Review:
Classification of Composite
by Filler Type:
Metals
Polymers
– Particle-reinforced composites
Ceramics – Fiber-reinforced composites
– Structural composites
Composites
1
Volume Fraction
• Other examples:
- Spheroidite matrix: particles: Adapted from Fig.
10.19, Callister 7e.
in Large Particle Composites
steel ferrite (α) cementite (Fig. 10.19 is
(ductile) (Fe3 C) copyright United
(brittle)
States Steel
Corporation, 1971.)
• Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume
60 µm
fraction
• “Rule of mixtures” equation
Adapted from Fig.
- WC/Co Matrix : particles: 16.4, Callister 7e.
– E- elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, p-
(Fig. 16.4 is courtesy
cemented cobalt WC
(ductile) (brittle,
Carboloy Systems,
particulate
carbide Department, General
Electric Company.)
(CERMET) Vm : hard)
5-12 vol%! 600 µm
– upper bound E c = E m Vm + E p V p
Adapted from Fig.
(iso-strain)
16.5, Callister 7e.
- Automobile matrix: particles: (Fig. 16.5 is courtesy
tires rubber C
Goodyear Tire and Em E p
(compliant) (stiffer)
Rubber Company.) – lower bound Ec =
(iso-stress) E p Vm + E mVp
0.75 µm
* ** or Ni)
* *
– cutting tools (ceramic hard particles to cut, but
Lower bound
a ductile metal matrix to withstand stresses)
conc. of particulates – large volume fractions are used (up to 90%!)
2
Matriks yang dipadukan dengan fiber
berfungsi sebagai : Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) (kuat tarik
• Penjepit fiber utama), sering disingkat menjadi Tensile Strength
(TS) atau Ultimate Strength, adalah tegangan
• Melindungi fiber dari kerusakan permukaan
maksimum dimana material dapat menahan
• Pemisah antara fiber dan juga mencegah ketika sedang diregangkan atau ditarik sebelum
timbulnya perambatan crack dari suatu fiber ke necking (ketika penampang spesimen mulai
fiber lain berkontraksi secara signifikan). Kekuatan tarik
• Berfungsi sebagai medium dimana eksternal (TS) adalah kebalikan dari kuat tekan dan nilai-
stress yang diaplikasikan ke komposit, nilainya bisa sangat berbeda.
ditransmisikan dan didistribusikan ke fiber.
Persyaratan bahan matriks yang Fiber yang digunakan sebagai reinforced harus memiliki
syarat sebagai berikut :
harus dipenuhi pada Fiber-reinforced
a) Mempunyai diameter yang lebih kecil dari diameter bulknya
composite: (matriksnya) namun harus lebih kuat dari bulknya.
• Ductile b) Harus mempunyai tensile strength yang tinggi
• Lower E than for fiber
• Bonding forces between fiber and Parameter fiber dalam pembuatan komposit, yaitu sebagai
berikut :
matrix must be high
a) Distribusi
– otherwise fiber will just “pull-out” of matrix b) Konsentrasi
• Generally, only polymers and metals c) Orientasi
are used as matrix material (they are d) Bentuk
ductile) e) ukuran
Aligned Random
3
Fiber Alignment
Aligned Fibers
Adapted from Fig.
4
Bahan Fiber yang biasa
d) Hybrid fiber composite digunakan antara lain :
Hybrid fiber composite merupakan 1. Fibers – Glass
komposit gabungan antara tipe serat lurus – Sangat umun digunakan, fiber yang murah adalah
dengan serat acak. Pertimbangannya glass fiber yang sering digunakan untuk
reinforcement dalam matrik polimer
supaya dapat mengeliminir kekurangan – Komposisi umum adalah 50 – 60 % SiO2 dan
sifat dari kedua tipe dan dapat paduan lain yaitu Al, Ca, Mg, Na, dll.
menggabungkan kelebihannya. – Moisture dapat mengurangi kekuatan dari glass
fiber
– Glass fiber sangat rentan mengalami static fatik
– Biasanya digunakan untuk: piping, tanks, boats,
alat-alat olah raga
Keuntungan :
Sifat-Sifatnya • Biaya murah
• Densitynya cukup rendah ( sekitar 2.55 g/cc) • Tahan korosi
• Tensile strengthnya cukup tinggi (sekitar 1.8 • Biayanya relative lebih rendah dari komposit
GPa) lainnya
• Biasanya stiffnessnya rendah (70GPa) Kerugian
• Stabilitas dimensinya baik • Kekuatannya relative rendah
• Resisten terhadap panas • Elongasi tinggi
• Resisten terhadap dingin • Keuatan dan beratnya sedang (moderate)
• Tahan korosi Jenis-jenisnya antara lain :
– E-Glass - electrical, cheaper
– S-Glass - high strength
2. Carbon Fibers
• Densitaskarbon cukup ringan yaitu sekitar 2.3
g/cc
• Struktur grafit yang digunakan untuk membuat
fiber berbentuk seperti kristal intan.
• Karakteristik komposit dengan serat karbon :
– ringan;
– kekuatan yang sangat tinggi;
– kekakuan (modulus elastisitas) tinggi.
• Diproduksi dari poliakrilonitril (PAN), melalui tiga
tahap proses :
• Stabilisasi = peregangan dan oksidasi;
• Karbonisasi= pemanasan untuk mengurangi O, H,
N;
• Grafitisasi = meningkatkan modulus elastisitas.
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• Proses produksi pada fiber-carbon yaitu
sebagai berikut :
1. Open Mold Process
a. Hand Lay-Up
b. Spray Lay-Up
c. Vacuum Bag Moulding
d. Filament Winding
2. Closed Mold Process
a. Resin Film Infusion
b. Pultrusion
6
Composite Strength: Longitudinal Loading Elastic Behavior Derivation
(Longitudinal Loading)
Continuous fibers - Estimate fiber-reinforced Consider longitudinal loading of continuous fibers, with good fiber/matrix bonding.
under these conditions matrix strain = fiber strain (isostrain condition).
composite strength for long continuous fibers in a
εm = εf = εc
matrix The total load on the composite, Fc, is then equal to loads carried by the matrix and
the fibers
• Longitudinal deformation Fc = Fm + Ff
Substituting for the stresses
σc = σmVm + σfVf but εc = εm = εf σcAc = σmAm + σfAf
volume fraction isostrain Rearranging
σc = σm Am/Ac + σf Af /Ac
were Am /Ac and Af /Ac are the area fractions of matrix and fibers, respectively. If the
∴ Ece = Em Vm + EfVf longitudinal (extensional) fiber length are all equal than then these terms are equivalent to the volume
fractions
modulus Remembering: E = σ/ε Vf = Af /Ac & Vm = Am /Ac
Ff EV f = fiber
and note, this model
σc = σm Vm + σf V
= f f corresponds to the
“upper bound” for Using the isostrain constraint and Hookes Law, σ = εE
Can also show ratio of load
Fm E mVm m = matrix particulate composites
carried by fiber and matrix:
Ff/Fm = EfVf/EmVm
Ec = EmVm + Ef Vf Fc = Ff + Fm
7
Composite Survey: Fiber Composite Survey: Fiber
lc = σfd/2τc No
Reinforcement
where
d = fiber diameter
• Critical fiber length - depends on τc = fiber-matrix bond
• fiber diameter, fiber tensile strength strength
• fiber/matrix bond strength σf = fiber yield strength
8
Home work Other Composite Properties
A continuous and aligned glass reinforced composite consists • In general, the rule of mixtures (for
of 40 vol% glass fiber having E = 69 GPa and a polyester
resin matrix, that when hardened, has E = 3.4 GPa. upper and lower bounds) can be used
for any property Xc - thermal
a) Compute modulus of elasticity under longitudinal and transverse
loading.
conductivity, density, electrical
conductivityTetc.
b) If the cross-sectional area is 250 mm2 and a stress of 50 MPa is applied
longitudinally, compute magnitude of load carried by each the fiber and Xc = XmVm + XfVf
matrix phases.
Xc = XmXf/(VmXf + VfVm)
c) Determine strain on each phase in c
3/8
σ∗c = σ’mVm + σ’fVf
1/5
3. Structural Reinforced-
Laminar Composites
Composites
• Definition • Two dimensional sheets or
– composed of both homogeneous and panels with a preferred high-
composite materials strength direction
• Q. What is a natural example of
– properties depend on constituent materials this?
and on geometrical design of the elements • A. Wood
• Q. What is a man made example
• Types • A. Plywood - Layers are stacked
and subsequently bonded together
– laminar composites so that the high strength direction
varies
– sandwich panels
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Sandwich Panels Sandwich Panel
• Two strong outer sheets (called faces)
separated by a layer of less dense
material or core (which has lower E and
lower strength)
• Core
– separates faces
– resists deformation perpendicular to the
faces
– often honeycomb structures
• Used in roofs, walls, wings
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