Enzim Pertama yang berhasil dikristalkan UREASE, 1926 oleh James Sumner
2NH2-C-NH2 + 2H2O 4NH4+ + 2CO2 ; semua enzim adalah protein
Hingga saat ini lebih dari 2000 enzim telah diidentifikasi ; ratusan diantaranya telah
berhasil dimurnikan.
- kecuali untuk ribozim, semua agen katalitik adalah protein
- penurunan/hilangnya aktivitas enzim terkait dengan pemutusan proteolitik
Holoenzyme
(active)
Vitamins
REAKSI ENZIM
• Nama biasa
– Invertase, sukrase
• Nama sistematik
– b-D-fruktofuranosida fruktohidrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.26)
KLASIFIKASI ENZIM
Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)
• Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions (oxidation is
the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of
electrons. Here usually as H or H-)
– Dehydrogenases
– Oxidases
– Oxygenases
– Reductases
– Peroxidases
– hydroxylases
Alcohol
dehydrogenase
Classification of Enzymes
Transferases (E.C. 2)
• Catalyze transfer of
functional groups from one
molecule to another.
– Transaminases
– Transmethylases hexokinase
– Transcarboxylases
– Kinases
Classification of Enzymes
Hydrolases (E.C. 3)
– Esterases
Hydrolysis ads a water
molecule to break a bond – Phosphatases
(= transfer of functional
groups to water)
– Peptidases
Classification of Enzymes
Lyases (E.C. 4)
• Catalyze reactions in which groups are removed to
form a double bond.
– Decarboxylases
– Hydratases
– Deaminases
Pyruvate
decarboxylase
Classification of Enzymes
Isomerases (E.C. 5)
• Catalyze intramolecular rearrangements of
molecules.
– Epimerases
– Racemases
– Mutases
Alanine
racemase
Classification of Enzymes
Ligases (E.C. 6)
• Catalyze bond formation between two substrate
molecules (coupled with ATP hydrolysis).
– Synthetases
– Carboxylases
Pyruvate
carboxylase
Catalytic Mechanisms
1. Acid-base catalysis
2. Covalent catalysis
3. Metal ion catalysis
4. Electrostatic catalysis
5. Proximity and orientation effects
6. Preferential binding to transition state
(transition state stabilization)
Acid-Base Catalysis
(An acid can donate H+, a base can accept H+)
- carboxyl
( ) - amino (guanidino)
- sulphydryl
- imidazol
- hydroxyl
- phenol
Example of Acid-Base Catalysis: Bovine
Pancreatic RNase A