ANTIVIRUS

OLEH KELOMPOK 10
 VIRUS DAN PERANANNYA

A. PENGERTIAN UMUM
Virus tidak tergolong dalam mahluk hidup dan benda mati?

Virus ada tapi tidak

semua
memperlihatkan sifat-
sifat makhluk hidup
Tidak mampu hidup di
luar mahluk hidup.
Tidak mempunyai
ribosom
 KLASIFIKASI VIRUS
BENTUK-BENTUK VIRUS
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI)
Non- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) 4
Protease inhibitor (PI)
 HABITAT / HOSPES
1. VIRUS TUMBUHAN (TMV=PADA TEMBAKAU; PADA PISANG, DLL.
2. VIRUS HEWAN
3. VIRUS PADA BAKTERI (BAKTERIFAG=BACTERIOFAG=FAGE)

ASAM NUKLEAT/BAHAN GENETIK

1. VIRUS RNA (MENGINFEKSI HEWAN-MANUSIA)
-PICORNAVIRIDAE (Rhinovirus=Picorna virus) penyebab common cold
-Reoviridae (Rotavirus penyebab gastroenteritis)
-Togaviridae (vektor serangga=arthropoda = Alphavirus; Arbovirus)
-Arenaviridae (bersifat zoonosis = Lassa fever virus – infeksi rodent)
-Coronaviridae (Corona virus, penyebab SARS=severe acut respiratory
syndrome, mewabah 2003=Asia-Amerika-Eropa).
-Retroviridae (Retrovirus= AIDS=acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
-Bunyaviridae (Hantavirus = demam berdarah vektor nyamuk)
-Orthomyxoviridae (Orthomyxovirus=influenza H1N1=hemaglutinin 1
dan neuraminidase 1)
-Paramyxoviridae (Mumpsvirus, penyebab respiratory syncytial)
-Rhabdoviridae (Rabies virus = penyebab rabies pada mamalia)
2. VIRUS DNA (MENGINFEKSI HEWAN-MANUSIA)
-Parvoviridae ( Parvo virus menginfeksi manusia = Parvo virus B19)
-Papovaviridae (Papova virus, penyebab p. papilloma (warts)
-Adenoviridae (Adenovirus penyebab p. saluran pernapasan;
faringitis)
-Poxviridae (Variola virus, penyebab Cacar).
-Herpetoviridae (Herpes simplex virus; Varicella zoster virus)
-Iridoviridae (Swine Fever virus = demam dan diare pada babi)
-Hepadnaviridae (Hepadnavirus=kanker hati.)
 Virus

• Mempunyai DNA atau RNA dan Protein

Mantel. Tidak ada organel lain.
• Membutuhkan inang untuk mengkopi DNA
dan memperbanyak dirinya.
• Badan virus berupa antigen tidak hidup dan
membuat antibodi menyerang virus.
 Bacteriophage
• Barteriophage adalah virus yang menyerang bakteri.
• Menyuntikkan DNA dan mengambil alih sel bakteri.
• Phage: alat untuk makan atau merusak.
• Phages (viruses) mempunyai dua siklus
reproduksi
Bacterial
Phage DNA chromosome
4 Cell lyses, (DNA)
releasing phages 1

Many cell divisions

7 Occasionally a prophage
may leave the bacterial
chromosome

Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle

2 Phage DNA circularizes 6 Lysogenic bacterium

reproduces normally,
Prophage replicating the prophage
at each cell division

3 5
New phage DNA and Phage DNA inserts into the bacterial
proteins are sythesized chromosome by recombination
 Virus Fase Litik

• Virus menginjeksikan DNA ke dalam inang

• Phage DNA menjadi bagian inang.
• Inang membaca virus DNA dan membuat
protein Virus dan lebih banyak Virus DNA.
• Ribosom inang membuat partikel –partikel
virus baru.
• Sel Inang pecah bila virus tumbuh & kembang
• Virus baru (Phage) menginfeksi sel-sel lain.
 Fase Lisogenik
• Virus (phage) DNA again enters host, becomes part of
Hosts DNA.
• Host Cell copies its DNA and Virus DNA and reproduces
normally but passes on Virus DNA to all its offsprings.
Cell with Virus DNA but not active is called a prophage.
• Prophage can become active and become lytic at
anytime.
• Virus can hide and become inactive if immune system
detects it. Hides inside cells where immune system
cannot see it as easily.
 Viruses
Membranous
envelope

RNA

Protein
coat

Protein
spike
 HIV, the AIDS Virus
• HIV is a retrovirus
– A retrovirus is an
Envelope
RNA virus that Protein
reproduces by Protein coat
means of a DNA
molecule RNA
(two identical

– It copies its RNA strands)

to DNA using
Reverse
reverse transcriptase

transcriptase
• How HIV Viral RNA Reverse Cytoplasm
transcriptase
reproduc 1
Nucleus
es inside DNA
Chromosomal
DNA
a cell strand 2
3
Provirus
Double- DNA
stranded 4
DNA
5

Viral
RNA and
proteins
6

The behavior of HIV nucleic acid in an infected cell

Figure 10.30b
• AIDS is
– Acquired immune
deficiency
syndrome
– The disease
caused by HIV
infection
– Treated with the
drug AZT
HIV infecting a white blood cell
 EVOLUTION CONNECTION:
EMERGING VIRUSES
• Many new viruses
have emerged in
recent years
– HIV
– Ebola
(a) Ebola virus
– Hantavirus

(b) Hantavirus
Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD)

Aedes aegypti Ae. albopictus

* Dengue Fever
Agents : Dengue virus sero type 1-4
Vectors:
Aedes aegypti
Ae. albopictus
 Struktur Virus Dengue
• Tersusun atas :
1.3 struktural protein (C, M, E)
2.7 non-struktural protein.

•Organisasi genom
5’–UTR–C–prM–E–NS1–
NS2A–NS2B–NS3–NS4A–NS4B–
NS5–UTR–3’
(UTR: untranslated region,
C: capsid, prM: precursor
membrane, E: envelope, NS: non
Zang, et. al., 2003
structural) (Rothman, 2004; WHO,
1997).
 Anti - Nonretrovirus

Antivirus Antivirus Antivirus

Antivirus untuk untuk HBV &
untuk herpes
untuk herpes influenza HCV

Asiklovir
Gansiklovir Amantadin Lamivudin
Foskarnet Oseltamivir Interferon
 Antiretrovirus

NRTI Viral Entry

NNRTI PI
Inhibitor

Zidovudin
Nevirapin
Didanosin Sakuinavir Enfuvirtid
Efavirenz
Tenofovir Ritonavir Bisiklam
 Mekanisme Kerja Antivirus

 Inhibitor uncoating
 Inhibitor sintesis RNA & DNA virus
 Inhibitor nucleoside RT
 Inhibitor nonnucleoside RT
 Inhibitor protease
 Inhibitor neuraminidase
 Lain-lain
 Inhibitor Uncoating Virus

Amantadin, rimantadin
Profilaksis dan terapi (dalam
48 jam munculnya gejala)
influenza A
Inhibitor Sintesis DNA & RNA Virus

• Asiklovir, famsiklovir, valasiklovir,

gansiklovir, foskarnet, ribavirin
• Asiklovir, famsiklovir, valasiklovir:
Terapi infeksi HSV, varicella, herpes
zoster
• Gansiklovir (sangat toksik) &
foskarnet: CMV retinitis pada AIDS
• Ribavirin: Infeksi RSV & influenza
Inhibitor Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase

 Zidovudin, didanosin, zalsitabin, stavudin,

lamivudin, abacavir, emtrisitabin, entecavir
 Zidovudin, stavudin: HIV
 Didanosin, zalsitabin: HIV resisten zidovudin
 Lamivudin: hepatitis, HIV
 Abacavir, emtrisitabin: HIV
 Entecavir: Hepatitis B
Inhibitor NonNucleoside Reverse Transcriptase

 Efavirenz, nevirapin, delavirdin, etravirin

 Terapi infeksi HIV
Inhibitor protease

• Saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir

• Untuk terapi HIV
• Mudah resisten, harus dikombinasi
dengan anti-HIV lain