glikolisis

Pembentukan ASETIL-KoA
Perhatikan gambar sebelah :
1. Pyruvat berikutnya diubah menjadi AsetilKoA. Yang perlu dijawab :
a. buktikan bahwa reaksi tersebut Oksidasi !!!
b. tuliskan tahap2 reaksinya dengan cara menjumlahkan reaksinya
bila asetil koA tersebut dirubah kembali menjadi Pyruvat !!!
c. Reaksi tersebut endergonic ataukah eksergonik? Buktikan !!!
d. Berapakah ATP yang terlibat dalam reaksi tersebut, menghasilkan
ataukah membutuhkan?
e. Di manakah Asetil-KoA disintesis?
f. Enzim apa saja yang dibutuhkan?
g. Vitamin dan/ mineral apakah yang dibutuhkan oleh enzim2
tersebut??
h. Jelaskan dampak yang terjadi jika tubuh kita kekurangan vitamin
ataupun mineral tersebut?
i. Tambahkan tahap reaksi tersebut dengan tugas sebelumnya,
maka akan anda dapatkan total reaksi tahap I Katabolisma Glukosa,
yakni 1 mol glukosa menjadi 2 mol Asetil KoA. Tuliskan!!!
 Pembentukan Asam Piruvat jadi Asetil CoA :
1. Adakah perubahan jumlah atom C?
2. Jika berubah, bagaimana perubahannya? : As. Piruvat jadi Asetil-CoA+CO2
3. Enzim apa yang dibutuhkan?
4. Vitamin2 yang dibutuhkan : NAD+ : Vitamin Niasin; TPP (Tiamin Piroposfat : B1; FAD = Flavin
Adenin Dinukleotida = B2 dan Riboflavin =…..)

(C2)
(C3)
 Pada setiap tahap reaksi :
1.Apakah nama reaksi yang terjadi tahap reaksi ??? Gunakan
prinsip ilmu kimia khususnya Kimia organic dan
thermokimianya
2.Sifat reaksinya apakah spontan atau tidak? Jelaskan !!
3.Reaksinya bersifat Endergonik ataukah eksergonik??
4.Adakah penghasilan ATP, dan berapa?? Jelaskan
5.Gabungkan Total reaksi mulai Glikolisis, Oksidasi asam
Piruvat sampai SAS. Anda akan mendapatkan reaksi
oksidasi Glukosa menjadi CO2, H2O dan ATP. Hitunglan
total energy Gibbs yang terbentuk dan berapa jumlah ATP
nya
Siklus Asam Sitrat (SAS): dimulai dari Asetil
CoA(C2)+Oxaloasetat(C4) menjadi Asam Sitrat (C6)
Disebut juga Siklus Kreb ??
Penemunya adalah Krebb
Tahapan reaksinya:
1.Oxaloasetat +
Asetil CoA jadi
Citrat(C6)
2.Citrat jadi
Isocitrat(C6)
3.Diubah jadi
α-Ketoglutarat)(C5
)
4.Diubah jadi
Suksinil-CoA (C4)
5.LANJUTKAN SD
OXALOASETAT
 RINGKASAN SAS

JUMLAHNY
A = 12 ATP
=3ATP

2ATP=

1 Glukosa menghasilkan :….ATP

1ATP
❖ Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Merupakan jalan lain untuk oksidasi glukosa

Tidak bertujuan menghasilkan energi ( ATP )

Aktifdalam :
1. Hati
2. Jar. Lemak
3. Klj. Korteks adrenal
4. Klj. Tiroid
5. Eritrosit
6. Klj. Mammae ( laktasi )
• Glukosa, fruktosa dan galaktosa merupakan heksosa terpenting yang
diserap dari traktus gastroinestinal.
• Ketiganya berasal dari pati, sukrosa dan laktosa yang terdapat dalam
makanan.
• Untuk konversi fruktosa dan galaktosa menjadi glukosa : di hati.
EPIMER
Kesimpulan
• Lintasan pentosa fosfat merupakan jalur alternatif untuk metabolisme glukosa.
• Lintasan ini mempunyai dua fungsi utama , yaitu : produksi NADPH untuk sintesis reduktif seperti
biosintesis asam lemak serta steroid dan produksi residu ribosa untuk biosintesis nukleotida
serta asam nukleat.
• Lintasan Pentosa Fosfat tidak menghasilkan ATP.
• Fase oksidatif menghasilkan NADPH dan fase nonoksidatif menghasilkan prekursor.
PERTANYAAN :
1. Buatlah rumus molekul dari slide 8 untuk memudahkan
pemahaman anda bagaimana reaksi yang terlibat dalam PPP
2. Apakah perbedaan NADP dan NAD
An Overview of Metabolism
 Metabolism

■ Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur

in an organism
■ Cellular metabolism
■ Cells break down excess carbohydrates first, then lipids,
finally amino acids if energy needs are not met by
carbohydrates and fat
■ Nutrients not used for energy are used to build up
structure, are stored, or they are excreted
■ 40% of the energy released in catabolism is captured in
ATP, the rest is released as heat
 Anabolism
■ Performance of structural
maintenance and repairs
■ Support of growth
■ Production of secretions
■ Building of nutrient reserves
 Catabolism
■ Breakdown of nutrients to provide
energy (in the form of ATP) for body
processes
■ Nutrients directly absorbed
■ Stored nutrients
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stages of Metabolism
Catabolic reactions are organized as
Stage 1: Digestion and hydrolysis break
down large molecules to smaller ones
that enter the bloodstream.
Stage 2: Degradation breaks down
molecules to two- and three-carbon
compounds.
Stage 3: Oxidation of small molecules in
the citric acid cycle and electron
transport 6
 Stages of Metabolism
Catabolic reactions:
Stage 1: Digestion and
hydrolysis
break down large
molecules to smaller
ones that enter the
bloodstream.

Stage 2: Degradation
Further breaking and
some oxidation of
molecules to 2 &
3-carbon compounds.

Stage 3: Oxidation
of small molecules to
CO2 & H2O in the citric
acid cycle and electron
transport provides
energy for ATP
synthesis.
7
Carbohydrate Metabolism
■ Primarily glucose
■ Fructose and galactose enter the pathways at
various points
■ All cells can utilize glucose for energy
production
■ Glucose uptake from blood to cells usually
mediated by insulin and transporters
■ Liver is central site for carbohydrate
metabolism
■ Glucose uptake independent of insulin
■ The only exporter of glucose
 Blood Glucose Homeostasis
■ Several cell types prefer glucose as
energy source (ex., CNS)
▪ 80-100 mg/dl is normal range of blood
glucose in non-ruminant animals
▪ 45-65 mg/dl is normal range of blood glucose
in ruminant animals
▪ Uses of glucose:
Energy source for cells
Muscle glycogen
Fat synthesis if in excess of needs
 Fates of Glucose
■ Fed state Synthesis and
■ Storage as glycogen breakdown occur at
■ Liver
■ Skeletal muscle
all times
■ Storage as lipids regardless of state...
■ Adipose tissue
The relative rates of
■ Fasted state
■ Metabolized for energy
synthesis and
■ New glucose synthesized breakdown change
 High Blood Glucose

Pancreas

Insulin Glycogen
Muscle

Glucose absorbed Glucose absorbed

Adipo
se
Cells

Glucose absorbed

immediately after eating a meal…

Glucose Metabolism
■ Four major metabolic pathways:
▪ Immediate source of energy
▪ Pentophosphate pathway
▪ Glycogen synthesis in liver/muscle
▪ Precursor for triacylglycerol synthesis
■ Energy status (ATP) of body regulates which
pathway gets energy
■ Same in ruminants and non-ruminants
Fate of Absorbed Glucose
■ 1st Priority: glycogen storage
■ Stored in muscle and liver
■ 2nd Priority: provide energy
■ Oxidized to ATP
■ 3rd Priority: stored as fat
■ Only excess glucose
■ Stored as triglycerides in adipose
 Glucose Utilization
Energy
Adipose Stores Glycogen

Glucose
Pentose Glycolysis
Phosphate
Pathway

Ribose-5-phosphate Pyruvate
 Glucose Utilization
Energy
Adipose Stores Glycogen

Glucose
Pentose Glycolysis
Phosphate
Pathway

Ribose-5-phosphate Pyruvate
 Glycolysis
■ Sequence of reactions that converts
glucose into pyruvate
▪ Relatively small amount of energy produced
▪ Glycolysis reactions occur in cytoplasm
▪ Does not require oxygen

Lactate (anaerobic)
Glucose → 2 Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA (TCA cycle)
 Glycolysis

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
Pyruvate Metabolism
■ Three fates of pyruvate:
▪ Conversion to lactate (anaerobic)
▪ Conversion to alanine (amino acid)
▪ Entry into the TCA cycle via pyruvate
dehydrogenase pathway (create ATP)
Pyruvate Metabolism
■ Three fates of pyruvate:
▪ Conversion to lactate (anaerobic)
▪ Conversion to alanine (amino acid)
▪ Entry into the TCA cycle via pyruvate
dehydrogenase pathway
 Anaerobic Metabolism
of Pyruvate to Lactate
■ Problem:
■ During glycolysis, NADH is formed from NAD+
■ Without O2, NADH cannot be oxidized to NAD+
■ No more NAD+
■ All converted to NADH
■ Without NAD+, glycolysis stops…
 Anaerobic Metabolism
of Pyruvate
■ Solution:
■ Turn NADH back to NAD+ by making lactate (lactic acid)
(reduced) (oxidized)

(oxidized) (reduced)
 Anaerobic Metabolism
of Pyruvate
■ ATP yield
■ Two ATPs (net) are produced during the
anaerobic breakdown of one glucose
■ The 2 NADHs are used to reduce 2 pyruvate
to 2 lactate
■ Reaction is fast and doesn’t require oxygen
 Pyruvate Metabolism -
Anaerobic
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Lactate

NADH NAD+

▪ Lactate can be transported by blood to liver and

used in gluconeogenesis
Cori Cycle

Lactate is converted to
pyruvate in the liver
Pyruvate Metabolism
■ Three fates of pyruvate:
▪ Conversion to lactate (anaerobic)
▪ Conversion to alanine (amino acid)
▪ Entry into the TCA cycle via pyruvate
dehydrogenase pathway
 Pyruvate metabolism
■ Convert to alanine and export to blood

Keto acid Amino acid

Pyruvate Metabolism
■ Three fates of pyruvate:
▪ Conversion to lactate (anaerobic)
▪ Conversion to alanine (amino acid)
▪ Entry into the TCA cycle via pyruvate
dehydrogenase pathway
 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Complex (PDH)
■ Prepares pyruvate to enter the TCA cycle

Aerobic Conditions
Electron TCA Cycle
Transport
Chain
PDH - Summary
Pyruvate

2 NAD

2 NADH + H
CO2

Acetyl CoA
TCA Cycle
■ In aerobic conditions TCA cycle links pyruvate
to oxidative phosphorylation
■ Occurs in mitochondria
■ Generates 90% of energy obtained from feed
Includes metabolism of carbohydrate,
protein, and fat
■ Oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2 and capture
potential energy as NADH (or FADH2) and
some ATP
 TCA Cycle - Summary
Acetyl CoA
3 NAD

3 NADH + H

2 CO2
1 FAD

1 FADH2

1 ADP
1 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation and
the Electron Transport System
■ Requires coenzymes (NAD and FADH)
as H+ carriers and consumes oxygen
■ Key reactions take place in the electron
transport system (ETS)
■ Cytochromes of the ETS pass H2’s to
oxygen, forming water
Oxidation and Electron Transport
■ Oxidation of nutrients releases stored
energy
■ Feed donates H+
■ H+’s transferred to co-enzymes

NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- NADH + H+

FAD + 2H+ + 2e- FADH2
 So, What Goes to the ETS???

From each molecule of glucose entering glycolysis:

1. From glycolysis: 2 NADH
2. From the TCA preparation step (pyruvate to acetyl-CoA): 2 NADH
3. From TCA cycle (TCA) : 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

TOTAL: 10 NADH + 2 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain
■ NADH + H+ and FADH2 enter ETC
■ Travel through complexes I – IV
■ H+ flow through ETC and eventually
attach to O2 forming water

NADH + H+ 3 ATP
FADH2 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Total ATP from Glucose
■ Anaerobic glycolysis – 2 ATP + 2 NADH
■ Aerobic metabolism – glycolysis + TCA
31 ATP from 1 glucose molecule
 Glucose Utilization
Energy
Adipose Stores Glycogen

Glucose
Pentose Glycolysis
Phosphate
Pathway

Ribose-5-phosphate Pyruvate
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
■ Secondary metabolism of glucose
■ Produces NADPH
■ Similar to NADH
■ Required for fatty acid synthesis
■ Generates essential pentoses
■ Ribose
■ Used for synthesis of nucleic acids
 Glucose Utilization
Energy
Adipose Stores Glycogen

Glucose
Pentose Glycolysis
Phosphate
Pathway

Ribose-5-phosphate Pyruvate
 Energy Storage
■ Energy from excess carbohydrates
(glucose) stored as lipids in adipose tissue
■ Acetyl-CoA (from TCA cycle) shunted to
fatty acid synthesis in times of energy
excess
■ Determined by ATP:ADP ratios
■ High ATP, acetyl-CoA goes to fatty acid synthesis
■ Low ATP, acetyl CoA enters TCA cycle to generate
MORE ATP
 Glucose Utilization
Energy
Adipose Stores Glycogen

Glycogenesis

Glucose
Pentose Glycolysis
Phosphate
Pathway

Ribose-5-phosphate Pyruvate
 Glycogenesis
■ Liver
■ 7–10% of wet weight
■ Use glycogen to export glucose to the
bloodstream when blood sugar is low
■ Glycogen stores are depleted after
approximately 24 hrs of fasting (in humans)
■ De novo synthesis of glucose for glycogen
 Glycogenesis
■ Skeletal muscle
■ 1% of wet weight
■ More muscle than liver, therefore more
glycogen in muscle, overall
■ Use glycogen (i.e., glucose) for energy only
(no export of glucose to blood)
■ Use already-made glucose for synthesis of
glycogen
 Fates of Glucose
■ Fed state Synthesis and
■ Storage as glycogen breakdown occur at
■ Liver
■ Skeletal muscle
all times
■ Storage as lipids regardless of state...
■ Adipose tissue
The relative rates of
■ Fasted state
■ Metabolized for energy
synthesis and
■ New glucose synthesized breakdown change
 Low Blood Glucose

Pancreas

Insulin Glycogen
Muscle
Proteins Broken Down Glucose released
Adipo
se
Cells
Glycerol, fatty acids released

In a fasted state, substrates for glucose synthesis

(gluconeogenesis) are released from “storage”…
 Gluconeogenesis
■ Necessary process
■ Glucose is an important fuel
■ Central nervous system
■ Red blood cells
■ Not simply a reversal of glycolysis
■ Insulin and glucagon are primary
regulators
 Gluconeogenesis
■ Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
precursors during fasting in monogastrics
▪ Glycerol
▪ Amino acids
▪ Lactate Supply carbon skeleton
▪ Pyruvate
▪ Propionate

There is no glucose synthesis from fatty acids