MODUL 11

Proses dan Pertimbangan dalam

Perencanaan Kota

Disampaikan Oleh
(nama pemateri)
Lokasi, xx Oktober 2018
OUTLINE

Definisi

Tujuan

Sifat Perencanaan

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Lahan

Kepentingan Publik dalam Perencanaan

Kriteria Ekonomi dalam Perencanaan Kota

Perencanaan Kota yang Prospektif

Proses Moral dan Etik Perencanaan Guna Lahan

Definisi
• Ruang
• “wadah yang meliputi ruang daratan, ruang lautan, dan ruang udara, sebagai satu kesatuan
wilayah, tempat manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya hidup dan melakukan kegiatan serta
memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya” (UU No. 26/2007)
• Tata ruang:
• “wujud struktural dan pola pemanfaatan ruang baik direncanakan maupun tidak” (UU No.
26/2007)
• Rencana Tata Ruang
• “hasil perencanaan tata ruang” (UU No. 26/2007).
• Land use plan:
• “spatial arrangement of land uses and a proposed course of governmental action to influence
land use (Chapin and Kaiser 1979)
•Perencanaan :
“suatu proses untuk menentukan tindakan masa depan yang tepat melalui urutan pilihan, dengan
memperhitungkan sumber daya yg tersedia” (UU No. 25/2004)

• Penataan ruang:
“proses perencanaan tata ruang, pemanfaatan ruang, dan pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang” (UU
No. 26/2007).
• Land use planning:
• “the process of identifying and analysing problems and exploring and assessing options open to
an urban community in pursuit of general goals and specific land development objectives”
(Chapin and Kaiser 1979)
• “deciding what a town should look like before it is built” or “deciding in what way a town should
be kept as it is and in what way it ought to be altered” (Keeble 1983)
• process of protecting & improving the living, production & recreation of environments in a city
through the proper use & development of land (Hok 1989).
Tujuan

• mengurangi tekanan bagi lingkungan hidup dan stress bagi manusia

• memaksimumkan potensi lingkungan untuk kemaslahatan masyarakat
• menjaga semua pemakai dari kesulitan lingkungan
• membagi keuntungan dan kerugian kepada berbagai pihak pengguna lahan secara
merata
• memperkaya kualitas hidup, dan
• mengurangi keharusan manusia beradaptasi
Sifat Perencanaan (natures of planning)
• Positive (and proactive):
• Use of land is guided and directed towards a desireable pattern (by saying ‘no’ to
undesirable development)
• Include financing land development, provision of infrastructure and expropriation of land,
land banking
• Negative:
• Control measure, include planning, zoning, and any other measures which limits the use to
which land can be put
• Prevents some people from doing things they would have been able to do, had there been no
control
• Reactive:
• Plans are made in an ad hoc and piecemeal fashion to respond to crisis instead of being
guided by a vision of the future
 factors influencing land use (1)
Mather, A.S., 1986

• Nature of land unit (type of ownership)

• Information
• Culture
• Environmental perception
• Education
• Age
• Ability
• Personality
factors influencing land use (2)
Weiss and Kaiser

• Contextual Characteristic
• socioeconomic variables: economic structure and growth,
• basic public policy: capital improvement programming, zoning, provision of basic public services
• Decision Agent Characteristic
• varies, depends on actors (age, income, an individual’s investment portfolio, employment, and
income expectations)
• Property Characteristic
provide information about the land parcels:
1. physical characteristic (topography)
2. locational characteristic (accessibility to employment, schools, or shopping)
3. institutional site characteristic (those imposed by public institutions on the site, including
zone)
Kepentingan Umum dalam Perencanaan
(public interest in planning)
(Chapin dan Kaiser 1979)
• Kesehatan, keselamatan, kesejahteraan
• Kenyamanan
• Efisiensi
• Pemerataan
• Kemampuan menyesuaikan (adaptability)
• Lingkungan dan energi
• Keindahan
• Unsur-unsur lainnya
• perlindungan moral masyarakat
• pencegahan kebangkrutan
• peningkatan pendapat pemerintah kota
• dampak perubahan struktur ekonomi kota terhadap pemanfaatan lahan
• pelestarian warisan budaya dan lingkungan
• penyediaan angkutan umum
• penyediaan, pemeliharaan dan perbaikan prasarana fisik
• penyediaan perumahan sederhana
Kriteria Ekonomi dalam Perencanaan Kota
(economic criteria in urban planning)

• Efisiensi
• Peruntukan pemanfaatan lahan laba dan nirlaba
• Monopoli kepemilikan lahan
• Ketidakpastian dan pemanfaatan lahan
• Pengembangan usaha swasta
• Biaya dan manfaat sosial dan swasta
Rencana Kota yang Prospektus (prospective urban plan)

1. Ideally justified
2. Technically possible
3. Legally Permissible
4. Economically viable
5. Financially feasible
6. Environmentally
Syarat Rencana Tata
Sustainable/sound
Ruang yang Prospektif
7. Politically and Socially
untuk DIlaksanakan
Acceptable
8. Administratively operable
- Authority
- Competence
- Commitment
- Supporting facilities
traditional planning and
strategic planning
TRADITIONAL PLANNING STRATEGIC PLANNING
Short-range Long-range
Single issue Multiple issue
Organizational issue Community issue
Hierarchical Non-hierarchical
Low involvement High involvement
Directive-based Concensus-based
Staff oriented Community oriented
Management orientation Political orientation
Staff awarness Community awarness
Operational focus Policy focus
new paradigms in planning

• Public participation
• Involvement of all interest groups
• Vertikal and horizontal coordination
• Sustainable development
• Financial feasibility
• Subsidiarity
• Interaction of physical and economics planning
moral and ethical obligation
in land use (Beatley 1993)
• Kecenderungan mengutamakan dampak [positif] dari perencanaan daerah
umumnya, dan penataan guna lahan khususnya, terhadap penduduk dan
konstituen di Daerahnya sendiri daripada terhadap penduduk di Daerah lain
• Setiap Daerah mempunyai kewajiban:
• mempertimbangkan dampak negatif atau eksternalitas terhadap Daerah lain
• meminimumkan, atau meniadakan kerugian terhadap Daerah lain
making urban plan more effective

• Mekanisme pengembangan lahan yang inovatif

• Survey lahan, pemetaan kadaster, pendaftaran lahan dan kepemilikan lahan.
• Kemitraan pemerintah/swasta dalam proyek pembangunan kota.
• Pembangunan yang dipandu oleh prasarana.
• Dukungan pembangunan ekonomi secara langsung
• Lebih terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi
position of planning
PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION CONTROL

Land Management
Activity Regulation
Intensity Land Management
(kawasan) Regulation, Permit,
Density Supervision,
Network Enforcement, Institution
Land Development
Building (persil,blok dan sektor)

Zoning Regulation
 Interrelation-ships
Planning Activities Decision Guides among
Problem Analysis Data interpretation e.g. Components of
Background studies, information summaries, Planning &
Formulation of : impact statements. Guidance System
goals, objectives, criteria,
Policies :e.g.20 – 25 year
altrenative solutions
Land use plan, choice criteria, policy
Evaluation of : statements, comprehensive plan or strategy
alternatives Action plans: e.g. Impact on Activity,
Adoption & the advocating of: Functional plans & programs, capital Dev’t & Env’tal
improvement programs, budget, proposed Systems of the Built
particular plans (e.g. land use plan,
regulation & 5-6 year land dev plan Environment
land dev. plan), policies & action
instruments
Feedback & Monitoring

Action Instruments :
Public Investmens
Inputs from other Dept / Agencies Regulations
Incentive / Disincentives
Political Activity

Land Use Planning Process Land Use Guidance System

 Activity Dev’t Env’tal
system system system

• Public purpose;
Land Use Allocation • Public interest;
Private interest
• General welfare

Highest & Best Use Profit Support Benefit (Non-

• Safety
profit)
• Security
• Timing
• Efficiency
Productive Non-productive Park, road, • Justice
drainage, • Environment
education, • Energy
Commercial, Housing, etc health, etc • Amenity
industry, services, Provision, • Equity
etc Tax Operation
• Health, etc
Maintenance
Tax
REVENUE COST
Profit, Income Tax
CSR, Grant, etc
• Planning  police power
• Consideration  bundle of rights
• Implementation  police power; taxation; eminent domain; spending power
• Control  bundles of rights, police power; taxation; eminent domain; spending power
• Objects  policy, land use, infrastructure, program, investment, regulation,
incentive/disincentive

• Consideration in urban planning preparation: technical (economics, environmnet,

social), aspiration (participative),
Reference
• Beatley, T. (1993). Ethical Land Use Planning. John Hopkins University Press
• Catanese , S.J. and Snyder, J.C., (1979). Urban Planning: an Introduction. NY, McGraw-Hill
• Chapin, F. Stuart; Edward J. Keiser (1979). Urban Land Use Planning. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois
• Keeble, L. (1983). Town Planning Made Plain. Virginia: Constraction Press
• Lean, W.; B. Goddal (1983). Aspects of Land Economics. London: The Estates Gazette Ltd.
• Leung, Hok Lin (1989). Land Use Planning Made Plain. Kingston: Ronald P. Rye & Co.
• Mather, A.S. (1986). Land Use. London: Longman.
• McAuslan, Patrick (1985). Urban Land and Shelter for the Poor. Washington DC.: Earthscan.
• Van Kooten, G. Cornelis (1993). Land Resource Economics and Sustainable Development. Vancouver: UBC Press

• UU No. 25/2004 tentang Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional

• UU No. 26/2007 tentang Penataan Ruang
 TERIMA KASIH
Oktober 2018

Sumber Materi:
Denny Zulkaidi

Program Studi Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota

Sekolah Arsitektur, Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Kebijakan
Institut Teknologi Bandung

Gedung Sugijanto Soegijoko

Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132
Tel. 022-2504735, 2509171
Fax. 022-2501263
E-mail: natalivan@pl.itb.ac.id