Dorland WA. The American illustrated medical dictionary: a new and completed dictionary of the terms used in medicine, surgery, dentistry, pharmacy, chemistry, and the kindred branches
with their pronunciation, derivation, and definition. Saunders; 1901.
PUCAT
Beberapa kondisi pucat:
Kulit putih yang normal
Syok
Anemia (kehilangan darah, gizi buruk, penyakit kronis)
World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and
assessment of severity.
Kriteria WHO
World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and
assessment of severity.
Klasifikasi - Etiologi
Lemas, letih
Pemeriksaan fisis yang lengkap:
Pucat akut/kronik
Kuning
Takikardia, takipnoe
Hipotensi ortostatik
Murmur ejeksi sistolik
Glossitis, atropi papil pada lidah
Splenomegali
Jaundice
Glossy tongue
Penunjang
Darah rutin :
• Hemoglobin
• Hematokrit
• SDM
• Indeks eritrosit: MCV,MCH MCHC
• RDW
• Hitung retikulosit
• Hitung jenis
MDT :
Apusan darah:
• Aniso-poikilositosis, pencil cell: ADB
• Hemolitik : eritrosit imatur/muda: Thalassemia
mayor, SAO
• Sel blast: leukemia, metastasis tumor padat
Wintrobe MM. Anemia: Classification and treatment on the basis of differences in the average volume and hemoglobin content of the red corpuscles. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1934 Aug 1;54(2):256-80.
Normositik normokrom
MCV
Bessman JD, Gilmer JR PR, Gardner FH. Improved classification of anemias by MCV and RDW. American journal of clinical pathology. 1983 Sep 1;80(3):322-6.
ANEMIA
MCV
Hitung retikulosit
Meningkat
Coombs
Pendarahan Hemolitik
Test
Negatif Positif
Hbpati Autoimun
Defek membran Isoimun
Sekunder: infeksi, obat
Bessman JD, Gilmer JR PR, Gardner FH. Improved classification of anemias by MCV and RDW. American journal of clinical pathology. 1983 Sep 1;80(3):322-6.
ANEMIA
MCV
Hitung retikulosit
Menurun
Bessman JD, Gilmer JR PR, Gardner FH. Improved classification of anemias by MCV and RDW. American journal of clinical pathology. 1983 Sep 1;80(3):322-6.
DD ANEMIA MIKROSITIK HIPOKROMIK
Inflamasi Anemia
Defisiensi besi Thalassemia
kronik sideroblastik
Mikrositik Normositik atau Mikrositik
SDM Dimorfik
hipokromik mikrositik hipokromik
Normal atau
Serum iron Berkurang Berkurang Meningkat
meningkat
TIBC Meningkat Berkurang Normal Normal
Retikulosit
- Indikator aktifitas sumsum tulang
Thalassemia
Kelainan eritrosit bawaan. Hukum MENDEL
Akibat berkurang /tidak disintesisnya rantai globin -α/-β
pembentuk Hb utama manusia.
Mengapa penting?
Termasuk Indonesia
Distribusi frekuensi gen (%) pembawa sifat
thalassemia beta & HbE di Indonesia
Eijkman Institute
Distribusi Pasien Thalassemia di Indonesia
Sampai akhir 2017: 9.151 pasien tercatat dari seluruh Indonesia
400
115 147
BANTEN 16
579 125
60 40
3300
231
12
200 NTB-NTT
60 LAMPUNG
2200
40
Thalassemia Intermedia
• Gejala ringan, membutuhkan transfusi # rutin
Gagal jantung
100
Hipoparatiroidisme
80
Hipotiroidisme
Besi (gr)
60
Diabetes
40 Hipogonadisme
20 Aritmia jantung
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Usia (tahun) Thalassemia Centre, Dept. of Pediatrics
University of Turin, Italy
Diagnosis
Thalassemia minor :
Klinis : tanpa gejala, tampak normal
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium :
• Darah tepi lengkap:
• Hb : N / ↓
• MCV ↓ , MCH ↓, RDW N / ↑
• Retikulosit ↑
• Jumlah eritrosit ↑
• Analisis Hb: nilai Hb A2 meningkat
Hb elektroforesis
Thalassemia
minor
Normal
Diagnosis Thalassemia minor
Klinis Pemeriksaan laboratorium
Darah tepi lengkap:
Tanpa gejala –
sama seperti • Hb: N / ↓
orang normal • MCV ↓ , MCH ↓, RDW N / ↑
• Retikulosit ↑
• Jumlah eritrosit ↑
Analisis Hb: nilai Hb A2 meningkat
Thalassemia Normal
minor
Diagnosis Thalassemia Mayor
Klinis Pemeriksaan fisis
Homozigot: usia dini
Pucat/ikterik
Heterozigot ganda: usia > tua
Gizi kurang
Pucat kronik
Hiperpigmentasi
Ikterik
Facies Cooley
Gangguan pertumbuhan
Perawakan pendek
Pubertas terlambat
Organomegali
Gizi kurang
Riwayat keluarga +
Manifestasi klinis
Hepar
Jantung
Penumpukan
Kelenjar endokrin
besi Tulang
Hiperpigmentasi Kulit
Kulit
Tanda Klinis
Facies Cooley
Organomegali Gangguan tulang
Diagnosis Thalassemia Mayor
Thalassemia minor Teardrop cell dan sel berinti pada thalassemia major
Sickle cell
Anemia defisiensi besi
Data Divisi Hematologi-Onkologi Anak FKUI/RSCM, 2014
Kesimpulan