOTHERMAL
TRENDING IN PASIFIC AREA

Indonesian Archipelago is fully

controlled by the active and semi-
active volcanoes, in the ring of fire.

Geothermal energy is not so far from

the volcanos semi-active in the ring of
fire looks like the Philippine, Japan,
and Western America.

More than 27 000 MW geothermal

energy has been identified in
Indonesia
Indonesia geothermal belt and its
biggest 40 % around the world
respectively.

Source : Geothermal education

 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES DI INDONESIA

DAERAH POTENSIAL GEOTHERMAL DI INDONESIA BERADA PADA/BERDEKATAN

DENGAN JALUR GUNUNG API DI INDONESIA
 GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES MAP OF INDONESIA
TOTAL ∆ = 28,000 MW

Ib o i- J a b o i 1 0 MW
S eu l a w a h A g a m 2 75MW

L a u D e b u k - D e b u k / S i b a y a k 2 M W, 3 8 M W
S i p a h o l o n – T a r u tu n g 5 0 M W
S a r u l a – S i b u a l B u a l i 6 3 0 MW S u w a w a – G o r o n ta l o 5 5 M W

S . Me r a p i – S a m p u r a g a 1 0 0 M W K o ta m o b a g u 1 4 0 M W
L a h e n d o n g - T o m p a s o 40 M W , 3 2 0 M W
G. T a la n g 3 0 M W
M e r a n a 2 0 0 MW
Mu a r a l a b u h 2 4 0 M W
S u n g a i P en u h 3 55MW J a i lo l o 2 0 MW
L e m p u r / K e ri n c i 2 0 M W

B . G e d u n g H u l u L a i s / T a m b a n g S a w a h 300
0MW T u le h u 2 0MW

30

S u o h A n ta ta i – G . S e k i n c a u 3 9 0 M W
L u m u t B a l a i 6 2 0 MW R a j a b a s a 1 20 MW

M a rg a B a y u r 1 7 0MW T a n g k u b a n p er a h u 2 0MW

U l u b e lu 4 40 MW Ije n 4 0 M W
W a i R a ta i 1 2 0 M W B e d u g u l 1 7 5M W

C i ta m a n – G . K a r a n g 2 0 M W

A ta d e i 1 0 M W
C o s o l o k – C i s u k a r a m e 1 8 0 MW W il is / N g e b e l 1 2 0MW
O k a – L a r a n tu k a 2 0 M W
Un g a r a n 1 80MW
G . S a l a k 375 M W, 1 2 0 M W
T elo m o y o 50MW H u ’u D a h a 3 0 M W S o k o r i a – M u tu b u s a 2 0 M W
G . P a tu h a 5 0 0 M W
D i e n g 6 0 M W, 3 4 0 M W Wa i S a n o 10M W B e n a – M a ta l o k o 2 0 M W
G . W a y a n g - W i n d u 11 0 M W, 2 9 0 M W U l u m b u 36MW
5 M W, 110 MW
D a r a j a t 2155
2554
K a m o j a n g 200 M W, 120 M W G . K a r a h a – G. T e l a g a b o d a s 4 0 0 MW
SOURCE : DEPT. ESDM, 2010
Geothermal power plants take advantage of underground reservoirs at relatively high temperatures to run a variety
of Rankine cycles. The geothermal fluid is extracted from a production well which can be characterized by its
average temperature (or enthalpy). In 1990, Hochstein proposed the following categorization of geothermal
reservoirs (ref. 1):

1. Low-temperature (enthalpy) geothermal wells with reservoir temperatures below 125°C

2. Medium-temperature (enthalpy) geothermal wells with reservoir temperatures between 125°C and 225°C
3. High-temperature (enthalpy) geothermal wells whose temperatures exceed 225°C.
In Indonesia, geothermal resources are mainly classified as hydrothermal geothermal systems with high
temperatures (> 225°C). Only a few geothermal resources have lower temperatures and can be considered as
medium-enthalpy.
Input
Heat from brine (saline water) from underground reservoirs.

Output
Electricity (heat can be recovered in cogeneration systems).

Typical capacities
2.5-110 MW per unit.

Indonesia has the largest geothermal resources potential in the world of about 29.5 GW, which comprises 12 GW
of resources and 17.5 GW of reserves (ref. 2). The geothermal potential in Indonesia is mainly from volcanic-type
systems; for instance, the country has over 100 volcanoes located along the Ring of Fire.
Advantages:
• High degree of availability (>98% and 7500 operating hours/annum is common).
• Small ecological footprints.
• Almost zero liquid pollution with re-injection of liquid effluents.
• Insignificant dependence on weather conditions.
• Comparatively low visual impact.
• Established technology for electricity production.
• Cheap running costs and “fuel” free.
• Renewable energy source and environmentally friendly technology with low CO2 emission.
• High operation stability and long lifetime.
• Potential for combination with heat storage and/or other process heat applications.
• Geothermal is distinct from variable renewables, such as wind and solar, because it can provide consistent
electricity throughout the day and year.
Disadvantages:
• No certainty of success before the first well is drilled and the reservoir has been tested (ref. 11). A high
risk exists in the first phases of the geothermal project (exploration, tests, etc.).
• High initial costs.
• The best reservoirs not always located near cities.
• Need access to base-load electricity demand.
• The impact of the drilling on the nearby environment.
• Risk of mudslides if not handled properly.
• The pipelines to transport the geothermal fluids will have an impact on the surrounding area.
• Geothermal resource depletion if the withdrawal rate from the reservoir is too high.
The plant configuration at the geothermal site depends on the application and on the type of geothermal fluid
available in the underground, which is its thermodynamic and chemical properties. Geothermal to electrical power
conversion systems in use in the world today may be divided into four major energy conversion systems:
• Dry steam plants (found in high-temperature geothermal fields), used at vapor-dominated reservoirs. The
geothermal fluid must be predominantly composed of steam in order to avoid a fast wearing and corrosion of the
plant’s components. These plants usually make use of saturated or slightly superheated steam
• Flashed steam plants (found in high-temperature geothermal fields), used at water-dominated reservoirs and more
specifically
o Single flash plants (only for high-pressure flash steam)
o Double flash plants (for both low and high-pressure flash steam)
• Binary or twin-fluid system (found in medium-temperature geothermal fields), based upon Kalina or Organic
Rankine Cycles (ORC).
• Hybrid/Combined Cycle, which is a combined system comprising two or more of the above basic types in series
and/or in parallel. Typically, binary plants can be used as bottoming cycles to exploit residual heat from a topping
(flash) plant or other heat production systems can be incorporated to boost the plant efficiency, such as
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP).
Condensing and back pressure type geothermal turbines are essentially low-pressure machines designed for
operation at a range of inlet pressures ranging from about 20 bar down to 2 bar and saturated steam. A condensing
type system is the most common type of power conversion system in use today. Depending on the geothermal
fluid characteristics, plant type and system frequency, geothermal turbines are manufactured in different sizes, up
to 120 MW. Binary type low/medium temperature units, such as the Kalina cycles or ORCs, are typically
manufactured in smaller sizes, i.e. ranging between 1 MW and 10 MW nominal output. Larger units tailored to
specific uses are, however, available at higher prices.