Take-off

Performance
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
Take-Off
Takeoff merupakan bagian dari sebuah penerbangan
dimana takeoff adalah jarak dari titik brake release ke titik
dimana pesawat mencapai ketinggian yang ditetapkan di
atas permukaan (35 kaki).

Selama Takeoff roll, gaya angkat dihasilkan pada sayap

pesawat untuk mengatasi berat pesawat (aircraft weight)

Hal ini dilakukan dengan percepatan maju dari pesawat

yang dihasilkan oleh gaya dorong yang lebih besar
daripada gaya hambat.
Take-Off
Forces Acting On Aircraft
During Take Off

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The take off distance required
depends on the interaction of
forces:
Gaya dorong bervariasi saat take off, secara umum gaya
dorong menurun seiring kecepatan pesawat up.
Total gaya tarik pesawat saat take off hasil dari drag
aerodinamis dan wheel drag. Seperti kecepatan pesawat
sampai hambatan aerodinamis akan meningkat. Whell
drag tergantung pada beban (load) dan tahanan
permukaan runway. Tapi seperti kecepatan pesawat naik
sampai meningkatnya gaya angkat, dimana mengurangi
beban pada roda dan karenanya mengurangi hambatan
roda (akhirnya nol).
The gaya angkat meningkat, seperti kecepatan pesawat up.
Pesawat Berat tetap konstan.
Take-Off Performance
Semakin kuat mesin dan pesawat ringan, dengan cepat
pesawat akan mempercepat dan semakin pendek jarak
take-off.
Take-off distance adalah panjang total take-off run (atau
lepas landas roll) dan pendakian jarak awal untuk 35 ft.
Take-off tidak harus dicoba jika take-off jarak yang
tersedia kurang dari take-off jarak yang dibutuhkan.
Actually, the factors that affect lift, weight, thrust and drag forces
are the factors that affect aircraft performance during take off.

1. Aircrafts
Weight

2. Air Density
Factors Affecting
Take-off 3. Wind
Performance
4. Runway
Conditions
5. Aircraft Configurations
a) Flap Setting
b)Airframe Contamination
1. Aircraft Weight
Weight = Take-Off Distance (and speed)

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1. Aircraft Weight
Keterbatasan Berat (MTOW) ditetapkan untuk
memastikan margin yang memadai kekuatan dan kinerja
selama take-off.

Ketika loading perawatan pesawat harus diambil untuk

tidak melampaui batas yang diberikan.

Semakin besar berat badan, semakin besar gaya angkat

diperlukan untuk mengatasi berat, kecepatan karena itu
lebih besar diperlukan untuk lepas landas (rumus lift).
2. AIR DENSITY

Air Density = Distance

The greater the air density, the shorter the take-off
distance required.
Air density is mass of air per volume of air.
Air density is influenced by temperature,
humidity, airfield elevation & atmospheric
pressure
Lower the temperature, higher the air density.
Lower the humidity, higher the air density.
Lower the airfield elevation, higher the atmospheric
pressure, thus higher the air density. 10
2. AIR DENSITY
As air density is reduced (for example, with
increasing altitude), take-off distance begins to
increase quickly.
In aircraft performance the term Density Altitude
is used.
Density Altitude is the International Standard
Atmosphere (ISA) altitude with the same density
as the existing pressure and temperature.
3. WIND
The distance required for take off depends on the
ground speed.
While the lift and the drag during take off depend
on air speed.
Headwind = Distance

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3. WIND
Headwind is wind which is blowing in the
opposite direction of the aircraft movement.
Tailwind is wind which is blowing in the parallel
direction of the aircraft movement.
A headwind reduces the ground speed at a
required take off air speed and reduces the take
off distance.
A tailwind increases the ground speed thus
increases the take off distance.
Crosswind (wind from left or right of the aircraft)
component has no effect on the take off distance.
4. RUNWAY CONDITIONS
Runway slope affects the rate of acceleration
Slope = Take-Off Roll
Runway surface conditions affect the wheel drag
Standing water
Snow
Slush
Friction = Take-Off Roll

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4. RUNWAY CONDITIONS
Any runway slope (a surface which one side is at
a higher level than another) will affect take-off
performance.
A down slope allows the aircraft the aircraft to
accelerate more quickly thus reducing the take off
distance required.
An up slope reduces the accelerating force thus
increasing the take off distance.
The runway surface condition has effect on the
wheel drag. If the runway is contaminated by
snow, slush or standing water, the wheel drag will
be greater. Thus the accelerating force decreases
and the take off distance required increases.
5. Aircraft Configurations
a) Flap Setting
Flaps = Take-off Roll

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a) Flap Setting
Flap setting has an affect on the aerodynamic drag.
Most aircraft use 10 to 15 degree flaps on take-
off.
Take off distance will decrease with increase of
flap angle initially, but increasing the flap angle
increases the drag, and so reduces the climb
gradient for a given aircraft mass.
If there are obstacles to be considered in the take
off flight path, the flap setting that gives the
shortest take off distance may not give the
required climb gradient for obstacle clearance.
a) Flap Setting

Flaps can give the aircraft extra Lift . The use of flaps
during take-off is to reduce take-off roll distance. While
during landing is to reduce landing speed and landing roll
distance.
b)Airframe Contamination
In addition if the airframe is contaminated by
frost, ice or snow during take off the aircraft
performance will be reduced, and the take off
distance will be increased.
 identify the maximum
weight at take off from
the performance chart
in a given set of
conditions.
Determine maximum weight at take
off from the performance chart
Tindakan ini dilakukan sebelum take off untuk
mengkonfirmasi bahwa berat sebenarnya adalah
di bawah maksimum berat lepas landas diijinkan
pada kondisi tertentu.
Penentuan Berat Maksimum dilakukan dengan
mempertimbangkan panjang landasan pacu yang
tersedia, suhu (kerapatan udara), arah angin,
runway kemiringan, pengaturan flap, dan elevasi
lapangan terbang.
Determine the MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF
WEIGHT (MTOW)
Given the conditions determine the maximum
permissible take off weight:
- Elevation 4000 feet
- Temperature 32 degC
- RWY 3000m dry slope 1% up
- Wind 20kt head component
- Flap setting 15

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23
 63 000kg

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Steps to Read the Chart
Langkah 1: Dari bagian bawah grafik, garis vertikal ditarik
pada panjang runway yang sesuai (dalam contoh ini
3000m) sampai garis referensi untuk penyesuaian runway
slope.
Langkah 2: Kemudian garis mengikuti trend line terdekat
untuk kemiringan landasan pacu hingga mencapai nilai
yang sesuai (dalam hal ini kasus 1% up).
Langkah 3: Dari posisi itu vertikal ditarik ke persimpangan
dengan garis referensi angin. Kemudian garis mengikuti
trend line terdekat untuk penyesuaian angin hingga
mencapai nilai angin (20 kt headwind).

Steps to Read the Chart

Langkah 4: Lebih jauh, prinsip yang sama digunakan.
Sebuah garis vertikal ditarik dari posisi ke garis referensi
tutup. Kemudian garis mengikuti garis sampai nilai yang
sesuai (15 derajat) tren.
Langkah 5: Dari posisi pada grafik garis vertikal ditarik
sampai persimpangan dengan baris kedua dengan
mempertimbangkan landasan elevasi dan suhu, yang
dimulai dari bagian kiri bawah pada suhu udara yang
sesuai (32 C).
Steps to Read the Chart
Langkah 5: Garis ditarik sampai persimpangan dengan
garis elevasi (4000ft). Kemudian garis horizontal terus ke
persimpangan dengan garis referensi dan dari sana
mengikuti garis tren yang paling dekat dengan
persimpangan dengan garis koreksi pertama.
Persimpangan adalah berat maksimum yang diijinkan di
lepas landas (63 000 kg).
Determine the MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF
WEIGHT (MTOW)

Given the conditions determine the maximum permissible take

off weight:
- Elevation 4000 feet
- Temperature 32 degC
- RWY 2500m dry slope 2% down
- Wind 10kt tail component
- Flap setting 10

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57 000kg