Bio-ecological Model of
Human Development
Aktivitas
1. Cermati kembali TST yang diisi minggu lalu. Identifikasi siapa saja
significant others yang ditemukan di sana;
2. Apakah semua lingkup sudah tertera di sana:
keluarga (inti dan keluarga besar);
lingkungan tinggal sekitar: tetangga, RT, lingkungan doa (termasuk
kompleks perumahan tinggal);
sekolah (SD-SMA),
tempat kerja orangtua (teman kerja/bos orangtua);
figur-figur lain
3. Seperti apakah pengaruh dari orang-orang tersebut:
1. siapa terhadap apa (aspek apa dari diri individu yang
dikembangkan/ditumbuhkan di sini);
2. bagaimana cara pengaruh ini terjadi
4. Sharing dengan teman duduk terdekat
Sasaran: belajar terbuka, mendapatkan insight dari rekan untuk
memperkaya analisis diri
Person-in-environment
• Individu dan lingkungan (fisik maupun
sosial) saling berinteraksi dan terus
mempengaruhi satu sama lain inter-
aksi, reciprocal
• Individu berinteraksi dengan berbagai
sistem di sekelilingnya (keluarga,
teman, pekerjaan, pelayanan sosial,
politik, agama, barang dan jasa, sistem
pendidikan)
Holistik: memandang manusia secara
utuh dan dalam konteks lingkungannya
1917-2005
Bio-ecological Model of Human
Development
Apa kesan
yang
muncul
ketika
melihat
foto
Bronfen-
brenner?
Source: http://study.com/academy/lesson/urie-bronfenbrenner-biography-theory-quiz.html
Bio-ecological Model of Human Development
BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL OF
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PPCT
PPCT
PPCT
1.Demand characteristics
2.Resource characteristics
3.force/ disposition
characteristics
Demand
characteristics
• Demand characteristics (‘‘personal
stimulus’’) act as an immediate
stimulus to another person, such as
age, gender, skin color, and physical
appearance.
• These types of characteristics may
influence initial interactions because of
the expectations formed immediately.
Resource characteristics
• Resource characteristics, by contrast, are not
immediately apparent, though sometimes they
are induced, with differing degrees of accuracy,
from the demand characteristics that are seen.
• These are characteristics that relate partly to
mental and emotional resources such as past
experiences, skills, and intelligence and also to
social and material resources (access to good
food, housing, caring parents, educational
opportunities appropriate to the needs of the
particular society, and so on).
Force characteristics
• Force characteristics are those that have to
do with differences of temperament,
motivation, persistence, and the like.
• According to Bronfenbrenner, two children
Bronfenbrenner’s Theory may have equal
resource characteristics, but their
developmental trajectories will be quite
different if one is motivated to succeed and
persists in tasks and the other is not
motivated and does not persist.
1. Demand characteristics:
» personal stimulus characteristics: secara spontan tigger
penilaian orang lain terhadap individu (usia, jenis kelamin,
warna kulit, dan tampilan fisik);
» Mempengaruhi interaksi awal (implicit personality theory)
2. Resource characteristics:
» Peran relatif aktif: kemampuan, pengalaman lampau,
intelegensi, ketrampilan, sumber daya (sosial atau material
akses makanan, kesempatan studi)
» Diperlukan untuk berfungsinya “proximal processes” secara
efektif pada tahap tertentu dalam perkembangan
3. Force/disposition characteristics
» berperan sangat aktif: temperament, motivation,
persistence
Pertanyaan Reflektif
• Anak laki laki atau anak perempuan
yang lebih dihargai?
• Warna kulit seperti apa yang disukai?
• Tampilan fisik seperti apa yang
difavoritkan?
BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL OF
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
PPCT
Context – Micro system
PPCT
Time (Chronosystem)