Ggg mental Skizofrenia & F2- Skizofrenia, Ggg F20,21,23: Skizofrenia, Ggg Skizotipal, Psikotik Akut & Sementara
Psikotik ggg yg terkait Skizotipal & Ggg Waham F22,24: ggg Waham Menetap, Ggg Waham Terinduksi
F25: Ggg Skizoafektif
F28,-29: Ggg Psikoaktif Non-organik Lainnya, atau YTT
Ggg afektif F3 - Ggg Suasana Perasaan F30-31: Episode Manik, Ggg Afektif bipolar
(Mood[Afektif]) F32-39: Episode Depresif, Ggg Depresit Berulang, Ggg Suasana
Perasaan ( Mood/Afektif)Menetap/Lainnya/YTT
Ggg neurotik & Ggg neurotik F4 – Ggg neurotik, Ggg F40-41: Ggg anxietas Fobik atau lainnya
ggg kepribadian Somatoform & Ggg terkait F42: Ggg Obsesif –Kompulsif
stres F43,45,48 Reaksi thdp Stres berat & Ggg Penyesuaian, Ggg
Somatoform, GggNeurotik lainnya
F44: Ggg Disosiatif ( Konversi)
Ggg kepribadian F5 Sindrom perilaku yg F50-55, F59: Ggg Makan, Ggg tidur, disfungsi seksual atau Ggg
& perilaku masa berhub.dgn ggg fisiologis & perilaku Lainnya
dewasa faktor fisik
F6 Ggg Kepribadian & F60-69: Ggg Kepribadian, Ggg kebiasaan & Impuls, Ggg Identitas
Perilaku Masa dewasa ata Preferensi Seksual
Ggg masa kanak, remaja & Returdasi mental F7 Retardasi Mental F70-79: Retardasi Mental
perkembangan
Ggg masa kanak, remaja & F8 Ggg Perkembangan F80-89: Ggg perkembangan
perkembangan Psikologis psikologis
F9 Ggg perilaku & emosional F90-98: Ggg hiperkinetik,
dgn Onset biasanya pd Masa Ggg Tingkah laku, ggg
Kana & Remaja Emosional atau Fungsi sosial
khas, Ggg Tic atau ggg
perilaku & emosional lainnya
Delirium, dll
Organik
Zat psikoaktif
Psikotik
Ggg.
Somatoform
Non Psikotik
Ggg. Terkait
Stress
Ggg.
Kepribadian
Demensia
Suatu sindrom akibat penyakit/gangguan otak
bersifat kronik-progresif.
Adanya gangguan fungsi luhur kortikal multipel
yaitu daya ingat, daya pikir, orientasi, daya
tangkap, berhitung, kemampuan belajar,
berbahasa, dan daya nilai (judgment).
Umumnya disertai dan ada kalanya diawali
dengan kemerosotan (deterioration) dalam
pengendalian emosi, perilaku sosial atau
motivasi hidup.
- Pada populasi lanjut usia (> 65 tahun)
3 – 30%
- demensia tipe Alzheimer meningkat 2 kali
lipat setiap pertambahan usia 5 tahun, yaitu
bila pravalensi usia 65 thn sebesar 3%, maka
usia 70 thn menjadi sebesar 6%, dst.
- Di Indonesia, tahun 2006 diperkirakan ada
1.000.000 orang dengan demensia untuk
jumlah lanjut usia 20 juta orang.
60% demensia bersifat irreversibel (tidak
dapat pulih ke kondisi semula)
25% demensia dapat dikontrol
15% demensia dapat pulih kembali
- Adanya penurunan kemampuan daya ingat
dan daya pikir yang sampai mengganggu
kegiatan harian seseorang, seperti : mandi,
berpakaian, makan, kebersihan diri, BAK, BAB.
- Tidak ada gangguan kesadaran.
- Gejala dan disabilitas sudah nyata paling
sedikit 6 bulan.
Gangguan Depresif ( F30-F39)
Delirium (F05), F05.1 Delirium, bertumpang
tindih dengan demensia
Retardasi Mental Ringan & Sedang (F70-F71)
F00 Demensia pada penyakit alzheimer (50-
60%)
F01 Demensia vaskular (20-30%)
F02.0 Demensia pada penyakit Pick
F02.1 Demensia pada penyakit Creutfeld-
Jacob
F02.2 Demensia pada penyakit Huntington
F02.3 Demensia pada penyakit parkinson
F02.4 Demensia pada penyakit HIV/AIDS
Terdapat gejala demensia.
Onset bertahap dengan detriorasi lambat.
Tidak adanya bukti klinis/temuan dari pemeriksaan
khusus yang menyatakan bahwa kondisi mental
disebabkan oleh penyakit otak atau sistemik lain yang
dapat menimbulkan demensia (hipotiroidisme,
hiperkalsemia, defvit B12, def niasin, neurosifilis,
hidrosefalus, hematoma subdural).
Tidak adanya serangan apoplektik mendadak atau
gejala neurologik kerusakan otak fokal (hermiparesis,
gangguan sensorik, defek lapang pandang).
F00.0 Demensia pada Penyakit Alzheimer Onset
Dini
- Onset usia <65 tahun
- Perkembangan gejala cepat dan progresif (deteriorasi)
- Riwayat keluarga penyakit alzheimer faktor
penyokong diagnosis tapi tidak harus terpenuhi
Bipolar I
• Bipolar I (Rapid
Cycling Mania),
terjadia jika
terjadi setidaknya
4 kali episode
mania dalam 1
tahun
Bipolar I Con’t..
• Bipolar I (Rapid
Cycling Switches),
terjadi jika
setidaknya 4 kali
perubahan
episode manik-
depresi atau
sebaliknya dalam
1 tahun.
Bipolar I Con’t..
Bipolar II
Bipolar II Con’t..
Physiologic
Bipolar ¼ (0,25)
Bipolar ½ (0,5) and
schizoaffective disorder
Bipolar I ½ (1,5)
Bipolar II ½ (2,5)
Bipolar III (3,0)
Bipolar III ½ (3,5)
Bipolar IV (4,0)
Bipolar V (5,0)
Bipolar VI (6,0)
One mood disorder often considered to
be “not quite bipolar” and sometimes
called bipolar ¼ (or 0.25) designates an
unstable form of unipolar depression
that responds sometimes rapidly but in
an unsustained manner to
antidepressants, the latter sometimes
called antidepressant “poop-out”
These patients have unstable mood but
not a formal bipolar disorder, yet can
benefit frommood-stabilizing
treatments added to robust
antidepressant treatments.
Another type of mood
disorder is called different
things by different experts,
from bipolar ½ (or 0.5) to
“schizobipolar disorder” to
“schizoaffective disorder”
Although patients with
protracted or recurrent
hypomania without
depression are not formally
diagnosed as bipolar II
disorder, they are definitely
part of the bipolar spectrum,
and may benefit from mood
stabilizers that have been
studied mostly in bipolar I
disorder
Bipolar II½ is the designation for cyclothymic
patients who develop major depressive
episodes.
Many patients with cyclothymia are just
considered “moody” and do not consult
professionals until experiencing full depressive
episodes.
It is important to recognize patients in this part
of the bipolar spectrum, because treatment of
their major depressive episodes with
antidepressant monotherapy may actually cause
increased mood cycling or even induction of a
full manic episode, just as can happen in patients
with bipolar I or II depressive episodes
Patients who develop a manic
or hypomanic episode on an
antidepressant are
sometimes called bipolar III.
According to formal
diagnostic criteria, however,
when an antidepressant
causes mania or hypomania,
the diagnosis is not bipolar
disorder, but rather,
“substance-induced mood
disorder.”
A variant of this bipolar III
disorder has been called bipolar
III½, to designate a type of
bipolar disorder associated with
substance abuse.
Although some of these patients
can utilize substances of abuse
to treat depressive episodes,
others have previously
experienced natural or drug-
induced mania and take
substances of abuse to induce
mania.
Bipolar IV disorder is the association of
depressive episodes with a pre-existing
hyperthymic temperament.
Patients with hyperthymia are often sunny,
optimistic, high-output, successful individuals
with stable temperament for years and then
suddenly collapse into a severe depression.
In such cases, it may be useful to be vigilant to
the need for more than antidepressant
monotherapy if the patient is unresponsive to
such treatment, or if the patient develops rapid
cycling or hypomanic or mixed states in
response to antidepressants
Bipolar V disorder is depression
with mixed hypomania
Formal diagnostic criteria for
mixed states require full
expression of both depression
and mania simultaneously, but
in the real world, many
depressed patients can have
additional symptoms that only
qualify as hypomania or
subsyndromal hypomania, or
even just a few manic symptoms
or only mild manic symptoms
Finally, bipolar VI disorder
represents bipolarity in the
setting of dementia, where it
can be incorrectly attributed
to the behavioral symptoms
of dementia rather than
recognized and treated as a
comorbid mood state with
mood stabilizers and even
with atypical antipsychotics.
Major
Depression
• Dystimia, lebih
ringan
dibandingkan
dengan depresi,
namun
merupakan
depresi dengan
jangka waktu
panjang
Dystimia
• Double
Depression
Episode, Terjadi
jika pasien
mengalami episode
unremmited
dystimia kemudian
anjlok menuju
episode depresi.
Double Depression
Episode
Female Gender
Depresi, Patogenesis
Genetic Positive Other biological history
berkaitan dengan
family history under investigate
faktor hormonal
Penurunan kemampuan
Predisposisi keadaan depresi: Imbalance hippocampus dalam
and/or functioning DA, SE, NE, and GABA integrase neuron secara
normal
Hormonal stress
berinteraksi dengan otak
Haloperidol 5-20 mg
Risperidone 2-8mg
Olanzapine 10-20mg
Quetiapine 200-800mg
Atipikal (SDA/APG-II)
Clozapin 150-450mg
Paliperidone 6mg
Aripiprazole 10-30mg
Indikasi : Depresi, Gangguan cemas, dll
Cara kerja : meningkatkan jumlah serotonin di neuron pasca
sinaps.
Gol. Trisiklik dan Tetrasiklik serotonergik : menghambat
reuptake neurotransmitter yang dilepaskan dari neuron
prasinaps ke celah sinaps, tetapi ambilan tsb non selektif.
SSRI selektif hanya pada neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT2)
MAOI bekerja di presinaps menghambat enzim
monoaminase yang memecah atau memetabolisme serotonin
sehingga serotonin yang dilepaskan ke celah sinaps
bertambah pasca sinaps.
SNRI Hambat ambilan serotonin dan hambat ambilan
neurotransmitter norepinepri.
Golongan Cara Kerja Nama obat Dosis per hari
obat
Trisiklik Menghambat ambilan kembali Imipramin 75-300mg
NT yg dilepaskan di celah sinaps Amitriptilin 50-300mg
tapi tidak selektif
Tetrasiklik Maproptilin 25-225mg
Mianserin 30-200mg
MAOI Menghambat enzim yg Moclobemide 300-600mg
memecah serotonin di presinap
Diazepam 6-30mg
Bromazepam 6-60mg
Lorazepam 1-4mg
Benzodiazepin
Alprazolam 750mcg-4mg
Clobazam 20-60mg
Buspiron 10-60mg