SEISMOLOGI LANJUT
Havskov, J and L. Ottemöller
Review elastisitas dan gelombang seismik (2010), Routine Data
1. tegangan (stress) dan regangan (strain) Processing in Earthquake
2. persamaan gerak Seismology, Springer, Berlin
3. persamaan gelombang untuk gelombang P dan S
Lay, T and T. C. Wallace,
SEISMOLOGI LANJUT Proses rupture dalam sumber seismik
4. sumber sesar
(1995), Modern Global
Seismology, Academic Press,
5. sumber badan ekivalen (equivalent body source) San Diego, California
6. elastostatik
7. elastodinamik Shearer, P. M., (1999),
Dr. Iman Suardi, M.Sc. 8. tensor momen seismik UTS Introduction to Seismology,
Cambridge University Press,
Kinematika dan dinamika sumber gempabumi Cambridge
9. sumber satu dimensi model Haskell
10. spektrum sumber Stein, S and Wysession, M.
11. penurunan tegangan (stress drop) (2003), An Introduction to
12. kecepatan partikel Seismology, Earthquakes,
13. kecepatan rupture UAS and Earth Structure,
Blackwell Publishing,
Malden, Massachusett
Permukaan rupture
hiposenter
Bidang sesar
hiposenter
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Simulasi propagasi
gelombang di kawasan
Colombia LA (K. Olsen, UCSB)
Taiwan, 1999
Gempabumi pertama yang
terekam pada seismometer
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If Vs = 0, ν = 0.5:
Fluida (gelombang shear tidak
berpropagasi lewat fluida)
Atau material yang mempertahankan
volume konstan terlepas dari stres =
incompressible.
Vs ~ 0 merupakan karakteristik
Hooke’s law:
reservoir gas.
Menghubungkan stress dan strain pada material elastis.
Rheologi material elastis dinyatakan oleh E dan ν.
Dapat diverifikasi secara eksperimen (E dan ν dapat diukur).
Berlaku hanya untuk deformasi kecil.
A negative Poisson's ratio change is associated with the top of a gas zone,
Strain shear/geser :
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Elastic moduli
Juga disebut konstanta elastis (untuk
material tertentu di bawah P, T
tertentu)
Mendefinisikan sifat fisis material
dibawah pengaruh strain elastis
Elastic moduli:
Poisson's ratio: υ (menyatakan
deformasi lateral dibawah pengaruh
gaya longitudinal)
Young's modulus: E (relasi antara
tensile/tarikan atau strain kompresif
dengan stress )
Bulk modulus: K (perubahan volume
dibawah tekanan hidrostatis)
Konstanta Lame :
Shear (= rigidity) modulus: μ
(relasi antara torque/torsi dengan
strain geser)
λ a = λ+2μ
Modulus of extension = α
Tension adalah:
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: Persamaan gelombang
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Sumber Penyesaran
Gelombang seismik dipengharuhi oleh:
Distribusi strain dekat sumber dan propagasi asimetri ke lokasi yang jauh.
Pola radiasi
Deskripsi geometri dari amplitudo dan gerak awal gel P dan S yang
didistribusikan pada muka gelombang di sekitar sumber.
Relasi antara pola radiasi dan orientasi bidang sesar penentuan proses
penyesaran
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Skema diagaram suatu rupture pada suatu bidang sesar. Semua kawasan
yang bergeser memancarkan gel P dan S. Catatan: arah propagasi rupture
secara umum tidak paralel terhadap arah slip.
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1 1
F lim f V ,
4
(8.5) O F With the use of Gauss’ theorem: dV
V 0 r
1 2 1 1 1
r , (8.7)
4
n dS (Gauss' theorem)
r
4 r
dS 1 r dV
1
4r 2
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8.3.1 Static displacement field due to 8.3.1 Static displacement field due to a
a single force single force
• Elastic equation without time-dependent displacement term (utt=0) The equation of equilibrium becomes:
• Consider a point force of magnitude F at the origin The solution form (Helmholtz’s theorem):
8.3.1 Static displacement field due to 8.3.1 Static displacement field due to
a single force a single force
If we put Ap=Apa and As=Asa, we obtain two Poisson’s equations:
Fa
2 2 A P
4 r
2A P
F
2A S
F
. (8.14)
Fa 4 2 r 4 r
2 A S 0, (8.12)
4 r
( and are mathmatica lly two "orthogonal " fields) The solutions (of potentials) are
Which can be satisfied by having:
Fr
AP
8 2 Since 2 r 2 / r
2 2 A P Fa 2 A S
Fa
. (8.13)
4 r 4 r Fr
AS . (8.15)
8
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8.3.1 Static displacement field due to 8.3.1 Static displacement field due to
a single force a single force
Plugging in the potentials Ap and As and expressing the vector operations
with indicial notation, and yield the ith component of displacement for a
1 r 1 r 1 2
unit force (F=1) in the jth direction, uij: uij ij r
8 2 xi x j 8 xi x j 8
u A P A S
1 2r
ij r
2
8.3.1 Static displacement field due to 8.3.1 Static displacement field due to
a single force a single force
Thanks to the symmetry, there are only 6 independent permutations: Find the displacements given in polar coordinates due to a point force applied in
the x1 direction (Figure 8.12), using the Jacobian coordinate transformation
matrix (8.19)
r r sin cos iˆ r sin sin ˆj r cos kˆ
F 2 1 x12 F x1 x2
u11 3 u12 r r
8 r r r 8 r 3 sin cos iˆ sin sin ˆj cos kˆ, 1
r r
F x1 x3 F 2 1 x22 eˆr sin cos iˆ sin sin ˆj cos kˆ
u13 u22 3
8 r 3 8 r r r r r
r cos cos iˆ r cos sin ˆj r sin kˆ, r
F x2 x3 F 2 1 x32
u23 u33 3 . eˆ cos cos iˆ cos sin ˆj sin kˆ
8 r 3 8 r r r
(8.18) r r
r sin sin iˆ r sin cos ˆj , r sin
eˆ sin iˆ cos ˆj
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8.3.1 Static displacement field due to 8.3.2 Static displacement field due to
a single force a force couple
x3 P(x1,x2,x3)
ur sin cos sin sin cos u11
u cos cos cos sin sin u12 . (8.19) (typo in textbook!)
x2
u sin
cos 0 u31 F(1 , 2 12 d 2 , 3 )
Figure 8.13 A force couple acting
O’
(1 , 2 , 3 ) at O’ parallel to the x1x2 plane.
F x1
ur sin u11 cos u31 sin
4 r
F
u cos u11 sin u31 1 cos . (8.20) The displacement at P is the sum of the displacements from two individual forces
4 r 2
ui1 1 , 2 12 d 2 , 3 : x1 , x2 , x3 ui1 1 , 2 12 d 2 , 3 : x1 , x2 , x3
The (x1x3 plane) static radial deformation and shear deformation due to a single force ui1
d 2 Od 2 .
2
(Fig 8.12) (8.21)
2
8.3.2 Static displacement field due to 8.3.2 Static displacement field due to
a force couple a force couple
Let dξ2→0 and F →∞ so that Fdξ2→ M, a finite moment.
r 2 x1 1 x2 2 x3 3
2 2 2
x3
r r ui ui r
j j Let
we see that . x2
i xi k r k • Force couple acting at the origin (o’=(0,0,0))
ui j
u j
ui r
j
u j • Offset in the x2 direction. Moment = M
therefore i (8.22) i
k xk r xk xk With (8.18) and (8.23) the static displacement field ui x1
1 F 2 1 x12 M 2 x2 x x2 x
u1 3 u1 u1,2 d 2 32 3 1 5 2
1
The displacement due to the force couple is given by: 8 r r r 8 r 3 r r
1 F x1 x2 1 1 r x r x2
u2 u1 r3 ( 2 0)
2
32
ui1 x2 r r r x2 x2
d 2 Od 2 .
8 r r
2
(8.23) 1 F x1 x3 x x r
x2 u3 u1
3
8 r 3
(8.18) 3
1
1
3
3x1 x2
x2 r r r x2 r5
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8.3.2 Static displacement field due to 8.3.2 Static displacement field due to
a force couple a force couple
Similarly, for single couple oriented along the
In the same way, we may derive u2 and u3 for the single couple x3
x2 axis with offset arm along the x1 direction
x2
M 2 x2 x2 M x2 x x 2
x12 x2 u1 3
u1
r3 3 r5
1 2
8 r 3 r 5
8 r 3
M 2 x1 x1 x22 x1
M x x x2 u2
r 3 3 r 5
u2 13 3 1 5 2 8 r 3
8
r r M xx x
u3 3 1 25 3 . (8.25) x1
M x1 x2 x3 8 r
u3 3 . (8.24)
8 r5
In general ui uij,k
j : direction of force
k : direction of offset arm
8.3.3 Static displacement field due to 8.3.3 Static displacement field due to
a double couple a double couple
Convert to spherical polar coordinates with (8.19)
x3
Principles of superposition: x2
M 2
The displacement is the sum of the ur 1 sin sin 2
4 r 2 2
displacements from two individual couples Static deformations
M1
x1 u sin 2 sin 2 decay rapidly.
4 r 2 2
2
ui ui1, 2 ui2,1 (8.26) (+/- of M) A double couple in the x1x2 plane
u
M
1 sin cos 2. (8.28)
4 r 2
M 2 x2 2 M x2 3x2 x12 M x2 3x12
u1 5 1 1 2
8 r 3 8 r 3 r 4r 2 r r
On the x1x2 plane, θ=π/2, uθ=0, and
M 2 x1 2 M x1 3 x22 x1 M x1 3 x22
u2 5 1 1 2
8 r 3 8 r 3 r 4r 2 r r
ur 1 sin 2
M x1 x2 x3 M x1 x2 x3 2
u3 6 5 3 3 . (8.27)
8 r 4r 2 r u 1 cos 2 . (8.29)
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8.3.3 Static displacement field due to 8.3.3 Static displacement field due to
a double couple a double couple
On the x1x2 plane, θ=π/2, uθ=0, and • The displacement field due to a shear dislocation can be given
by the displacement field due to a distribution of equivalent
ur 1 sin 2 u 1 cos 2 . (8.29) double couples that are placed in a medium without any
2
dislocation.
ur u
• Since static deformations decay rapidly with distance from the
source, ground deformations are usually near the fault a
point-source approximation is never valid finite fault
numerically discretized distribution of double couples.
Figure 8.14 Azimuthal pattern of ur and uθ
on the x1x2 plane
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