Pendahuluan
Efek Negatif dari Kurangnya
Humidifikasi Kinerja Humidifikasi Perangkat Kanula Hidung Aliran Tinggi
Antarmuka
Efek Fisiologis
FraksidariOksigen Terinspirasi
Efek PEEP
Uji Klinis
Hiperkapnik Kegagalan PernapasanKegagalan
HipoksemikPernapasan
Postextubation
Preintubasi Oksigenasi
Gagal Jantung Akut
Apnea Tidur
Kondisi Lain
Efek Merugikan
Kontraindikasi
Kesimpulan
Terapi oksigen kanula hidung aliran tinggi (HFNC) dilakukan dengan menggunakan blender
udara / oksigen, pelembab aktif, tabung pemanas tunggal, dan kanula hidung. Mampu
memberikan gas medis yang cukup dipanaskan dan dilembabkan dengan aliran hingga 60 L /
menit, ini dianggap memiliki sejumlah keunggulan fisiologis dibandingkan dengan terapi oksigen
standar lainnya, termasuk ruang mati anatomis yang berkurang, PEEP, Fkonstan IO2 yang, dan baik
humidifikasi. Meskipun beberapa uji klinis acak besar telah dilakukan, HFNC telah mendapatkan
perhatian sebagai dukungan pernapasan alternatif untuk pasien sakit kritis. Data yang
dipublikasikan sebagian besar tersedia untuk neonatus. Untuk orang dewasa yang sakit kritis,
bagaimanapun, bukti tidak merata karena laporan mencakup berbagai subjek dengan berbagai
kondisi yang mendasari, seperti gagal napas hipoksemik, eksaserbasi PPOK, pascaekstubasi, asi
oksigen praintubasi, apnea tidur, gagal jantung akut, dan kondisi yang memerlukan do- pesanan
tidak intubasi. Meski begitu, di seluruh keragaman, banyak laporan yang diterbitkan
menunjukkan bahwa HFNC menurunkan frekuensi pernapasan dan kerja pernapasan dan
mengurangi kebutuhan peningkatan dukungan pernapasan. Beberapa masalah penting masih
harus diselesaikan, seperti indikasi definitif untuk HFNC dan kriteria untuk waktu dimulainya
dan penghentian HFNC dan untuk meningkatkan pengobatan. Terlepas dari masalah ini, HFNC
telah muncul sebagai modalitas inovatif dan efektif untuk pengobatan dini orang dewasa dengan
gagal pernapasan dengan beragam penyakit yang mendasari. Kata kunci: ventilasi non-invasif;
terapi oksigen aliran tinggi; eskalasi; berlari berkubah; uji coba terkontrol; humidifikasi. [Perawatan
Pernafasan 2016; 61 (4): 529–541. © 2016 Daedalus Enterprises]
ambar. 3. Frekuensi pernapasan dan PaCO2: perbandingan antara terapi oksigen kanula hidung aliran tinggi (HFNC) dan terapi komparatif dalam 8 studi.
Kiri: Perbedaan frekuensi pernapasan antara terapi komparatif dan HFNC. Dalam semua penelitian, frekuensi pernapasan dengan HFNC lebih rendah.
Kanan: Selisih PaCO2. Di sini, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara terapi yang terlihat.
de pernapasantanpa dukungan volume atau tekanan atau
frekuensi ing. Dalam model hewan paru-luka, P Aco2
keduanya, HFNC dapat menurunkan WOB.
berkerut sebagai HFNC aliran meningkat, dan melarikan
diri lebih besar dari gas lebih efektif menurun PAco2.Hasil
Fraksi Oksigen Terinspirasi Secara
tersebut menunjukkan bahwa HFNC secara efektif
membersihkan karbon dioksida.43 Pada bayi dan neonatus,
efek HFNC pada WOB dibandingkan dengan CPAP fisiologis, aliran inspirasi tidak konstan, dan V T (aliran
nasal. Ketika tekanan retropharyngeal sama, pola inspirasi) bervariasi dari nafas ke nafas.29,48 Ini berarti
pernapasan dan WOB tidak berbeda antara HFNC dan bahwa perbedaan antara aliran inspirasi dan aliran
nasal CPAP.44 Pada bayi prematur ( 2.0 kg), HFNC pada oksigen yang dialirkan bervariasi baik dalam satu napas
3, 4, dan 5 L / menit dan6 cm H2CPAP nasalO tidak dan napas demi napas. Sejauh yang kami ketahui,
algoritme peralatan ventilasi bekerja dengan asumsi
menunjukkan perbedaan pada WOB.45 de Jong et al
bahwa semua oksigen yang dikirim terinspirasi, tetapi,
mengevaluasi pernapasan asinkron dengan
karena masker oksigen memiliki lubang untuk mencegah
plethysmography induktif pernapasan. Baik HFNC pada 5
pernapasan ulang karbondioksida, pasien tidak perlu
L / menit dan CPAP nasal pada 5 dan 6 cm H 2O berada di puncak menara semua oksigen yang dikirim.
meningkatkan sudut fase, sedangkan tidak ada perbedaan FaktualIO2 tidak stabil selama pengiriman oksigen aliran
yang bermakna secara klinis antara perangkat. 46 Pham et rendah dan umumnya jauh lebih rendah daripada yang
al47 mengukur aktivitas listrik diafragma pada bayi dengan diperkirakan oleh algoritma peralatan7,8: khususnya,
bronchioli tis. HFNC pada 2 L / kg meningkatkan EELV ditemukan lebih tinggi
mungkin karena pengurangan mikro-atelektasis karena dengan masker wajah, FIO2
efek CPAP. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa HFNC selamamulut
pernapasanterbuka daripada selama mulut-
meningkatkan EELV karena efek CPAP yang
mengakibatkan penurunan WOB. Meskipun semua pernapasan tertutup dan lebih rendah selama pengiriman
penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada bayi dan bayi baru kanula hidung. Dengan HFNC, pasien terutama
lahir, hal ini mungkin juga berlaku pada orang dewasa. menginspirasi gas yang dialirkan melalui cabang hidung,
HFNC adalah satu-satunya alat bantu pernapasan non- dan aliran yang disalurkan jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan
invasif yang tidak meningkatkan ruang mati. Dengan dengan sistem pengiriman oksigen konvensional: Selama
masker oksigen, terutama pada aliran rendah, karbon HFNC, terutama pada aliran tinggi, Faktual IO2 mendekati
dioksida dihembuskan kembali. Antarmuka NIV juga . Mea
perhitungan (prediksi) FIO2 suring hypopharyngeal
meningkatkan ruang mati, dan volume terutama oxygraphy, kapnografi, dan pres yakin, Ritchie et al 49
ditambahkan oleh sistem CPAP tipe tudung. Untuk ditemukan bahwa selama pernapasan hidung saat
(ventilasi alveolar), dalam mode lainnya,
menjaga PAco2 istirahat, 30 L / menit, diukur F IO2 mendekati pengiriman
menit vol FIO2. Wettstein et al50 membandingkan FIO2 pada relawan
ume memiliki meningkat, baik melalui lebih
sehat yang bernapas dengan mulut terbuka dan tertutup:
sering ing napas atau meningkat V T atau keduanya. FIO2 lebih tinggi dengan pernapasan mulut terbuka.
Dengan kata lain, masker dan sungkup cenderung Karena aliran yang tinggi memungkinkan sapi untuk
meningkatkan WOB pada pasien dengan kegagalan memenuhi seluruh rongga hidung selama pernafasan,
pernapasan. Patut disebutkan secara khusus, bernapas dengan mulut terbuka dapat menghasilkan
selamaspontan reservoir anatomi yang lebih besar.
RESPIRATORY CADALAH • April 2016 VOL 61 NO 4 533
PEEP Efek toleransi masker namun, untuk beberapa pasien
HFNC DIDULTS, itu adalah priate inappro.77,78 Lebih mudah
ditoleransi, HFNC seringkali dapat terjadi
Meskipun HFNC adalah sistem terbuka, aliran tinggi untuk menangani kegagalan pernapasan hiperkapnikus
dari kanula hidung menawarkan resistensi terhadap aliran pada pasien yang tidak dapat mentolerir NIV
ekspirasi dan meningkatkan tekanan jalan napas. Dalam konvensional.79 Meskipun HFNC tidak menyediakan aktif
model HFNC neonatus in vitro, tekanan saluran napas pelabuhan inspirasi sup, dibandingkan dengan pernapasan
meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan aliran. 51 Rata-rata tanpa bantuan, dalam mata pelajaran PPOK, HFNC
tekanan saluran nafas bagian atas dengan mulut tertutup meningkat VT.80 Investigasi efek HFNC pada mata
menunjukkan peningkatan tekanan dengan meningkatnya pelajaran PPOK dengan gagal napas hiperkapnia kronis,
aliran gas yang dialirkan.39 Pada subjek pasca operasi, saat Nilius et al66 ditemukan bahwa respon individu untuk
aliran inspirasi meningkat, tekanan jalan nafas meningkat HFNC bervariasi: Untuk beberapa, frekuensi pernapasan
1,52 0,7, 2,21 0.8, dan 3.1 1,2 cm H2O pada aliran 40, menurun. HFNC juga
menurun, dan bagi orang lain, PAco2
50, dan 60 L / menit.49 Membandingkan pemberian HFNC meningkatkan
dan masker wajah, Parke et al52 tekanan nasofaring yang kapasitas latihan untuk subjek PPOK yang
diukur pada subjek pasca operasi jantung: Tekanan stabil, memberikan oksigenasi yang lebih baik daripada
nasofaring pada aliran 35 L / menit, selama HFNC, pernapasan spontan.81 HFNC adalah terapi yang sangat
meningkat menjadi 2,7 1.04 cm H2O dengan mulut menjanjikan untuk beberapa jenis gagal napas
tertutup dan 1.2 0,76 cm H2O dengan mulut terbuka, hypercapnic.
tetapi dengan sungkup wajah tetap berada di sekitar nol.
Penulis lain juga melaporkan tekanan faring positif, Kegagalan Pernapasan Hipoksemik
dengan HFNC dipengaruhi oleh jenis kelamin, indeks
massa tubuh, mulut tertutup atau terbuka, dan Mempertahankan oksigenasi yang adekuat bergantung
aliran.12,42,49,53,54 Dengan mulut tertutup, tekanan pha pada pengelolaan FIO2 dengan benar dan kapasitas sisa fungsional
ryngeal meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan aliran. (biasanya dengan PEEP). Dengan sistem pengiriman
Dengan mulut terbuka, bahkan pada aliran 60 L / menit, sulit untuk dikontrol dan
oksigen konvensional, nilai FIO2
tekanan faring tetap di bawah 3 cm H 2O.52 Berbeda biasanya
dengan FIO2, membuka atau menutup mulut secara lebih rendah dari yang diharapkan. Untuk pasien
signifikan mempengaruhi tekanan faring positif. dengan gagal napas hypoxemic, bisa HFNC bantuan
Meskipun tekanan faring meningkat dengan HFNC, dan tekanan faring positif?
dalam menjaga stabil FIO2
biasanya sekitar 3 cm H2O, dan masih belum jelas apakah HFNC secara harfiah memberikan
HFNC meningkatkan volume paru. Mengevaluasi EELV, aliran tinggi,
Corley et al42 menemukan EELV lebih besar dengan danFaktualIO2 nilaibiasanya mendekati FdikirimkanIO2 yang.49
HFNC dibandingkan dengan terapi oksigen aliran rendah, Meskipun kanula adalah bagian dari sistem terbuka,
efeknya lebih jelas pada pasien dengan indeks massa aliran tinggi dari kanula hidung menemui hambatan dari
tubuh yang lebih tinggi. Menggunakan impedansi paru ekspirasi pasien, dan tekanan di faring dalam lipatan.49,52
tomografi listrik pada subyek sehat di terlentang dan di Menyelidiki efisiensi, keamanan, dan hasil dari HFNC
postur rawan, Riera et al 54 menemukan bahwa dalam pada subjek ICU dengan gagal napas akut (GGA),
posisi baik, EELV lebih besar ketika HFNC diterapkan. Sztrymf dkk39 mengganti aliran oksigen sekitar 15 L /
Baru-baru ini, Parke et al 55 mengukur EELV hingga 100 L menit melalui masker wajah dengan HFNC 49 9 L /
/ menit HFNC pada sukarelawan yang sehat. Tekanan menit. Berkurang napas ini ing frekuensi, denyut jantung,
jalan nafas dan EELV meningkat secara linier dengan skor dyspnea, dan retraksi ular supraclavic dan
peningkatan aliran gas.55 ditingkatkan selaras thoraco-abdominal dan SpO2.Durasi
HFNC adalah 2.8 1,8 hari (maks. 7 hari), dan HFNC
Clinical Trials tidak dihentikan karena intoleransi. Sztrymf et al 39 juga
menyelidiki efek HFNC pada GGA akibat pneumonia
Sebagai sistem terbuka, HFNC mudah diaplikasikan dan sepsis yang didapat dari komunitas. Setelah
dan mudah digunakan (hanya membutuhkan setting FIO2 mengubah aliran oksigen 15 L / menit melalui masker
dan flow). Umumnya nyaman untuk pasien dan biasanya wajah dengan HFNC 40 L / menit, frekuensi pernapasan
berkurang, dan oksigenasi meningkat. Setelah penundaan
tidak diinterupsi atau dihentikan karena intoleransi. 39
median 17,5 jam terapi HFNC, 6 dari 20 subjek (30%)
Seperti yang ditunjukkan Gambar 2 dan Tabel 1,
kemudian diintubasi karena syok septik, perdarahan
meskipun tidak ada bukti yang kuat untuk memandu
penggunaannya, HFNC digunakan untuk berbagai kondisi gastrointestinal, dan memburuknya pneumonia. 40 HFNC
dasar.9 juga telah diterapkan pada pasien dengan gagal napas
hipoksemik ringan sampai sedang di ICU kardiotoraks 12
dan ruang gawat darurat.69,82,83 HFNC dapat dianggap
Kegagalan Pernafasan Hypercapnic
sebagai pengobatan lini pertama untuk pasien dengan
Kegagalan
GGA hipoksemik ringan sampai sedang.
Karena HFNC tidak memastikan tekanan faring yang
pernafasan hiperkapnic adalah masalah yang sering
positif, obat ini tidak direkomendasikan untuk GGA
ditemukan.75 Pasien dengan kondisi ini tidak cocok untuk
hipoksemik berat. Rello et al84 diterapkan HFNC untuk
ventilasi mekanis, dan NIV telah menjadi modalitas
mata pelajaran dengan akut kegagalan pernafasan
utama untuk dukungan pernapasan mereka. 76 Karena
hypoxemic karena influenza A / H1N1: 9
upaya yang buruk
534 RESPIRATORY CADALAH • April 2016 VOL 61 NO 4
HFNC DIDULTS
105 Post-ekstubasi VM 50 LOS_ICU, kematian di ICU ns, intubasi ulang 4% vs 21%, waktu intubasi ulang naMaggiore73
340 Pasca operasi jantung, pasca ekstubasi NC LOS ICU ns, peningkatan bantuan pernapasan 27,8% vs 45% Parke70 124 RF Hipoksemik membutuhkan ETI FM
60 Saturasi terendah, desaturasi parah ( 80%) ns Vourc'h74
alerted us to the risk that inappropriate use of noninvasive lished evidence or criteria for the clinical application of
respiratory support, including HFNC and NIV, may lead HFNC, absolute contraindications are also lacking.
to adverse outcomes. Moreover, because HFNC is more Mainly, prudent consideration is required before applying
comfortable for patients than NIV and can usually be tol it for patients for whom NIV is contraindicated. When the
erated for long periods, poor timing or overlooking the main contraindication for NIV is claustrophobic
need to intubate might be even more likely. sensations or intolerance of tight interface contact, HFNC
Since delayed intubation may worsen the prognosis for is often a viable alternative.
patients treated with HFNC, the predictors of treatment
failure are of special interest: one study identified failure
Conclusions
of respiratory rate to decrease, poor oxygen saturation,
and persisting thoraco-abdominal asynchrony as
predictors of HFNC failure.39 Evaluating risk factors for HFNC oxygen delivery has already proved its value as
intubation in lung transplantation recipients readmitted to an effective mode of noninvasive ventilatory support and
the ICU, Roca et al 62 identified indicators of standard has been gaining attention as a simple and well-tolerated
oxygen therapy and HFNC failure to be respiratory alternative means of respiratory support for critically ill
parameters and higher sys temic severity (estimated by patients. Physicians have been using it for a wide variety
sequential organ failure as sessment and Acute of underlying diseases and conditions. It seems to be ef
Physiology and Chronic Health Eval uation [APACHE] II fective for treating hypercapnic respiratory failure and
score) and the need for vasopressors. HFNC is widely mild to moderate hypoxemic respiratory failure. We still
applied to patients with diverse underly ing diseases; need more rigorous evidence to establish some basic
naturally, the response to HFNC differs de pending on the criteria, however, such as indications for HFNC, criteria
underlying diseases. Another important consideration is for start ing and stopping it, and indications for treatment
that, unlike standard oxygen therapy but in some ways escala tion. Since HFNC is noninvasive, PEEP (CPAP) is
similar to NIV, HFNC is an actually a powerful not measured. Despite these issues, a growing body of evi
noninvasive respiratory support. When HFNC is unable to dence suggests that HFNC is an effective modality for
provide sufficient support, the patient is actually in a early treatment of adults with respiratory failure
dangerous condition of respiratory failure. Sophisti cated associated with diverse underlying diseases.
controlled trials are needed to identify criteria for timing
intubation during HFNC. For now, however, we should
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