DAFTAR
SINGKATAN
AA
ACA
ASL
ATP
BHB
BMI
DHA
EPA
GABA
GAD
GLUT1
LCT
LDL
LGS
LOW
MAD
MCT
NMDA
OAA
OAE
PUFA
REE
RDA
SE
SSP
VLDL
VNS
(Levevre,
2000)
Insiden:
-
Epilepsi
40
:
100.000
anak
per
tahun
-
25-30%
menjadi
intractable
Kontroversi
tentang
mekanisme
kerja
diet
ketogenik
yang
memiliki
efek
anQ
kejang
,
ekasi,
efek
samping,
dan
tatalaksana
pemberian
(Bough,
2007)
(Kosso, 2009)
PENDAHULUAN
Diet
ketogenik
-
terapi
non
farmakologi
-
Qnggi
lemak,
cukup
protein,
rendah
karbohidrat
:
ARACHIDONIC
ACID
:
ACETOACETATE
:
ARGININOSUCCINATE
LYASE
:
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPATE
:
-HYDROXYBUTYRATE
:
BODY
MASS
INDEX
:
DEOSAHEXANOIC
ACID
:
ERAOSAPENTANOIC
ACID
:
-AMINOBUTYRIC
ACID
:
GLUTAMIC
ACID
DECARBOXYLASE
:
GLUCOSE
TRANSPORTER
PROTEIN
TYPE
1
:
LONG
CHAIN
TRIGLYCERIDE
:
LOW
DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN
:
LENNOXGASTAUT
SYNDROME
:
GLYCEMIC
INDEX
DIET
:
MODIFIED
ATKINS
DIET
:
MEDIUM
CHAIN
TRIGLYCERIDE
OIL
DIET
:
N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE
:
OXALOACETATE
:
OBAT
ANTI
EPILEPSI
:
POLYUNSATURATED
FATTY
ACIDS
:
RESTING
ENERGY
EXPENDITURE
:
RECOMMENDED
DAILY
ALLOWANCES
:
SUPER-REFRACTORY
STATUS
EPILEPTICUS
:
SUSUNAN
SARAF
PUSAT
:
VERY
LOW
DENSITY
LIPOPROTEIN
:
VAGUS
NERVE
STIMULATOR
PENDAHULUAN
(
Swaiman,
2006)
3
8/14/15
PENDAHULUAN
TUJUAN
The
dutch
Study
of
childhood
epilepsy
:
peneliQan
pada
453
anak
epilepsi
selama
5
tahun
6%
menjadi
intractable
(Kosso
2009)
(Traiman 2001)
8/14/15
OPERASI
-
kejang
fokal
-
onset
kejang
pada
usia
lebih
muda
-
Qngginya
frekuensi
kejang
pada
awal
diagnosis
-
elektroensefalogra
abnormal
-
riwayat
kejang
disertai
demam
-
status
epilepQkus
-
neurodevelopmental
delay
Tujuan
:
membuang
daerah
epileptogenik
tanpa
menyebabkan
kerusakan
saraf
Indikasi
:
epilepsi
fokal
yang
operable
Epilepsi
fokal
terbanyaktemporal
lobe
epilepsy
(Wiebe,2001)
10
NERVE
VAGUS
STIMULATOR
(NVS)
(Stafstrom, 2004)
11
12
8/14/15
- 400 SM
-
1911
-
diet
vegetarian
rendah
kalori
dan
puasa
Diet Ketogenik
-1921
-
Wilder
di
Mayo
clinic
KETOGENIK FORMULA
14
- Ketocal
:
Nutricia
di
Amerika,
and
SHS
di
Eropa,
4:1
dan
3:1,
cair
dan
bubuk
- Ketonia
in
2002,
ketogenic
liquid
pertama,
Ins<tute
of
Yonsei
University
dan
Namyang
Dairy
Products,
4:1
-
Ketovolve
:
solase
nutriQon
kanada,
4:1
16
8/14/15
Digunakan
pada
:
-
kontraindikasi
untuk
oral
feeding
-
mengisQrahtkan
lambung
sementara
waktu
Intravenous
lipids,
protein
dan
cairan
glukosa
Jangka
lama
kolestasis
dan
steatosis
Penyakit
PeneliO/Tahun
Hasil
Sindrom
Dravet
catastrophic
epilep<c
encephalopathies
17
Hasil
Epilep<c
spasm
kayyali (2014)
Chapman
(2011)
Seizures
associated
with
hypothalamic
hamartomas
Infan<l
spasm
Nabbout (2010)
18
19
Penyakit
20
8/14/15
(Stafstrom, 2006)
(Kosso, 2009)
21
MEKANISME
KERJA
DIET
KETOGENIK
SEBAGAI
ANTIKEJANG
22
(Swaiman, 2006)
23
(Swaiman, 2006)
24
8/14/15
25
26
PeneliO
Hasil
27
28
8/14/15
Hipotesis
GABAergik
PeneliO
Hasil
PeneliO
Hasil
PeneliQan Hori
Bough (2002)
29
30
31
32
8/14/15
33
35
34
(Keene, 2006)
36
8/14/15
Asidosis
Hipoglikemi
Gangguan
saluran
pencernaan
KonsQpasi
Dehidrasi
Letargi
Dislipidemia
Kwiterovich
dkk
(2003)
-
peningkatan
signikan
very
low
density
lipoprotein
(VLDL)
-
Peningkatan
low
density
lipoprotein
(LDL
-
penurunan
high
density
lipoprotein
(HDL)
Tetapi
Groesbeck
dkk
(2006)
penggunaan
diet
ketogenik
>
6
tahun
-
justru
mengembalikan
prol
lipid
ke
nilai
normal
37
38
LONG-TERM
EFFECTS
DIET
KETOGENIK
Kepadatan tulang
PeneliO
Hasil
Batu
ginjal
Kosso
dkk
(2002)
pengunaan
diet
ketogenik
bersamaan
dengan
obat
anQ
kejang
penghambat
karbonik
anhidrase
Qdak
meningkatkan
risiko
terjadinya
batu
ginjal
Paula
dkk
(2010)
pada
93
anak
:
-
14
pasien
mengalami
occult
hematuria
-
6
anak
mengalami
batu
ginjal
39
40
10
8/14/15
41
42
PREDIET
EVALUATION
DIET INITIATION
Prediet evalua<on
44
11
8/14/15
DIET
INITIATION
DIET
INITIATION
45
ALGORITMA
TATALAKSANA
DIET
KETOGENIK
DAN
MONITOR
46
48
12
8/14/15
Jika
efekQf
-
dihenQkan
setelah
2
tahun
pada
kontrol
kejang
>50%
-
setelah
6-12
tahun
pada
kontrol
kejang
>90%
(Kosso
dkk,
2009)
49
50
RINGKASAN
RINGKASAN
52
13
8/14/15
TERIMA
KASIH
53
15.
Kosso
EH,
Cervenka
MC,
Henry
BJ,
Haney
CA,
Turner
Z.
A
decade
of
the
modied
Atkins
diet
(2003-2013):
Results,
insights,
and
future
direcQons.
Epilepsy
Behav.
2013;29:437-42.
16.
Kim
TH,
Petrou
S,
Reid
CA.
Low
glycaemic
index
diet
reduces
seizure
suscepQbility
in
a
syndrome-specic
mouse
model
of
generalized
epilepsy.
Epilepsy
research.
2014;108:139-43.
17.
Mirandaa
MJ,
Magrath
G.
AlternaQve
diets
to
the
classical
ketogenic
dietCan
we
be
more
liberal?.
Epilepsy
Research.
2012;100:278-85.
18.
Lee
YJ,
Kim
DW,
Lee
JS,
Eun
BL,
Eun
SH.
Usefulness
of
liquid
ketogenic
milk
for
intractable
childhood
epilepsy.
Clinical
NutriQon
and
Metabolism.
2010;5:203-7.
19.
Jung
DE,
Lee
JS,
Lee
EJ,
Kim
HD.
Safety
and
role
of
ketogenic
parenteral
nutriQon
for
intractable
childhood
epilepsy.
Brain
&
Development.
2012;34:
620-4.
20.
Kosso
EH,
Zupec-Kania
BA,
Rho
JM.
Ketogenic
diets:
an
update
for
child
neurologists.
Journal
of
child
neurology
2009;24:979-88.
21.
Peuscher
R,
Dijsselhof
ME,
Abeling
NG,
Van
Rijn
M,
Van
Spronsen
FJ,
Bosch
AM.
The
ketogenic
diet
is
well
tolerated
and
can
be
eecQve
in
paQents
with
argininosuccinatelyase
deciency
and
refractory
epilepsy.
JIMD
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2012;5:127-30.
22.
Coppola
G,
Verrox
A,
Ammendola
E,
Operto
FF,
Corte
RD,
Signoriello
G,
et
al.
Ketogenic
diet
for
the
treatment
of
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epilepQc
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European
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neurology.
2010;14:229-34.
23.
Roxana
L.
Aguirre
CKJ,
Mack
AL.
Successful
Treatment
of
Type
1
Diabetes
and
Seizures
With
Combined
Ketogenic
Diet
and
Insulin.
Pediatrics.
2012;129:511.
24.
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L,
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R.
The
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diet
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Dravet
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Journal
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neurology.
2013;28:1041-4.
25.
Cusmai
R,
MarQnelli
D,
Moavero
R,
Dionisi
Vici
C,
Vigevano
F,
Castana
C,
et
al.
Ketogenic
diet
in
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non
ketoQc
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European
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neurology.
2012;16:509-13.
26.
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R,
Mazzuca
M,
Hubert
P,
Peudennier
S,
Allaire
C,
Flurin
V,
et
al.
Ecacy
of
ketogenic
diet
in
severe
refractory
status
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iniQaQng
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refractory
epilepQc
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2010;51:2033-7.
27.
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HR,
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M,
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T,
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L,
Williams
M,
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ecacy
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the
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28.
Chapman
KE,
Kim
DY,
Rho
JM,
Ng
YT,
Kerrigan
JF.
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the
treatment
of
seizures
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with
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Epilepsy
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29.
Pires
ME,
Ilea
A,
Bourel
E,
Bellavoine
V,
Merdariu
D,
Berquin
P,
et
al.
Ketogenic
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for
infanQle
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refractory
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rst-line
treatments:
an
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prospecQve
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30.
Lemmon
ME,
Terao
NN,
Ng
YT,
Reisig
W,
Rubenstein
JE,
Kosso
EH.
Ecacy
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the
ketogenic
diet
in
Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome:
a
retrospecQve
review
of
one
insQtuQon's
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and
summary
of
the
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child
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2012;54:464-8.
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54
31.
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A,
Reif
PS,
Bauer
S,
Belke
M,
Oertel
WH,
Knake
S,
et
al.
Intravenous
iniQaQon
and
maintenance
of
ketogenic
diet:
proof
of
concept
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super-refractory
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the
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Epilepsy
AssociaQon.
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32.
Likhodii
SS,
Serbanescu
I,
Cortez
MA,
Murphy
P,
Snead
OC,
Burnham
WM.
AnQconvulsant
properQes
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acetone,
a
brain
ketone
elevated
by
the
ketogenic
diet.
Annals
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33.
Taha
AY,
Ryan
MA,
Cunnane
SC.
Despite
transient
ketosis,
the
classic
high-fat
ketogenic
diet
induces
marked
changes
in
faoy
acid
metabolism
in
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34.
Donevan
SD,
White
HS,
Anderson
GD,
Rho
JM.
Voltage-dependent
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N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptors
by
the
novel
anQconvulsant
dibenzylamine,
a
bioacQve
consQtuent
of
L-(+)-beta-hydroxybutyrate.
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2003;44:1274-9.
35.
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J,
Vallee
L,
Lesage
F,
Gressens
P,
Stables
JP.
AnQepilepQc
popular
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emerging
twists
in
an
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Progress
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Abstrak
36.
Schlanger
S,
Shinitzky
M,
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D.
Diet
enriched
with
omega-3
faoy
acids
alleviates
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symptoms
in
epilepsy
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KJ,
Gudi
K,
Han
FT,
Rathod
AH,
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An
anQconvulsant
prole
of
the
ketogenic
diet
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the
rat.
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38.
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TM,
Nehlig
A,
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U.
Neuronal-glial
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39.
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KJ,
Schwartzkroin
PA,
Rho
JM.
Calorie
restricQon
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diminish
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excitability
in
rat
dentate
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40.
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LepQn
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56
14
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48.
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mulQcenter
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G,
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SJ,
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Usefulness
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53.
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EH,
Dorward
JL,
Turner
Z,
Pyzik
PL.
ProspecQve
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54.
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Early-
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55.
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a
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56.
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Eect
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57.
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Long-term
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the
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58.
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A,
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R,
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A,
PironQ
E,
et
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The
impact
of
the
ketogenic
diet
on
arterial
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and
endothelial
funcQon
in
children
and
young
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with
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A
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Seizure:
the
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the
BriQsh
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2014;23:260-5.
59.
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M,
Liuba
P,
Odermarsky
M,
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J,Hallbk
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Eects
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2014.
60.
Kim
JT,
Song
JE,
Lee
MJ,
Lee
YJ,
Lee
EJ,
Lee
JS.
Catch-up
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long-term
implementaQon
and
weaning
from
ketogenic
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in
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I,
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P,
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on
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status,
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energy
expenditure,
and
substrate
oxidaQon
in
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with
medically
refractory
epilepsy:
A
6-month
prospecQve
observaQonal
study.
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2012;31:246-9.
63.
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AGC,
Stallings
VA,
Zemel
BS.
Progressive
bone
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content
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in
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with
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treated
with
the
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Am
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64.
Kosso
EH,
Furth
SL,
Hladkly
HD,
Freeman
JM,
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EPG.
Kidney
stones,
carbonic
anhydrase
inhibitors,
and
the
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diet.
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2002;43:1168-71.
65.
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CK,
Dunneb
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Pfeifer
HH,
Lyczkowskib
DA,
Thiele
EA.
Urolithiasis
on
the
ketogenic
diet
with
concurrent
topiramate
or
zonisamide
therapy.
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2010;90:151-6.
66.
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AG,
Lutchka
L.
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associated
with
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a
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T,
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Y,
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H,
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S,
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of
a
low-carbohydrate
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(the
ketogenic
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69.
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DA,
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57
58
(Mirandaa,
2012)
60
15
8/14/15
(Mirandaa, 2012)
62
1.
Diet
ketogenik
klasik
atau
saturated
long
chain
faEy
acid
(LCTs)
4:1,
3:1
2.
Medium
chain
triglyceride
oil
diet
(MCT)
:
2,5
:
1
3.
Modied
Atkins
diet
(MAD)
:
1:1
4.
Low
glycemic
index
diet
MCT oil
(Mirandaa,
2012)
64
16
8/14/15
(Kosso, 2005)
(Bough, 2003)
65
MONITORING
NUTRISI
66
68
17
8/14/15
Tahap 1
Perhitungan
hasil
4g lemak x 9= 36 kalori +
40 kalori/unit diet
1g (protein+karbohidrat)x4=4 kalori
Tahap 2
unit/hari
Tahap 3
Tahap 4
gram lemak/hari
Tahap 5
Tahap 6
Tahap 7
Tahap 8
gram karbohidrat/hari
69
Perhitungan
hasil
4g lemak x 9= 36 kalori +
40 kalori/unit diet
70
Menu diet ketogenik 4:1 dengan 1100 kkal pada anak 4 tahun
1g (protein+karbohidrat)x4=4 kalori
Tahap 2
Tahap 3
Tahap 4
Lemak :
1800kkal
Protein :
Tahap 5
20 kg x 1gram/kg
Tahap 6
80 kkal
Karbohidrat:
Tahap 7
120 kkal
+ 80 kkal protein/hari)
Tahap 8
30 gram karbohidrat/hari
71
72
18
8/14/15
Ekasi
LGI
PeneliQan
Kim
dkk
(2014)
pada
hewan
coba
:
low
glycaemic
index
diets
efekQf
mengurangi
frekuensi
kejang
dengan
menstabilkan
kadar
glukosa
dibandingkan
dengan
hewan
coba
yang
mendapat
high
glycaemic
index
diet
selama
3
minggu
Kejang
berkurang
35%
pada
hewan
coba
dengan
LGI
dibandingkan
dengan
high
glycaemic
index
diet
(Kim
dkk,
2014)
73
74
(Arts, 2004)
75
(Traiman, 2001)
76
19
8/14/15
KLASIFIKASI EPILEPSI
(Arts,
2004)
77
78
(Taha,
2005)
79
80
20
8/14/15
Long-term
eects
diet
ketogenik
PeneliO
Hasil
Likhodii(2003)
Desiensi
bioOn
PeneliQan
oleh
Yuasa
dkk
(2013)
pada
hewan
coba
diet
ketogenik
meningkatkan
bioavabilitas
dan
konsumsi
bioQn
menyebabkan
penurunan
bioQn
pemberian
supleman
bioQn
81
82
Lyczkowski
dkk
(2005)
Valproat
dapat
menurunkan
level
ketosis
Qdak
merusak
kemampuan
diet
ketogenik
mencapai
level
ketosis
Qdak
merubah
ekasi
dan
efek
samping
diet
ketogenik
83
21