MAKALAH PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA

“ NILAI-NILAI PANCASILA ”
Disusun Oleh :
Ayura Fara Dimarta
1913290009
Manajemen D-III
Fakultas Ekonomi&Bisnis
Universitas Persada Indonesia YAI
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur dipanjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat
dan hidayah-Nya. Atas berkat rahmat dan hidayat-Nya serta berbagai upaya, tugas makalah
mata kuliah Pendidikan Pancasila yang membahas tentang Nilai-Nilai Pancasila dapat
diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu.
Dalam penyusunan makalah ini, ditulis berdasarkan buku yang berkaitan dengan
Pancasila, dan serta informasi dari media massa yang berhubungan dengan Pancasila.
Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih kurang sempurna. Untuk itu diharapkan
berbagai masukan yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaannya.
Akhir kata, semoga makalah ini dapat membawa manfaat untuk pembaca.
Bandung, 13 Juni 2020
Ayura Fara Dimarta
ii
DAFTAR ISI
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Tujuan ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Manfaat .......................................................................................................................... 3
BAB II PEMBAHASAN MASALAH ..................................................................................... 4
2.1 Pengertian Nilai ............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Pengertian Pancasila ...................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Makna Nilai-Nilai Yang Terkandung dalam Pancasila ................................................. 5
2.4 Pancasila Sebagai Sumber Nilai .................................................................................... 8
2.5 Nilai-Nilai setiap butiran Pancasila ............................................................................... 9
BAB III PENUTUP ................................................................................................................ 13
KESIMPULAN................................................................................................................... 13
SARAN ............................................................................................................................... 13
MAKALAH PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA
“ NILAI-NILAI PANCASILA ”
Disusun Oleh :
Ayura Fara Dimarta
1913290009
Manajemen D-III
Fakultas Ekonomi&Bisnis
Universitas Persada Indonesia YAI
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur dipanjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat
dan hidayah-Nya. Atas berkat rahmat dan hidayat-Nya serta berbagai upaya, tugas makalah
mata kuliah Pendidikan Pancasila yang membahas tentang Nilai-Nilai Pancasila dapat
diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu.
Dalam penyusunan makalah ini, ditulis berdasarkan buku yang berkaitan dengan
Pancasila, dan serta informasi dari media massa yang berhubungan dengan Pancasila.
Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih kurang sempurna. Untuk itu diharapkan
berbagai masukan yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaannya.
Akhir kata, semoga makalah ini dapat membawa manfaat untuk pembaca.
Bandung, 13 Juni 2020
Ayura Fara Dimarta
ii
DAFTAR ISI
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Tujuan ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Manfaat .......................................................................................................................... 3
BAB II PEMBAHASAN MASALAH ..................................................................................... 4
2.1 Pengertian Nilai ............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Pengertian Pancasila ...................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Makna Nilai-Nilai Yang Terkandung dalam Pancasila ................................................. 5
2.4 Pancasila Sebagai Sumber Nilai .................................................................................... 8
2.5 Nilai-Nilai setiap butiran Pancasila ............................................................................... 9
BAB III PENUTUP ................................................................................................................ 13
KESIMPULAN................................................................................................................... 13
SARAN ............................................................................................................................... 13
1
BAB 1
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah
Pancasila yang merupakan dasar negara Indonesia, menjadi dasar pedoman
dalam segala pelaksanaan dan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan negara Indonesia
termasuk peraturan perundang-undangan. Pancasila merupakan cerminan bangsa
Indonesia dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara. Nilai-nilai
Pancasila yang terkandung di dalam Pancasila menjadi tolak ukur bagi bangsa
Indonesia dalam penyelenggaraan bernegara. Karena konsekuensi dari hal itu bahwa
penyelenggaraan bernegara tidak boleh menyimpang dari nilai ketuhanan, nilai
kemanusiaan, nilai persatuan, nilai kerakyatan, dan nilai keadilan.
Pancasila dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang sakral yang setiap warganya harus
hafal dan mematuhi segala isi dalam pancasila tersebut. Namun sebagian besar warga
negara Indonesia hanya menganggap pancasila sebagai dasar negara/ideologi semata
tanpa memperdulikan makna dan manfaatnya dalam kehidupan. Tanpa manusia
sedari nilai-nilai makna yang terkandung dalam pancasila sangat berguna dan
bermanfaat.
Di dalam Pancasila terkandung banyak nilai dimana dari keseluruhan nilai
tersebut terkandung di dalam 5 garis besar dalam kehidupan berbangsa bernegara.
Perjuangan dalam memperebutkan kemerdekaan tak lepas dari nilai Pancasila. Sejak
zaman penjajahan sampai sekarang, kita selalu menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai
Pancasila tersebut.
Indonesia hidup di dalam berbagai keberagaman, baik itu suku, bangsa,
budaya dan agama. Dari semuanya itu, Indonesia berdiri dalam suatu keutuhan.
Menjadi kesatuan dan bersatu di dalam persatuan yang kokoh di bawah naungan
Pancasila dan semboyannya, Bhineka Tunggal Ika.
Pancasila membuat Indonesia tetap teguh dan bersatu di dalam keberagaman
budaya. Dan menjadikan pancasila sebagai dasar kebudayaan yang menyatukan
2
budaya dengan yang lain. Karena ikatan yang satu itulah. Pancasila menjadi inspirasi
berbagai macam kebudayaan yang ada di Indonesia.
1.2 Rumusan Masalah
1. Apa pengertian nilai?
2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan Pancasila?
3. Apa makna dari nilai-nilai Pancasila?
4. Mengapa Pancasila mempunyai sumber nilai?
5. Apa saja butir-butir Pancasila?
1.3 Tujuan
1. Mengetahui pengertian nilai
2. Mengetahui Pancasila dengan jelas
3. Mengetahui makna dan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam Pancasila
3
4. Mengetahui Pancasila sebagai sumber nilai
5. Mengetahui butir-butir pancasila
1.4 Manfaat
Manfaat yang dapat diambil yaitu membantu pembaca dalam memahami nilai-nilai
Pancasila, Butir-butir Pancasila dan pengamalan-pengamalannya untuk kehidupan
berbangsa dan bernegara.
4
BAB II
PEMBAHASAN MASALAH
Di dalam mewujudkan pancasila sebagai falsafah bangsa sebagai cita-cita kehidupan,
maka terbentuknya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang kokoh kuat menjadi
syarat. Untuk membangun NKRI kita harus ingat bahwa persatuan dan kesatuan
bangsa itu tidak akan terjadi dengan sendirinya, akan tetapi harus diusahakan dengan
kesadaran kita.
2.1 Pengertian Nilai
Nilai adalah ukuran, patokan-patokan, anggapan-anggapan keyakinan yang ada
di dalam masyarakat. Nilai digunakan sebagai patokan seseorang berperilaku dalam
masyarakat. Selain itu, nilai memberi arah bagi tindakan seseorang. Nilai dianut oleh
banyak orang dalam suatu masyarakat mengenai sesuatu yang benar, pantas, luhur
dan baik untuk dilakukan .
Menurut Laning Dwi Vina dan Wismulyani Endar (2009), fungsi nilai:
a. Nilai sebagai pembentuk cara berpikir dan berperilaku yang ideal dalam
masyarakat
b. Nilai dapat menciptakan semangat pada manusia untuk mencapai sesuatu
yang diinginkannya
c. Nilai dapat digunakan sebagai alat pengawas perilaku seseorang dalam
masyarakat
d. Nilai dapat mendorong, menuntun, dan menekan orang untuk berbuat baik
e. Nilai dapat berfungsi sebagai alat solidaritas diantara anggota masyarakat
2.2 Pengertian Pancasila

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Makalah "MORPHOLOGY COMPOSING
WORD-FORMATION"
09.48 Unknown 2 Comments
MORPHOLOGY
COMPOSING WORD-FORMATION
“These papers were made up to fulfill Morphology Assignment”
Lecturer :
Galuh Nur rohmah

Written by:
Fitrah ramadhan (12320015)

LANGUAGE AND LETTERS DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF
MALANG
ACADEMIC YEARS 2014 - 2015

PREFACE
All praising for Allah, God experienced for its grant from above. We can finish a
handing out the paper "Word-Formation" to become the guidance for student of university
and will be not bad read by all educator, teacher and parent for the stock of in developing
duty.
This paper is one form of our participation in the realization of development in the
field of Scientific Writing among the students. Narrowly, this paper gives a lead in education
by utilizing all the capabilities of existing infrastructure to improve performance in order to
achieve the hopes and ideals.
 We hope to write this paper, to participate in raising the quality of education and learn
the spirit of the students are generally at the recent enthusiasm seemed to fade and begins to
weaken.
We are of the author to give thanks Thank God and thanks to all those who have
helped in resolving this very simple writing. May Allah favor replace it with bountifully
rewarded? Deficiencies in all things there must be, therefore we as writers are tolerant with
open arms, and we will accept constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of our
paper.

Malang, 16th March 2014,

     Writers

LIST OF CONTENT
PAGE TITLE
PREFACE
LIST OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 : DISCUSSION
A. CLIPPING
B. ACRONYM
C. BLENDING
D. BACK-FORMATION
E. COMPOUNDING
F. CONVERSION
G. EPHONYM
H. BORROWING
I. ONOMATOPHOIEA

CHAPTER 3 : CLOSING
CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER I
 INTRODUCTION
Communication is an important thing in human’s life. Every time and everywhere
people do it to get their needs. They use language as the main tool in this process of
communication. Although there are a lot of languages in the world, they have the same main
use that is to express ideas in the main of human being so that they can reach their wants.

Language itself consists of some parts, such as morphemes, words, sentences, etc.
Each part has its own function and rule. In this research, the writer limits on the words
analysis as a part of language. Word as a part of language has important rule in forming a
language.People always use it to build a sentence, but they don’t know where do actually
those millionswords come from. People as the user of language sometimes do not think about
how a language isformed. There are millions words now used by people. Every time people
get more and morenew words unless they know the way it happens. In this research, the
writer tries to find themechanisms or processes of word formation and finally can be used in
human’s life. Besides,word form has deep relation with meaning. The meaning of the new
word form is influenced bythe process of forming a word. This process is usually called word
formation process. In thisresearch, the writer tries to analyze word formation processes
occurred in slang used bytranssexual character in Indonesian films. Language can be used
both in oral and written forms based on their contexts. While from its context, language can
be used in formal and informal situations. People usually use formal or standard language in
formal context, while in informal context people usually use informal one.
Word as a part of language has important rule in forming a language. People always
use it to build a sentence, but they don’t know where do actually those millions words come
from. People as the user of language sometimes don’t think about how a language is formed.
There are millions words now used by people. Every time people get more and more new
words unless they know the way it happens. The meaning of the new word form is influenced
by the process of forming a word. This process is usually called word formation process.

Word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes

contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. Word-
formation process is a way of forming new words or terms from the use of old words. The
processes consist of clipping, blending, acronym, back-formation, folk etymology, and
antonomasia.Changing or making a new word. There are, of course, numerous word
 formation processes that do not arouse any controversies and are very similar in the majority
of languages.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.   CLIPPING WORDS
Clipping is one of many types of word formation process. Clipping can be described
as the process of shortening or reducing long words (Yule, 2006). This occurs when a word
of more than one syllable (examination) is reduced to a shorter form (exam).
There are three types of clipping words such as back-clipping, fore-clipping, and fore-and-
aft clipping.
         The back-clipping occurs when it is the end of the word that is lopped off. Thus, the word
gasoline is reduced in the end become gas.
         The fore-clipping occurs when it is the beginning of the word is released. Thus, the word
phone is taken from telephone.
         The fore-and-aft clipping occurs when it is the beginning and the end of the word is dropped.
Thus, flu is taken from influenza.
These are the list of clipping words:
Back-clipping Fore-clipping Fore-and-aft clipping.
advertisement – ad alchemist – chemist influenza – flu
automobile – auto alligator – gator refrigerator – fridge
bicycle – bike chrysanthemum – mum
brother-bro hamburger – burger
cabriolet – cab raccoon – coon
celebrity-celeb telephone – phone
cleric – clerk university-varsity  
coeducational student – coed airplane-plane
convict-con autobus -bus
congratulations-congrats  periwig-wig
delicatessen – deli  violoncello-cello
doctor- doc  caravan-van
dormitory – dorm
examination – exam
fanatic – fan
gasoline – gas
gymnasium – gym
laboratory – lab
limousine – limo
luncheon – lunch
mathematics – math
memorandum – memo
moving picture – movie
pantaloons – pants
photograph – photo
pianoforte – piano
promenade – prom
public house – pub
referee – ref
reputation – rep
submarine – sub
teenager-teen
typographical error – typo
zoological garden – zoo

HYPOCORISMS
In Australian and British English a particular type of reduction is favored. Produces
forms technically known as hypocorisms. In this process, a longer word is reduced to a
single syllable, then -y or -ieis added to the end. This is the process that results in movie
(‘moving pictures’) and telly(‘television’). It has also produced Aussie (‘Australian’),
barbie(‘barbecue’), bookie (‘bookmaker’), brekky(‘breakfast’) and hankie (‘handkerchief’).

CLIPPING NAMES
In our lives, clipping used to make a word easy to be said. Even it is used to call
someone’s name simply. In English name, we have found many examples of shorted name.
For example, Maddy or Maddie (Madelaine), Danny (Daniel), Charlie (Charles), Christie or
 Christy (Christine), Robbie (Robert), Alex (Alexander), Dan (Daniel), Will (William), Eliza
(Elizabeth), Rob (Robert), Lottie (Charlotte), Betty (Elizabeth), Freddy or Freddie (Alfred).
CLIPPING COMPOUNDS
Clipping compound is taken from a compound which is clipped. In this process, one
part of the original combination often remains intact. In some other cases, both components
are clipped. For example:
          newspaper boy à newsboy
          European television à Eurovision
          do on (verb) à don (to put on an item of clothing)
          do off (verb) à doff (to remove an item of clothing)

It is appropriate to use clipped words in formal English. Some clipped words have
made their way into Standard English; some clipped words remain restricted to the slang of
special groups: schools, army, police, the medical profession, the entertainment industry,
gangs, etc. 
          captain (standard English) à cap (army slang)
          convict (standard English) à  con (police slang)
          Laboratory à  lab (school slang)
          Congratulations à  congrats (informal English)
          typographical error à  typo (informal English)
          Celebrity à celeb (informal English)
          Delicatessen à  deli (informal English)
          Brother à  bro (informal English)

Some clipped words have become standard and can therefore be used in more formal
environments:
          wig  (instead of the word  periwig, which is not in use anymore)
          fan  (instead of the word fanatic )
          piano (instead of the word pianoforte )
          bus (instead of the word omnibus )
          flu (the short word for influenza ; the word flu has become acceptable even in formal
medical texts)
           exam (the short word for examination ; the word exam can be used in formal writing)
          movie (the short word for moving picture ; the word movie can be used in formal writing)
          tie (the short word for necktie ; the word tie can be used in formal writing)
          plane  (both words plane and airplane are used in formal writing)
          burger (the short word for hamburger or veggie burger ; the word burger is slowly making
its way into formal writing)
          bra (the short word for brassiere ; the word bra can be used in formal writing).

So, clipping is one of important parts of formal and informal English. To make our
speaking and writing simple, we can use clipped words. Clipped word will be more famous
when it is used in some appropriate situation of speaking or writing.

B.   ACRONIM
An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a
word. It can be individual letters (as in laser) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan).
There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such
abbreviationsnor on written usage.
The following list is a few example of each type.
            Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters
            NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
            Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
            Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

            Amphetamine: alpha-methyl-phenethylamine

            Gestapo: GeheimeStaatspolizei (secret state police)
            Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization
            Nabisco: National Biscuit Company
         Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters
         AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
         Necco: New England Confectionery Company
         Radar: radio detection and ranging
         Pronounced as a word or as a string of letters, depending on speaker or context
         FAQ: ([fæk] or ef-ay-cue) frequently asked question
         IRA: When used for Individual Retirement Account, can be pronounced as letters (i-ar-a) or
as a word [ˈaɪrə].
         SAT(s): ([sæt] or ess-a-tee) (previously) Scholastic Achievement (or Aptitude) Test(s) (US)
or Standard Assessment Test(s) (UK), now claimed not to stand for anything.[13]
         SQL: ([siːkwəl] or ess-cue-el) Structured Query Language.
         Pronounced as a combination of spelling out and a word
         CD-ROM: (cee-dee-[rɒm]) Compact Disc read-only memory
         IUPAC: (i-u-[pæk]) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
         JPEG: (jay-[pɛɡ]) Joint Photographic Experts Group
         SFMOMA: (ess-ef-[moʊmə]) San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
         Pronounced only as a string of letters
         BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation
         OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
         USA: The United States of America
         Pronounced as a string of letters, but with a shortcut
         AAA:

         (triple A) American Automobile Association; abdominal aortic aneurysm; anti-aircraft

artillery; Asistencia, Asesoría y Administración
         (three As) Amateur Athletic Association
         IEEE: (I triple E) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
         NAACP: (N double A C P) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
         NCAA: (N C double A or N C two A or N C A A) National Collegiate Athletic Association
         Shortcut incorporated into name
         3M: (three M) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
         E3: (E three) Electronic Entertainment Exposition
         W3C: (W three C) World Wide Web Consortium
         C4ISTAR: (C four I star) Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence,
Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance[14]
         Multi-layered acronyms
         NAC Breda: (Dutch football club) NOAD ADVENDO Combinatie ("NOAD ADVENDO
Combination"), formed by the 1912 merger of two clubs, NOAD
(NooitOpgevenAltijdDoorgaan "Never give up, always persevere") and ADVENDO
 (Aangenaam Door Vermaak En Nuttig Door Ontspanning "Pleasant by entertainment and
useful by relaxation") from Breda[15][16]
         GAIM (former name of Pidgin): GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger
         GIMP: GNU Image Manipulation Program
         VHDL: VHSIC hardware description language, where VHSIC stands for very-high-speed
integrated circuit.
         Recursive acronyms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself
         GNU: GNU's not Unix!
         WINE: WINE Is Not an Emulator (originally, WINdows Emulator)
         PHP: PHP hypertext pre-processor (formerly personal home page)
         These may go through multiple layers before the self-reference is found:
         HURD: HIRD of Unix-replacing daemons, where "HIRD" stands for "HURD of interfaces
representing depth"
         Pseudo-acronyms which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as
intended, invoke other, longer words with less typing (see also Internet slang)
         CQ: cee-cue for "seek you", a code used by radio operators
         IOU: i-o-u for "I owe you" (a true acronym would be IOY)
         K9: kay-nine for "canine", used to designate police units utilizing dogs
         Q8: cue-eight for "Kuwait"
         Acronyms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway
         ATM machine: Automated Teller Machine machine
         HIV virus: Human Immunodeficiency Virus virus
         LCD display: Liquid Crystal Display display
         PIN number: Personal Identification Number number
C.   BLENDING
Blending is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It is
especially creative in that speakers take two words and merge them based not on morpheme
structure but on sound structure. The combination of two separate forms to produce a single
new term is also present in the process called blending. However, blending is typically
accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other
word. 

For instances:
Motor + hotel = motel
Helicopter + airport = heliport
Breakfast + lunch = brunch
Smoke + fog = smog
Advertisement + editorial = advertorial
Channel + tunnel = chunnel
Oxford + Cambridge = Oxbridge
Yale + Harvard = Yarvard
Slang + language = slanguage
Guess + estimate = guesstimate
Square + aerial = squaerial
Toys + cartoons = toytoons
Affluence + influenza = affluenza
Information + commercials = informercials
Dock + condominium = dockominium
Smoke + haze = smaze
Smoke + murk = smurk
Binary + digit = bit
Television + broadcast = telecast
Information + entertainment = infotainment
Simultaneous + broadcast = simulcast
teleprinter + exchange = telex.

Usually in word formation we combine roots or affixes along their edges: one
morpheme comes to an end before the next one starts. For example, we form derivation out of
the sequence of morphemes de+riv+at(e)+ion. One morpheme follows the next and each one
has identifiable boundaries. The morphemes do not overlap.

Here are some more recent blends I have run across:

mocktail (mock and cocktail) 'cocktail with no alcohol'
splog (spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and raise Google-ranking'
Britpoperati (Britpop and literati) 'those knowledgable about current British pop music'
D.   BACK-FORMATION
One of the word formation’s varieties is Back Formation. Back Formation is the
reverse of affixation, being the analogical creation of a new word from an existing word
falsely assumed to be its derivative. For example, the verb to edit has been formed from the
noun editor on the reverse analogy of the noun actor from to act, and similarly the verbs
automate, bulldoze, commute, escalate, liaise, loaf, sightsee, and televise are back-formed
from the nouns automation, bulldozer, commuter, escalation, liaison, loafer, sightseer, and
television. From the single noun procession are back-formed two verbs with different stresses
and meanings: procéss, “to walk in procession,” and prócess, “to subject food (and other
material) to a special operation.” Back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme by
removing actual or supposed affixes.

Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change the part of

speech or the word's meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words,
but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun
resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then back-formed
hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection
into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form
of verb and verb+-ion pairs, such as opine/opinion. These became the pattern for many more
such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in -ion entered
the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection etc.
Back formation may be similar to the reanalysis of folk etymologies when it rests on
an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular
noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a
plural; it is a loan-word from Anglo-Normanasetz (modern Frenchassez). The -s was
reanalyzed as a plural suffix.
Many words came into English by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was
reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a
back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain the verb burgle came into use in
the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North
American verb burglarize formed by suffixation).

Other examples are:

         adj. "couth" from "uncouth"

          Verb "edit" from "editor"

         Singular "syrinx", plural "syringes" (from Greek): new singular "syringe" formed

         Singular "sastruga", plural "sastrugi" (from Russian): new Latin-type singular "sastrugus"
has been used sometimes

         "euthanase" or "euthanize" (verb) from the noun "euthanasia".

Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become

accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still
considered substandard by some today.

E.   COMPOUNDING

Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine
into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined
with a hyphen. For example:
noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry
verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom
noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed
verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry
adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight
verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup
preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun
adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet
preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into

Compounds may be compositional, meaning that the meaning of the new word is
determined by combining the meanings of the parts, or noncom positional, meaning that the
meaning of the new word cannot be determined by combining the meanings of the parts. For
example, a blueberry is a berry that is blue. However, a breakup is not a relationship that was
severed into pieces in an upward direction.

Compound nouns should not be confused with nouns modified by adjectives, verbs,
and other nouns. For example, the adjective black of the noun phrase black bird is different
 from the adjective black of the compound noun blackbird in that black of black bird functions
as a noun phrase modifier while the black of blackbird is an inseparable part of the noun: a
black bird also refers to any bird that is black in color while a blackbird is a specific type of
bird.

F.    CONVERSION
A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a
verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Conversion is the process of
forming words without changing the form of input word that function as base. Conversion is
known as zero derivation, this proses changes the part of speech and meaning without adding
and affix. Conversion is particularly common in English because the basic form of noun and
verb is identical in many cases. Conversion is change or adaptation in form, character, or
functionsomething changed in one of this respects. Conversion is the creation of new word
class from an existed word (of different word class) without any change in form. Conversion
is the process to locate the new word in new syntax category without affixation process.
Conversion is the limiting case of a morphological pattern.

a.      The process of conversion

         The conversion process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring
frequently. The conversion can involve verbs becoming nouns, with guess, must, and spy as
the sources of a guess, a must and a spy. Phrasal verb (to print out, to take out) also becoming
nouns (a printout, a takeover). One complex verb combination has become a new noun, as in
He isn’t in the group, and he is just a winnable.
         Verbs (see through, stand up) also become adjectives, as in see-through material or a stand-
up comedian. Or adjectives, as in a dirtytoilet, an empty class, some crazy opinions and those
nasty teachers, can become the verb to dirty and to empty or the nouns a crazy and the nasty.
It is word nothing that some words can shift substantially in meaning when they change
category through conversion. The verb to doctor often has a negative sense, not normally
associated with the source noun a doctor. A similar kind of reanalysis of meaning is taking
place with respect to the noun total and the verb run around, which do not have negative
meanings. However, after conversion, if you total (= verb) your car, and your insurance
company gives you the runaround (= noun), then you will have a double sense of the
negative.
b.      Types of conversion
            FromVerb to Noun to attack à attack
To hope à hope
To cover à cover
            From Noun to Verb comb à to comb
Sand à to sand
Party à to party
            From Name to Verb Harpo à to Harp Houdini à to Houdini
             From Adjective to Verb dirty à to dirty
slowà to slow
            From Prepositionto Verb out à to out

In some cases, conversion is accompanied by a change in the stress pattern known as

stress shift.
transpórt (V) àtránsport (N)
rewríte (V) àréwrite (N) 
condúct (V) àcónduct (N) 
subjéct (V) àsúbject (N)

Examples:
Is there a volunteer?
Someone has to volunteer.
Otherwise, I will volunteer someone.
I butter the bread.
I eat butter and bread.
I drink water.
She waters the flowers.
The real examples provided indicate the high frequency of this process. It is quite a
common phenomenon is everyday English. In addition, it is not a great source of problems
for nonnative speakers and translators because the meaning of converted items is easily
recognizable. However, nonnatives and translators are strongly advised to be taught
 conversion so that their passive knowledge of it can be turned into an active skill for their
everyday communication.
G.   EPHONYM
Eponyms are a word form by the word formation process in which a new word is
formed from the name of a real of fictitious person. For example:

         atlas – Atlas

         boycott – Charles C. Boycott

         cardigan – James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan

         cereal – Ceres

         dunce – John Duns Scotus

         guillotine – Joseph IgnaceGuillotin

         jacuzzi – Candido Jacuzzi

         luddite – Ned Ludd

         malapropism – Mrs. Malaprop

         mesmerize – Franz Anton Mesmer

         mirandize – Ernesto A. Miranda

         narcissistic – Narcissus

         nicotine – Jean Nicot

         pasteurization – Louis Pasteur

         poinsettia – Noel Roberts Poinsett

         praline – César de Choiseul, Count Plessis–Praslin

         sadistic – Marquis de Sade

         salmonella – Daniel Elmer Salmon

         sandwich – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich

         volcano – Vulcan

H.  BORROWING
Borrowing is a process of taking a word from one language and integrating it into
another or the process of taking over the words either in their original or moderated form
 from other language. The borrowed words are called loan words. A loan word is a word
directly taken from other language with little or without translation.
English has many loan words because English has gone through many periods in
which large numbers of words from particular language were borrowed. These periods
happened at the same time with times of major cultural contact between English speaker and
those speaking other languages.
The following list is a small sampling of the loan words which came into English in
different periods and from different languages.
1.        Germanic period
Latin
cealc : chalk
Ceas : cheese
Straet : street

2.       Old english period (600-1100)

Latin
Circul : cirle
Paper : paper
Cometa : comet
Cest :chest
Ceaster : city

3.       Middle English period (1100-1500)

French
Adventure
Change
Courage
Dignity
Magic

Also middle EnglishFrench loans a huge number of prefix and suffix such as, -ance/-
ence,-ant/-ent,-ity,ment,-tion,con-,de-,and pre-. So, sometimes it is hard to tell whether a
given word came from French or whether it was taken straight from Latin.
4.       Early modern English period (1500-1650)
Latin
Agile, Area, Capsule, ultimate, expensive
Greek (many of this via Latin)
Anonymous, atmosphere, autograph
Greek bound morphemes : -ism, -izm
Arabic
Via Spanish : alcove, algebra, zenith
Via other romance language:coffe, sugar

5.        Modern English (1650-present)

Spanish
Armada, alligator, alpaca
Arabic
Giraffe, mosque, salaam, sultan
Japanese
Samurai, karaoke, soy, tsunami, sushi

I.      ONOMATOPOEIA

Onomatopoeia is the word which is imitating from the sounds of something. Let me
say with “from the ears fall in to the mouth”. May be the first time you here onomatopoeia
you will think it’s the name of some dieses or something like that. But it is not some dieses,
it’s the word that formed by the sound of the word itself. It creates a sound effect that mimics
the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. There are many
form of this word, it can be an adjective, a verb, and a noun. To give more understanding to
you about onomatopoeia, I will give you some examples directly. In English we call gecko
because some of English people here that gecko produce the sound “ge…ckoo...” Yet it’s
different from Indonesia, Indonesia people call gecko with tokek because they here that
gecko produce the sound “to-kek...” Indonesian people have created many onomatopoeias, as
like “telurceplok” (they take from the sound when the egg falls in to the cooking pan), and
the word “kentut” (they take from the fart’s sound ‘tuuut’).
 Another example is Javanese, java has much onomatopoeia, sometimes they divided it
into three expressions, for instance, they use word “kricik-kricik” to express the sound of
little water, “kracak-kracak” to express the sound of swift water. And they use the word
“krucukkrucuk” to express the stomach which is hungry. Another example are the word
“pentil” to express small circle and the word “pentol” to express big circle.
From that example we can understand that each country has the different
onomatopoeia, yet there are similarities between Indonesian and English, like “meong” and
“meow” for cat’s sound, and “mbeeek” and “baah” for sheep’s sound. Talking about
similarities, let’s check the similarities onomatopoeia among the countries to express the
chicken which is crowing
Indonesia: kukuruyuk
Inggris: cock-a-doodle-doo
Prancis: cocorico
Belanda: kukeleku
Germany: kikeriki
Arab: kukukuku
Japan: kokekokkoo
Italy: chicchirichì
Philippines: tiktilaok
We never know which language that is very good fit to express the sound of the
chicken, and it will never end if we debate about this. We can conclude that generally
onomatopoeia is divided in to two different ways. The first is onomatopoeia which has
interpreted in a word. And the second is onomatopoeia which hasn’t interpreted in a word.
But many of the words it includes seem to fall into a few categories, with the most, by far,
being associated with the sounds made by animals. Here are some onomatopoetic words,
grouped by category:
Mechanical. Machine noises seem to make up a fair amount of the common words in this
group. Examples include buzz, beep, whirr, click, clack, clunk, clatter, clink. Many of these
words begin with a "cl" sound.

Fast Motion. Words that convey the sound of speed seem often to begin with the letter s or z.
Boing, varoom/vroom, whoosh, swish, swoosh,zap, zing, zip, and zoom are examples.

Musical. Some words in this group are associated with specific music instruments — the
twang of a banjo or guitar, for example, or oompah for a tuba, or plunk for a keyboard. Others
 imitate a metallic sound, and these often end in ng: ting, ding, ring, ping, clang, bong,
brrrring, jingle, and jangle. Then there are some that clearly evoke wind instruments, like
blare, honk, and toot; and another group that seem percussive, like rap, tap, boom, rattle, and
plunk. A person making music without an instrument might hum or clap or snap.

Food Preparation and Eating. In cooking, food may crackle or sizzle and oil may splatter.
When a person pours something to drink, it may go splash, kerplunk, or gush, but hopefully it
won’t drip, and when we open a soft drink, it will probably fizz. When it’s time to eat, people
are likely to nibble, munch, gobble, and crunch.

Fighting. The action words that show up in comic books during fighting scenes are
onomatopoetic, and include terms like pow, bif, bam, whomp, thump, smash, zowie, bang, and
wham are some of them.

Animals. The sounds that animals make are complicated even in English, but it’s important
for people to be aware that — contrary to what they might expect — in different parts of the
world, the words used for animal sounds are quite different. Sheep do not universally go baa,
nor do ducks quack everywhere in the world. Here are some common English renderings:

cat mew/meow cow moo/low

horse neigh/whinny dog bark/woof/bow-wow
pig Oink lion roar
bird Tweet hen cluck
chick Peep rooster cock-a-doodle-doo/crow

  

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.   CONCLUSION

In this paper, different word formation process were explained including blending,
clipping, compounding, backformation, conversion, onomatopoeia, acronym, borrowing, and
eponym.
         Blending is the process of taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of
the other words.
         Clipping is the process of shortening or reducing long words.
          Compounding is combination of some lexical categories such as adjectives, nouns or
preposition in purpose of constructing larger unit of words.
         Backformation is the process to make a new word by deleting actual affix from the words in
a language.
         Conversion is the process of forming words without changing the form of input word which
function as base.
         Onomatopoeia is the word which is imitating from the sound of something.
         Acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word.
         Borrowing is the process of taking word from other language with a little or without
translation.
         Eponym is a words derived from proper names or things.

REFERENCES
Yule .J. (2006).The study of language.Cambridge. Cambridge university press.
Haspelmath .M. & Sims .A.D. (2010).Understanding Morphology. Great Britain. An Hachette UK
company.
Plag Ingo. (2002). Word-Formation In English. English Text Book.Cambridge University Press.
Nida, Eugene A. (1949). Morphology.The Descriptive Analysis of Words.The University of Michigan
Press. New York.
Rahmawati, Afifa (2012). Word formation processes on slang words Used by transsexual. Journals of
Morphology.Semarang.

Kirkpatrick, Andi. (2008). Global Prespectives on World Englishes. Journal Compilation.Vol 29.
Review: World Englishes. The Study of New Linguistic Varieties.RajendMesthrie and
RakeshM.Bhatt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. USA.

http://hum.uchicago.edu/faculty/goldsmith/Morphology/
http://www.slideshare.net/luqmankeren/morphological-processes
http://www.slideshare.net/luqmankeren/morphological-processes
http://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/1671/is-conversion-syntactic-or-
morphological
https://www.google.com/search?q=definition+of+convertion&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=fflb

 
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2 komentar:

1.

Unknown21 Juli 2020 05.55

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partner ;) Click on my boobs if you are interested (. )( .)

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2.

su arıtma servis19 Desember 2021 08.34

Su arıtma Servisi
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