Blok Urogenital
NOVITASARI
405150160
LI 1 : 3M Gangguan Ginjal Akut (Glomerulonefritis akut,
Pielonefritis, Nekrosis Tubular Akut/AKI)
Glomerulonefritis
• Definisi penyakit inflamasi atau non-inflamasi pada glomerulus yg
menyebabkan perubahan permeabilitas, perubahan struktur, & fungsi
glomerulus
• Etiologi idiopatik,infeksi β streptokokus, infeksi virus hepatitis C
• Faktor prediposisi : infeksi, pengaruh obat, pajanan toksin
• 2 mekanisme : CIC (circulating inmmune complex) & deposit kompleks imun in-
situ
• CIC Ag picu terbentuknya Ab spesifik bentuk kompleks imun Ag-Ab dlm
sirkulasi aktivasi sistem komplemen komplemen ikatan dng Ag-Ab Ag
menetap & bersihan kompleks imun terganggu kompleks imun tetap dalam
sirkulasi terjebak pd glomerulus, tetap berada di sel mesangial atau
mengendap pasif fi daerah mesangium aktivasi sistem komplemen stl tjd
pengendapan kompleks imun
• Mekanisme pembentukan endapan kompleks imun in-situ : Ab secara lsg ikatan
dng Ag yg merupakan komponen dr membran basal glomerulus (fixed Ag), atau
Ag dr luar yg terjebak di glomerulus (planted Ag), atau Ag non-glomerulus
bersifat kation terjebak di bagian anion glomerulus
Glomerulonefritis
• Mekanisme lain : imunitas seluler (cell mediated immunity), sel T berperan lsg thd
timbulnya proteinuria & kresen pd GN kresentik, sel T tersensitisasi o/ Ag eksogen
& Ag endogen di glomerulus aktivasi makrofag reaksi local hipersensitisasi tipe
lambat (delayed type)
• Prognosis :
• Jejas glomerulus tidak dapat pulih kembali fibrosis glomerulus akibat inflamasi
• GN btk akut membaik dng sedikit atau tanpa kerusakan ginjal permanen
• Kekambuhan : GNLM
• GSFS dalam waktu 5-20 th dapat terjadi progresivitas menuju PGTA (GSFS PGTA dalam 5
th)
Pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute kidney injury. Various injuries can directly damage
tubules, which in turn decreases GFR by multiple mechanisms and also promotes
vasoconstriction. Some injuries that cause tubular injury also directly decrease GFR by
decreasing renal blood flow. NO, nitric oxide; PGI2, prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin).
Robbins basic pathology. Kumar, Abbas, Aster. 9th ed.
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster. Robbins
and Cotran Pathologic Basis of
Disease. 8th ed.
Acute Kidney Injury – Acute Tubular Necrosis (Clinical manifestations)
• The initiation phase • Metabolic acidosis
• Lasting for about 36 hours • Other manifestations of uremia
• Dominated by the inciting medical, surgical, or • The recovery phase
obstetric event in the ischemic form of AKI • A steady ↑ in urine volume that may reach up to 3
• The only indication of renal involvement is a L/day
slight decline in urine output with a ↑ in BUN
• The tubules are still damaged, so large amounts
oliguria could be explained on the basis of a
of water, sodium, and potassium are lost in the
transient ↓ in blood flow & declining GFR.
flood of urine
• The maintenance phase • Hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia
• Sustained ↓ in urine output to between 40-400 • There is a peculiar ↑ vulnerability to infection at
ml/day (oliguria) this stage eventually, renal tubular function is
• Salt & water overload restored & concentrating ability ↑
• ↑ BUN concentrations • BUN & creatinine levels begin to return to
• Hyperkalemia normal
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8 th ed.
Acute Kidney Injury – Acute Tubular Necrosis (Komplikasi)
• Gangguan keseimbangan cairan tubuh • Hiperkalemi berat gangguan neurologis, gagal
napas, henti jantung (cardiac arrest)
• Hipoperfusi oliguria/anuri keseimbangan
cairan terganggu • Asidosis metabolik
• Retensi cairan kelebihan cairan intravascular • ↓ LFG scr mendadak penimbunan anion
(volume overload) & disnatremi organik
• Manifestasi klinik : ↑ JVP (hipertensi ringan), • Gangguan reabsorpsi & regenerasi produksi
edema perifer, edema paru bikarbonat ↓
Gangguan ginjal akut. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi 6. 2014.
Acute Kidney Injury – Acute Tubular Necrosis (Prognosis)
• The prognosis of AKI depends on the clinical setting
• Recovery is expected with nephrotoxic AKI when the toxin has not caused
serious damage to other organs, such as the liver or heart
• With current supportive care, 95% of those who do not succumb to the
precipitating cause recover
• Conversely, in shock related to sepsis, extensive burns, or other causes of multi-
organ failure, the mortality rate can rise to more than 50%
• Up to 50% of patients with AKI do not have oliguria & instead often have ↑
urine volumes nonoliguric AKI occurs particularly often with nephrotoxins,
& it generally tends to follow a more benign clinical course
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8th ed.
HistoPA AKI
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8 th ed.
Gangguan ginjal akut. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi 6.
2014.
Gangguan ginjal akut. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi 6. 2014.
LI 2 : 3M Gangguan Ginjal Kronik (Glomerulonefritis
kronik, Sindrom Nefrotik, CKD)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Definition & Etiology)
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8 th
ed.
Chronic
glomerulonephritis. A
Masson trichrome
preparation shows
complete replacement of
virtually all glomeruli by
blue-staining collagen.
• Pathologic changes outside the kidney uremic state & chronic renal failure
• Often clinically important, these include :
• Uremic pericarditis
• Uremic gastroenteritis
• Secondary hyperparathyroidism with nephrocalcinosis & renal osteodystrophy
• Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension
• pulmonary changes of diffuse alveolar damage often ascribed to uremia (uremic pneumonitis)
Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8 th ed.
Sindrom Nefrotik
• Definisi : tanda patognomonik penyakit • PP : pemeriksaan urin (tmsk sendimen),
glomerular yg ditandai dng edema pemeriksaan serologis, biopsi ginjal
anasarka, proteinuria masif >3.5 gr/hari,
hipoalbuminemia <3.5 g/hari,
• Komplikasi :
hiperkolesterolemia, & lipiduria
• Keseimbangan nitrogen (-)
• Etiologi : GN primer & sekunder akibat • Hiperkoagulasi
infeksi, keganasan, penyakit jaringan • Metabolisme kalsium & tulang terganggu
ikat, obat atau toksin, dan penyakit • Efek metabolik lain : kehilangan hormone tiroid
terikat protein mll urin & ↓ kadar tiroksin plasma,
sistemik
anemia, terganggunya ikatan obat akibat
• Anamnesis : penggunaan obat, hipoalbuminemia
• Infeksi
kemungkinan berbagai infeksi, riw
• Gangguan fungsi ginjal : akut & kronik
penyakit sistemik lain
• Kelainan patologis
• Terdapat kelainan ginjal, tmsk kelainan dlm komposisi darah atau urin, atau kelainan dalam tes
pencitraan (imaging tests)
• LFG < 60ml/menit/1,73m² selama 3 bulan, dng atau tanpa kerusakan ginjal
• Klasifikasi :
• Derajat 1 : kerusakan ginjal dng LFG (N) atau ↑, LFG ≥ 90 ml/menit/1,73m²
• Derajat 2 : kerusakan ginjal dng LFG ↑ ringan, LFG 60-89 ml/menit/1,73m²
• Derajat 3 : kerusakan ginjal dng LFG ↑ sedang, LFG 30-59 ml/menit/1,73m²
• Derajat 4 : kerusakan ginjal dng LFG ↑ berat, LFG 15-29 ml/menit/1,73m²
• Derajat 5 : gagal ginjal, LFG < 15 ml/menit/1,73m² atau dialisis
Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi 6. 2014.
• Etiologi :
Penyakit Ginjal Kronik letargi, anoreksia, mual muntah, nokturia,
• DM tipe 1 & 2 kelebihan volume cairan, neuropati perifer,
• Hipertensi & penyakit PD besar pruritus, uremic frost, perikarditis, kejang2,
sampai koma
• Glomerulonefritis
• Gejala komplikasi : anemia, hipertensi,
• Nefritis interstisialis
osteodistrofi renal, payah jantung, asidosis
• Kista & penyakit bawaan lain metabolic, gangguan keseimbangan
• Peny sistemik (lupus, vaskulitis) elektrolit
• Neoplasma • Tatalaksana :
• Idiopatik • Terapi spesifik thd penyakit dasar
• Penyakit lain • Pencegahan & terapi thd kondisi komorbid
• Gambaran klinis : • Perlambat perburukan fungsi ginjal
• Sesuai dng penyakit yg mendasari spt DM, • Cegah & terapi thd penyakit KV
UTI, batu sal kemih, hipertensi, • Cegah & terapi thd komplikasi
hiperurikemi, SLE, dsb
• Terapi pengganti ginjal berupa dialisis atau
• Sindrom uremia yg terdiri dr, lemah, transplantasi ginjal
Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi 6. 2014.
Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam. Edisi 6.
2014.
Komplikasi
Penyakit Ginjal
Kronik
• Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, dkk. Ed. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit dalam jilid II. Edisi 6.
Interna publishing, Jakarta. 2014
• Tanagho EA, dkk. Smith’s general urology. Edisi 17. Lange Medical Book/Mc. Graw Hill.
USA. 2008.
• Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Collins T. Robbins and Cotran, Pathologic basis of disease.
9th ed. Philadelphia : Elsevier & Saunders, 2015.
• Purnomo BB. Dasar-dasar urologi. Edisi 3. CV. Sagung Seto. Jakarta. 2011.
• Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC eds. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 8 th ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2010.