DIABETES
Jongky Hendro
Prayitno
EPIDEMIOLOGI
WESTERN
PACIFIC
INCREASE
46%
In
YEAR 2035
EPIDEMIOLOGI
DIABETES
FAKTA MENGENAI
DIABETES
CRITERIA for the DIAGNOSIS of DIABETES: PERKENI 2011 & ADA 2012
(Summarized : Tjokroprawiro 2011-2012)PERKENI 2011 & ADA 2012
HbA
A1c1c >> 6.5 % by NGSP Certified and Standardized to DCCT Assay
1 Hb
DIAGNOSA DMT2
Hipoglicemia
Akut
Hiperglicemia
KAD
HONK
DIABETIC
COMPLICATION
Kron
is
Angiopati
Micro
Macro
Neuropati
Otonom
Perifer
Multiple, Complex
Pathophysiological
Abnormalities in T2DM
pancreatic
insulin
secretion
incretin
effect
_
gut
carbohydrate
delivery &
absorption
pancreatic
glucagon
secretion
HYPERGLYCEMIA
_
+
hepatic
glucose
production
renal
glucose
excretion
peripheral
glucose
uptake
Multiple, Complex
Pathophysiological
Abnormalities
in
T2DM
GLP-1R
Insulin
pancreatic
agonists
incretin
effect
Glinides
DPP-4
inhibitors
Amylin
mimetics
_
gut A G I s
carbohydrate
delivery &
absorption
SUs
insulin
secretion
pancreatic
glucagon
secretion DA
agonists
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Metformin
TZDs
Bile acid
sequestrants
hepatic
glucose
production
renal
glucose
excretion
peripheral
glucose
uptake
BEBAN PEMBIAYAAN
PENANGANAN DM
MONITORING KOMPLIKASI
KRONIK DM
Tindak lanjut:
EkskresiAlbumin
Kategori
Nilai
(g/mg creatinine)
Normal
Mikroalbuminuria
Makro (clinical)-albuminuria
<30
30-299
300
STANDAR PENGOBATAN :
NEFROPATI DIABETIK
NEFROPATI :
PENGELOLAAN HIPERTENSI
Skrining:
DMT1: Setiap tahun setelah 5 tahun dengan diabetes.
PAD: SKRINING
53%
50
Patients (%)
40
40%
30
20
7%
10
0
<7
7-10
>10
HbA1c (%)
1. Ambery P, et al. Diabet Med. 2005; 22 (Suppl. 2): 86. Abstract P241. (Poster presented at Diabetes UKs APC, April 20-22, 2005,
Glasgow).
100
PPG
Contribution (%)
80
60
40
20
0
<7.3
(n=58)
7.3-8.4
(n=58)
8.5-9.2
(n=58)
9.3-10.2
(n=58)
>10.2
(n=58)
HbA1c (%)
Duration of diabetes in each subgroup (years)
8.4 1.3
10.0 1.1
13.8 1.7
11.7 1.2
8.3 1.1
T2DM
300
15
200
10
100
Normal
0
6
Meal
Meal
Meal
10
14
18
0
22
Waktu (jam)
Comparison of 24-hour glucose levels in control subjects vs patients with diabetes (p<0.001).
Adapted from Polonsky K, et al. N Engl J Med 1988;318:12319.
20
Microvascular complications
37%
21%
Diabetes-related death
21%
14%
14%
TUJUAN PENGELOLAAN DM
Jangka pendek :
Menghilangkan keluhan/ gejala, mempertahankan rasa nyaman & sehat
Jangka panjang :
Mencegah penyulit kecacatan & kematian
Cara :
38
ADA/EASD 2012 :
ALGORITHM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DM
39 Inzucchi SE, et al. Diabetes Care 2012 (published ahead of print April 19 2012; doi 10.2337/dc12-0413).
<7%
7-8%
GHS
GHS
Gaya Hidup
Sehat
Penurunan
berat badan
Mengatur
diit
Latihan
Jasmani
teratur
8-9%
>9%
9-10%
>10%
+
Monoterapi
GHS
Met, SU,
AGI, Glinid,
TZD, DPP-
IV inh
Catatan
1.
Dinyatakan gagal bila
dengan terapi 2-3 bulan
tidak mencapai target
HbA1c <7%
2.
Bila tidak ada
pemeriksaan HbA1c
dapat digunakan
pemeriksaan glukosa
darah. Rata-rata glukosa
darah sehari
dikonversikan ke HbA1c
menurut kriteria ADA
2010
Kombinas
i
2 obat
Met,
SU,
AGI, Glinid,
TZD, DPP-
IV inh
GHS
+
Kombinas
i
3
obat
Met, SU,
AGI, Glinid,
TZD, DPP-
IV inh
GHS
+
Kombinasi
2 obat
Met, SU,
AGI, Glinid,
TZD
DPP-IV Inh
+
GHS
Basal
Insulin
+
Insulin
Intensif
100
Requiring
insulin
80
Monotherapy
60
Dual-drug
regimens
40
20
0
Multidrug
combination
+/
insulin
Insulinbased
regimens
IGT
0
10
1525
42
------
Makan
Pagi
Makan
Siang
Makan
Malam
Insulin endogen
Long acting/Basal
Rapid Acting
Mix
Sebelum tidur