Iodium

IODIUM
Kelompok :
Chairunisa S. Hakim 1906430200
Rizna Notarianti 1906336315
Rizti Millva Putri 1906336321
TENTANG IODIUM
● Iodium merupakan mineral yang termasuk unsur gizi esensial
meskipun jumlahnya sangat sedikit di dalam tubuh yaitu sekitar
20-30 µg.
● Iodium mudah larut dalam kloroform, karbon tetraklorida, atau
karbon disulfida yang kemudian membentuk larutan berwarna
ungu yang indah.
● Iodium di alam tidak pernah ditemukan sebagai elemen tunggal,
tetapi ia tersimpan di dalam senyawa, misalnya garam kalium
Iodat (KIO3).
TENTANG IODIUM
● Iodium adalah mikronutrien penting yang diperlukan untuk
sintesis hormon tiroid, tiroksin (T4) dan triiodothyronine
(T3)
● Iodium merupakan komponen yang diperlukan hormon
tiroid, yang membantu mengatur metabolisme manusia
● Hormon tiroid mengatur pertumbuhan, reproduksi, dan
metabolisme energi. Selain itu, juga mempengaruhi sistem
kekebalan tubuh dan perkembangan saraf
FUNGSI IODIUM
❖ Sintesis hormon tiroid
❖ Pengatur suhu tubuh
❖ Membantu proses pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan
kecerdasan otak
❖ Merangsang metabolisme
❖ Merubah karoten menjadi bentuk aktif vitamin A
❖ Reproduksi, sintesis protein dan absorpsi karbohidrat dari
saluran cerna
❖ sintesis kolesterol darah
❖ Pembentukan sel darah merah serta fungsi otot dan saraf
IODIUM RUSAK
Kandungan iodium dalam makanan dapat rusak

disebabkan oleh :
● Peroses pemasakan/pemanasan makanan
● Kondisi dan waktu penyimpanan yang tidak baik
● Penambahan bahan kimia (kalsium fosfat dan ferro
sulfat)
METABOLISME IODIUM
SUMBER IODIUM
● Kandungan iodium dalam makanan tergantung pada
kandungan iodium dalam tanah dan air dimana mereka
tumbuh.
● Makanan yang berasal dari laut baik ikan maupun tumbuhan
mengandung iodium tinggi karena mereka menyerap iodium dari air
laut melalui jaringan yang mereka miliki
● sumber terbaik : dairy products karena iodium digunakan pada
proses pembuatan bahan makanan dari susu dan juga iodium
ditambahkan pada pakan ternak
● konsumsi iodium terbanyak ialah dari garam yang difortifikasi
ANGKA KECUKUPAN GIZI
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for

adults 1.100 µg/day or 1,1 mg/day.
DEFISIENSI IODIUM
● Biasanya terjadi karena kurangnya asupan iodium
● Zat goitrogenik : subtansi dalam makanan yang akan menghambat absorpsi
iodium dan mengurangi serapan di kelenjar tiroid.
- Cabbage, turnips, mengandung antitiroid aktif dalam bentuk progoitrin
- Linamarin yang ada di singkong
DEFISIENSI IODIUM
Goiter
● Rendahnya kadar T3 dan T4 dalam darah akan
memberi signal kepada kelenjar ptiutari untuk
melepaskan TSH yang berguna untuk
meningkatkan produksi T3 dan T4 dengan
bantuan iodium. Namun, ketika asupan iodium
tidak mencukupi dan simpanan iodium di
kelenjar tiroid tidak ada, sedangkan TSH terus
diproduksi akan membuat kelenjar tiroid terus
mencoba memproduksi hormon dan
mengakibatkan kelenjar tiroid membesar.
● Biasanya terjadi apabila asupan iodium <50
mcg/hari
DEFISIENSI IODIUM
Kretinisme
Selama masa kehamilan, apabila ibu kekurangan iodium akan
mengakibatkan hal fatal bagi janin. Hormone tiroid memiliki peran penting
dalam perkembangan dan proses pembentukan organ janin khususnya
otak. Apabila selama masa kehamilan ibu kekurangan iodium akan
mengakibatkan bayi kretinisme. Kretinisme mengakibatkan keterbelakangan
mental, pertumbuhan yang lamban infertilitas, dan meningkatkan risiko
kematian.
DEFISIENSI IODIUM
Hypothyroidism
Rendahnya level hormone tiroid dalam darah, ditandai dengan
menurunnya suhu tubuh, tidak tahan dingin, penambahan berat badan,
mudah lelah dan lesu.
TREATMENT UNTUK DEFISIENSI IODIUM
●Long Term : Iodisasi garam. Penambahan iodium pada garam
mudah, tidak mahal dan juga tidak mengubah rasa atau warna dari
garam itu sendiri. WHO, UNICEF dan ICCIDD merekomendasikan
penambahan iodium sebesar 20-40 mg per kilogram garam. Iodium
dapat ditambakan dalam bentuk Potassium iodide (KI) atau potassium
iodate (KIO3).
●Short Term : Suplemen minyak beryodium. Bisa diberikan secara oral
atau diinjeksi. Dosis oral 200-499 mg iodium pertahun yang target
pemberiannya adalah wanita usia subur, ibu hamil, dan anak-anak.
KELEBIHAN IODIUM
● Sama halnya dengan kekurangan iodium, kelebihan iodium dapat

menyebabkan pembesaran kelenjar tiroid.
● Dalam kasus berat, dapat menutup jalan penapasan → menimbulkan
sesak napas
PENGUKURAN IODIUM
1. Urinary Excretion of Iodine (UEI)
● Kadar Urinary Excretion of Iodine (UEI) adalah jumlah iodium yang

terkandung dalam urin dengan menggunakan urin sewaktu
● Diukur dengan menggunakan metode Acid Digestion dengan larutan
ammonium persulfate
● Pengkategorian nilai UEI
○ UEI < 150 µg/L → defisiensi iodium
○ UEI 150-249 µg/L → optimal asupan iodium
○ UEI ≥250 µg/L → kelebihan asupan iodium
PENGUKURAN IODIUM
2. Pengukuran kelenjar tiroid dengan cara palpasi leher
Pada defisiensi iodium menyebabkan kelenjar tiroid membesar.
Pengecekan secara tradisional untuk mengetahui pembesaran kelenjar
tiroid adalah dengan cara palpasi leher, namun, sensitivitas dan
spesifisitasnya rendah.
Grade 0 Tidak ada pembengkakan kelenjar tiroid

baik secara palpasi atau secara visual
Grade 1 Palpasi (+), visual (-)
Grade 2 Palpasi (+), visual (-)

PENGUKURAN IODIUM
3. Thyroid volume by ultrasonography

Dengan ultrasonografi, dapat diperoleh gambaran kelenjar
tiroid yang cukup baik dan dapat ditentukan panjang, lebar
maupun ketebalannya, sehingga dapat menghitung volume,
tetapi tidak dapat menilai volume kelenjar tiroid yang
fungsional.
PENGUKURAN IODIUM
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum or whole blood
Level TSH dalam serum atau whole blood menggambarkan avalabilitas hormone
tiroid, sebagai indicator fungsi tiroid. Pemeriksaan TSH merupakan indicator
terbaik untuk mendeteksi gejala hipotiroid primer. Pada kondisi kekurangan
iodium kronis berat, serum TSH meningkat, karena sekresi TSH oleh kelenjar
ptiuitari meningkat akibat dari respon rendahnya hormone tiroid.
Pengukuran TSH serum yang direkomendasikan ialah enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) menggunakan antibody monoclonal. Pengukuran
ini memiliki sensitivitas yang tinggi. Nilai normal TSH adalah 0,3-6,2 µIU/L, namun
studi longitudinal menyatakan bahwa TSH >2,5 µIU/L, diprediksi dapat
berkembang menjadi hipotiroid primer.
PENGUKURAN IODIUM
5. Serum Thyroglobulin (Tg)

Sensitive marker untuk menunjukkan status iodium. Pengukuran dapat
dilakukan dengan pengambilan darah sewaktu. Penggunaan klinis utama
konsentrasi serum tiroglobulin adalah pengawasan kanker tiroid pasca operasi
dan terdiferensiasi, tetapi biasanya meningkat pada hiperplasia tiroid dari
penyebab apa pun, termasuk gondok endemik defisiensi yodium. Konsentrasi
tiroglobulin dalam serum lebih besar dari 10 μg / L menunjukkan yodium yang
tidak memadai asupan.
PENGUKURAN IODIUM
6. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine(T3) in serum
Sebagai pengukur fungsi kelenjar tiroid, namun tidak terlalu sensitif dan
tidak tepat untuk pengukuran status iodium.
PROGRAM IODIUM DI INDONESIA
Upaya memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi mikro masyarakat mutlak dilakukan

melalui:
● Suplementasi, pemberian tablet tambah darah, tablet vitamin A, dan
suplemen zat gizi mikro lainnya
● Upaya perubahan perilaku masyarakat agar mengkonsumsi sumber
makanan yang beragam dan kaya kandungan gizi termasuk zat gizi
mikro serta serta sehat dan aman, serta
● Fortifikasi pangan
Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas fortifikasi pangan di Indonesia, beberapa
langkah konkret yang pemerintah rencana ambil:
● Pengembangan Regulasi, pemerintah perlu segera menyusun
regulasi untuk mendukung kebijakan dan pelaksanaan fortifikasi
● Pengawasan, rancangan mekanisme pengawasan implementasi
Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) fortifikasi yang jelas
● Riset dan Standardisasi, pengembangan bahan fortifikan diperlukan
untuk mengurangi ketergantungan impor dan inovasi teknologi yang
dapat diadaptasi oleh pelaku industri, serta riset untuk membuktikan
efektivitas program fortifikasi yang berjalan saat ini
“Perlu upaya untuk meningkatkan penyediaan sumber pangan dalam negeri

termasuk eksplorasi sumber pangan lain yang beragam dan bergizi tinggi,
pengembangan Multi Micro Nutrient (MMN), serta biofortifikasi untuk
memperkaya kandungan gizi pada tanaman pangan, serta intervensi-
intervensi lain,”
- Prof. Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro, S.E., M.U.P., Ph.D., Menteri
Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional
TELAAH JURNAL
Optimal and Safe Upper Limits of Iodine Intake for Early Pregnancy in
Iodine-Sufficient Regions: A CrossSectional Study of 7190 Pregnant
Women in China
Context:
The WHO Technical Consultation recommends urinary iodine
concentrations (UIC) from 250 to 499 g/L as more-than-adequate iodine
intake and UIC 500 g/L as excessive iodine for pregnant and lactating
women, but scientific evidence for this is weak.
Objective:
We investigated optimal and safe ranges of iodine intake during early
pregnancy in an iodine-sufficient region of China.
1
Women in China
Method:
Seven thousand one hundred ninety pregnant women at 4 – 8 weeks

gestation were investigated and their UIC, serum thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroidperoxidase antibody (TPOAb),
thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured.
Women in China
Results:
The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was lowest in the group with UIC 150 –249 g/L, which
corresponded to the lowest serum Tg concentration (10.18 g/L). Prevalences of subclinical
hypothyroidism (2.4%) and isolated hypothyroxinemia (1.7%) were lower in the group with UIC 150
–249 g/L. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that more-than-adequate iodine intake (UIC 250
– 499 g/L) and excessive iodine intake (UIC 500 g/L) were associated with a 1.72-fold and a 2.17-
fold increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, respectively. Meanwhile, excessive iodine intake
was associated with a 2.85-fold increased risk of isolated hypothyroxinemia. Moreover, the
prevalence of TPOAb positivity and TgAb positivity presented a U-shaped curve, ranging from mild
iodine deficiency to iodine excess.
Women in China
Conclusion:
The upper limit of iodine intake during early pregnancy in an iodine-sufficient
region should not exceed UIC 250g/L, because this is associated with a
significantly high risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, and a UIC of 500g/L
should not be exceeded, as it is associated with a significantly high risk of
isolated hypothyroxinemia.
Suboptimal Maternal Iodine Intake Is Associated with
Impaired Child Neurodevelopment at 3 Years of Age
in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Background: Severe iodine deficiency in pregnancy has major effects on
child neurodevelopment, but less is known about the potential
consequences of mild-to-moderate deficiency and iodine supplement use.
Objective: We explored the associations between maternal iodine intake and
child neurodevelopment at 3 y of age and the potential impact of maternal
intake of iodine from supplements on the same outcomes.
2
Methods: This population-based prospective observational study included
48,297 mother-child pairs recruited during pregnancy from 2002 to 2008.
Maternal iodine intake was calculated based on a validated food-frequency
questionnaire answered during mid pregnancy that covered mean intake
since the beginning of pregnancy. Associations between iodine intake and
maternal reported child language and motor development and behavior
problems were explored by multivariable regression analyses
Results: In 33,047 mother-child pairs, excluding iodine supplement users,
maternal iodine intake was associated with child language delay (P = 0.024),
externalizing and internalizing behavior problems (both P < 0.001), and fine
motor skills (P = 0.002) but not gross motor skills or the risk of not walking
unaided at 17 mo of age. In 74% of the participants who had an iodine
intake <160 mg/d (Estimated Average Requirement), suboptimal iodine
intake was estimated to account for ;5% (95% CI: 25%, 14%) of the cases of
language delay, 16% (95% CI: 0%, 21%) of the cases of externalizing
behavior problems >1.5 SD, and 16% (95% CI: 10%, 21%) of the cases of
internalizing behavior problems >1.5 SD. In 48,297 mother-child pairs,
including iodine supplement users, we found no protective effects of
supplemental iodine during pregnancy on neurodevelopment.
Conclusions: Maternal iodine intake below the Estimated Average
Requirement during pregnancy was associated with symptoms of child
language delay, behavior problems, and reduced fine motor skills at 3 y of
age. The results showed no evidence of a protective effect of iodine
supplementation during pregnancy.
COW MILK CONSUMPTION INCREASES IODINE
STATUS IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING IN A
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
● Background : Recent evidence has highlighted the prevalence of mild-
to-moderate iodine deficiency in women of childbearing age and
pregnant women, with important public health ramifications due to the
role of iodine, which is required for thyroid hormone production, in
neurodevelopment. Cow milk contributes the greatest amount to iodine
intakes in several countries.
● Objective : The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of
increased cow milk consumption on iodine status, thyroid hormone
concentrations, and selenium status.
3
S Maria O’Kane, L Kirsty Pourshahidi, Maria S Mulhern, et al. 2017. Cow Milk Consumption Increases Iodine Status in Women of Childbearing
Age in A Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of Nutrition. 2017 : 401-408.
Methods : A12-wk randomized controlled trial was conducted in 78 low–moderate
milk-consuming (<250mL/d) healthy women (aged 18–45 y). The intervention
group was asked to consume 3 L semiskimmed milk/week, whereas the control
group continued their usual milk consumption (baseline median: 140 mL/d; IQR:
40–240 mL/d). At baseline and weeks 6 and 12, participants provided a spot urine
sample [urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine] and a fasting blood sample
(thyroid hormone concentrations, serum total selenium, selenoprotein P).
Results : At baseline, the median (IQR) UIC of all participants was 78.5 µg/L
(39.1–126.1 µg/L). Changes in the median UIC from baseline to week 6 (35.4
compared with 0.6 µg/L; P = 0.014) and week 12 (51.6 compared with –3.8 µg/L;
P=0.045) were significantly greater in the intervention group compared with
the control group. However, despite being higher within the intervention group at
weeks 6 and 12, the change in the iodine:creatinine ratio from baseline was
not significantly different between groups at either week 6 (P = 0.637) or week
12 (P = 0.178). There were no significant differences in thyroid hormone
concentrations or selenium status between groups at any time point.
Conclusion : The present study shows that the consumption of
additional cow milk can significantly increase UIC in women of
childbearing age. These results suggest that cow milk is a
potentially important dietary source of iodine in this population
group
IODINE BIOAVAILABILITY FROM COW MILK: A
RANDOMIZED, CROSSOVER BALANCE STUDY
IN HEALTHY IODINE-REPLETE ADULTS
● Background : Milk and dairy products are considered important dietary
sources of iodine in many countries. However, to our knowledge, iodine
bioavailability from milk has not been directly measured in humans.
● Objective : The aim of this study was to compare iodine bioavailability
in iodine-replete adults from: 1) cow milk containing a high
concentration of native iodine; 2) milk containing a low concentration of
native iodine, with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) to assess a
potential matrix effect; and 3) an aqueous solution of KI as a
comparator; with all 3 containing equal amounts of total iodine
(263µg/250 mL). We also speciated iodine in milk.
4
Olivia L van der Reijden, Valeria Galetti, et al. 2019. Iodine Bioavailability from cow milk : a randomized, crossover balance study in healthy
iodine-replete adults. The American Journal Clinical Nutrition 2019;110:102-110.
Design : We conducted a 3-wk, randomized, crossover balance study in
adults (n = 12) consuming directly analyzed, standardized diets. During the
3 test conditions – high intrinsic iodine milk (IIM), extrinsically added iodine
in milk (EIM), and aqueous iodine solution (AIS) – subjects collected 24-h
urine over 3 d and consumed the test drink on the second day, with 3- or 4-d
wash-out periods prior to each treatment. Iodine absorption was calculated
as the ratio of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) to total iodine intake. Milk iodine
speciation was performed using in chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Results : Iodine intake from the standardized diet was 195 ± 6 µg/d for
males and 107 ± 6 µg/d for females; the test drinks provided an additional
263 µg. Eleven subjects completed the protocol. There was a linear
relation between iodine intake and UIE ( β = 0.89, SE = 0.04, P < 0.001).
There were no significant differences in UIE among the 3 conditions (P
= 0.24). Median (range) fractional iodine absorption across the 3 conditions
was 91 (51-145), 72 (48-95), and 98 (51-143) % on days 1, 2, and 3,
respectively, with day 2 significantly lower compared with days 1 and 3 (P <
0.001). In milk, 80-93% of the total iodine was inorganic iodide.
Conclusion : Nearly all of the iodine in cow milk is iodide and
although fractional iodine absorption from milk decreases with
increasing dose, its bioavailability is high.
Lesion-based Evaluation Predicts Treatment Response to
Lenvatinib For Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid
Cancer: A Korean Multicenter Retrospective Study.
BACKGROUND:
Lenvatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) recently approved for treating radioactive
iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, has been shown to delay disease
progression and provide meaningful benefit for overall survival. However, there is no
predictive marker for response to lenvatinib before initiating treatment. We
comprehensively analyzed clinical and radiological parameters to predict response to
lenvatinib using lesion-based assessments
5
Lee EK, et all. (2019). Lesion-based Evaluation Predicts Treatment Response to Lenvatinib For Radioactive Iodine-Refractory
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Korean Multicenter Retrospective Study. ISSN: 1050-7256. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0022
METHODS:
Medical records were collected from 67 patients treated with lenvatinib in 11 referral
hospitals across Korea from June 2015 to December 2017. Up to 96 measurable
lesions, defined per RECIST version 1.1, were evaluated serially until progressive
disease occurred, and tumor doubling time (TDT) was calculated based on changes
between historical computed tomography (CT) scans and baseline CT scans
performed at treatment initiation.
RESULTS:
Excluding patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer, no thyroidectomy, non-target lesions only, or
treatment periods of less than one month, 57 patients were analyzed, of whom seven (12.2%)
were TKI-naïve. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.1 months (95% confidence
interval [CI], 4.4-9.5), the median overall survival (OS) was 19.3 months (95% CI 12.4-not
reached), the mean duration of response was 6.0 ± 4.4 months, and the objective response rate
was 38%. In lesion-based assessments, 31 lesions (32.2%) with significant tumor shrinkage
(complete remission or partial response) were significantly associated with shorter TDT (<12
months) (p = 0.02). Patients with rapidly progressive disease with a shorter initial TDT (<6 months)
were more likely to respond to lenvatinib (p = 0.03). Patients exposed to lenvatinib at an average
of ≥16 mg per day, or who were TKI-naïve prior to treatment with lenvatinib, had a lower risk of
progression; however, the risk reduction did not reach statistical significance (daily dosage p =
0.07, TKI exposure p = 0.09).
CONCLUSIONS:
Tumor doubling time calculations at the beginning of treatment and lesion-based
tumor assessment may help identify potential responders to lenvatinib therapy and
predict therapeutic responses.
LITERATURE
Abel, M. H., Caspersen, I. H., Meltzer, H. M., Haugen, M., Brandlistuen, R. E., Aase, H., ... &
Brantsæter, A. L. 2017. Suboptimal maternal iodine intake is associated with impaired child
neurodevelopment at 3 years of age in the Norwegian mother and child cohort study. The
Journal of nutrition, 147(7), 1314-1324.
Almatsier, S. 2009. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Jakarta, Indonesia: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Collins, James F. 2017. Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals.
United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc.
Dasgupta PK, Liu Y, Dyke JV. 2008. Iodine nutrition: iodine content of iodized salt in the United
States. Environ Sci Technology 2008;42:1315–23.
Ershow, A. G., Goodman, G., Coates, P. M., & Swanson, C. A. 2016. Research needs for
assessing iodine intake, iodine status, and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation.
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 104(suppl_3), 941S-949S.
Gibson, Rosalind S. 2005. Principles of Nutritional Assessment 2nd Edition. New York : Oxford
University Press, Inc.
LITERATURE
Janice L. Thompson, Melinda M. Manore and Linda A. Vaughan. 2015. The Science of Nutrition
Fourth Edition. America : Pearson Education, Inc.
Kumorowulan, Suryati et al. 2016. Hubungan Kadar Iodium Serum dengan Fungsi Tiroid dan
Status Iodium pada Wanita Usia Subur dengan Risiko Hipotiroid. MGMI Vol. 8, NO. 1,
Desember 2016 : 55-64.
Lee EK, et all. 2019. Lesion-based Evaluation Predicts Treatment Response to Lenvatinib For
Radioactive Iodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Korean Multicenter
Retrospective Study. ISSN: 1050-7256. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0022.
Michelle McGuire and Kathy A. Beerman. 2013. Nutritional Sciences From Fundamental Foods
Third Edition. USA: Wadsworth.
Olivia L van der Reijden, Valeria Galetti, et al. 2019. Iodine Bioavailability from cow milk : a
randomized, crossover balance study in healthy iodine-replete adults. The American
Journal Clinical Nutrition 2019;110:102-110.
LITERATURE
S Maria O’Kane, L Kirsty Pourshahidi, Maria S Mulhern, et al. 2017. Cow Milk Consumption
Increases Iodine Status in Women of Childbearing Age in A Randomized Controlled
Trial.The Journal of Nutrition. 2017 : 401-408.
Sarsono et al. 1996. Penentuan Volume Kelenjar Tiroid dengan Teknik Sintigrafi dan
Ultrasonografi. Prosiding Presentasi Ilmiah Keselamatan Radiasi dan Lingkungan 20-21
Agustus 1996. iSSN : 0854-4085.
Silalahi,P. 2019. Menteri Bambang Jelaskan Fortifikasi Pangan Upaya Turunkan Stunting Dan
Tingkatkan Kualitas SDM Indonesia. [Siaran Pers]. Jakarta, Indonesa: Humas BAPPENAS.
Subhan. 2014. Analisis Kandungan Iodium dalam Garam Butiran Konsumsi yang Beredar di
Pasaran Kota Ambon. Jurnal Fikratuna 6, 292.
Sugiani, H., Previanti, P., Sukrido, S., & Pratomo, U. (2015). Penentuan pengaruh pemanasan
dan waktu penyimpanan garam beriodium terhadap Kalium Iodat. Chimica et Natura Acta,
3(2).
LITERATURE
Trumbo PR. 2016. FDA regulations regarding iodine addition to foods and labelling
of foods containing added iodine. American Journal Clinical Nutrition
2016;104(Suppl):864S–7S.
World Health Organization, UNICEF, 2007. In: Anderson, M., de Benoist, B., Darton-
Hill, I., Delange, F. (Eds.). Iodine Deficiency in Europe.
World Health Organization. 2007. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and
Monitoring Their Elimination : A Guide for Program Managers. – 3rd ed. ISBN
978 92 4 159582 7 (NLM classification: WK 250). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO
Press. p 1-10,33-45, 73-74.
Zimmermann, M.B., 2008. Iodine requirements and the risks and benefits of
correcting iodine deficiency in populations. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.22, 81–92.

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IODIUM

Kandungan iodium dalam makanan dapat rusak

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for

● Sama halnya dengan kekurangan iodium, kelebihan iodium dapat

1. Urinary Excretion of Iodine (UEI)

● Kadar Urinary Excretion of Iodine (UEI) adalah jumlah iodium yang

Grade 0 Tidak ada pembengkakan kelenjar tiroid

Grade 1 Palpasi (+), visual (-)

Grade 2 Palpasi (+), visual (-)

3. Thyroid volume by ultrasonography

5. Serum Thyroglobulin (Tg)

Upaya memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi mikro masyarakat mutlak dilakukan

“Perlu upaya untuk meningkatkan penyediaan sumber pangan dalam negeri

Seven thousand one hundred ninety pregnant women at 4 – 8 weeks

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