Sistim saraf sensorik

Sistem saraf sensorik menangkap perubahan

yang terjadi diluar dan didalam tubuh (
rangsangan )
• Semua aktifitas sistem saraf diawali oleh
pengalaman sensorik yang bermula pada
reseptor baik visual, audiotorik, taktil pada
permukaan tubuh maupun reseptor-reseptor
lain pada tubuh kita.
• Pengalaman sensorik ini dapat menyebabkan
reaksi langsung atau disimpan sebagai memori
diotak
 AFFEREN
• Aferen viseral: Jalur masuk bagi informasi yang berasal dari
visera (organ di dalam rongga tubuh, misalnya rongga
abdomen).
• Aferen sensorik: Masukan aferen yang berasal dari
reseptor di permukaan tubuh atau otor atau sendi biasanya
mencapai ambang kesadaran (informasi sensorik).
• Informasi sensorik:
1. sensasi somatik (sensasi tubuh) yang berasal dari
permukaan tubuh, termasuk sensasi somestetih dari kulit
dan propriosepsi dari otot, sendi, kulit, dan telinga dalam
2. sensasi khusus (indera khusus), termasuk penglihatan,
pendengaran, pengecapan, dan penciuman.
 “Rangsangan “
• Jenisnya : Mekanis, suhu, kimia, gelombang
elektromagnetik
• Lama dan waktu : pagi, malam
• Intensitas : dibawah ambang, ambang dan
diatas ambang, adekwat atau tidak adekwat
 Classification of Sensory Receptors
• General senses: somatic and visceral.
Somatic- tactile, thermal, pain, pressure and proprioceptive sensations.
Visceral- provide information about conditions within internal organs.
- example: pH. Osmolarity, O2 and CO2 levels
• Special senses- smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium or balance.

• Alternate Classifications of Sensory Receptors

– Structural classification
– Type of response to a stimulus
– Location of receptors & origin of stimuli
– Type of stimuli they detect

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Structural Classification of Receptors

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Table 15.1 pt 1
 Unencapsulated Encapsulated Nerve
vs Endings
Nerve Endings
Naked nerve endings surrounded
Free nerve endings by one or more layers

Pacinian corpuscle

skin, bones, internal organs, joints Deeper tissue, muscles

 Classification by Response to Stimuli

• Generator potential
– free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings & olfactory receptors
produce generator potentials
– when large enough, it generates a nerve impulse in a first-order neuron
• Receptor potential
– vision, hearing, equilibrium and taste receptors produce receptor potentials
– receptor cells release neurotransmitter molecules on first-order neurons
producing postsynaptic potentials
– PSP may trigger a nerve impulse
• Amplitude of potentials vary with stimulus intensity

Principles of Human Anatomy and

8
Physiology, 11e
Table 15.1 pt 2
Table 15.1 pt 3
Sensory Receptors in the Skin

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Tactile Sensations
• Include touch, pressure, vibration, itch and
tickle.
• Tactile receptors in the skin are Meissner
corpuscles, hair root plexuses, Merkel discs,
Ruffini corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, and
free nerve endings.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Sensory Receptors
• Free nerve endings (pain and
temp)
• Merkel discs (light touch)
• Root hair plexuses – entwine
hair follicles (light touch)
• Encapsulated Meissner’s
corpuscles (light touch in
hairless skin)
• Ruffini’s corpusucles (deep
pressure and stretch)
• Pacinian corpuscles (deep
pressure, vibration, visceral:
pain, nausea, hunger, fullness)

13
Berdasarkan jenisnya :
Mekanoreseptor:
– Raba kulit epidermis dan dermis :Korpuskulus meissner,
Korpuskulus Krause,diskus merkel, ujung saraf bebas Pacini
dan Ruffini

– Jarigan dalam : Ujung saraf bebas, ujung rufini, korpuskulus

pacini, ujung otot ( muscle spindel, tendon golgi )

– Pendengaran : reseptor suara dari cochlea

– Keseimbangan : reseptor vestibuler

– Tekanan arterial : reseptor baroreseptor dari sinus karotikus

dan aorta

– Vibrasi : reseptor badan pacini

• Termoreseptor :
– Dingin : korpuskuluskrause
– Panas : Ujung Ruffini
• Nosiseptor:
– Nyeri : ujung saraf bebas
• Reseptor elektromagnetik :
– Penglihatan ( batang dan kerucut )
• Kemoreseptor :
– Pengecap ( taste bud)
– Penciuman ( epitel penciuman )
 Proprioceptors

• Skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments

• Degree of stretch, therefore information on body
movement:
– to cerebrum,
– cerebellum and
– spinal reflex arcs
• Include: -Muscle spindles
-Golgi tendon organs
-Joint kinesthetic receptors

16
 Proprioceptors continued

Muscle spindles:
Intrafusal fibers – rate &
degree of stretch
Golgi tendon organs
Near muscle-tendon
junction: monitor tension
within tendons
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Monitor stretch in
synovial joints
Send info to cerebellum
and spinal reflex arcs

17
• Sebagian sensasi merupakan sensasi
gabungan , dimana persepsinya berasal dari
integrasi sentral beberapa rangsangan
sensorik yang diaktifkan secara bersamaan ,
contoh :
– Persepsi kebasahan : reseptor sentuh, tekanan
suhu
– Memegang gelas yang berisi air panas :
reseptor suhu, reseptor nyeri, reseptor taktil
• Kekuatan rangsang tercermin melalui frekuensi potensial aksi
(kode frekuensi) dan luas daerah yang terangsang (kode
populasi).
Potensial reseptor yang lebih besar tidak dapat menimbulkan
potensial aksi yang lebih besar (All-or-None)

• Semua impuls saraf dari berbagai reseptor sensorik adalah

sama. Sensasi yang dihasilkan tergantung dari daerah korteks
serebral mana yang menerima impuls tersebut.

• Pada saat yang sama ketika sensasi terbentuk, serebral korteks

menerjemahkan darimana reseptor yang terstimulasi →
seseorang dapat menunjukkan area stimulasi → PROJECTION
• Adaptasi sensorik
Bila reseptor sensorik terus menerus terstimulasi, membran
reseptor akan menjadi kurang responsif terhadap stimulus

Berdasarkan kecepatan adaptasinya, reseptor dibagi menjadi

reseptor tonik dan reseptor fasik
 JENIS RESEPTOR BERDASARKAN
KECEPATAN ADAPTASI
2 Jenis:
• Tonik : tidak adaptasi atau lambat, informasi
dipertahankan , Contoh: regang otot (panjang),
proproseptor sendi (derajat fleksi), postur,
keseimbangan, SPP = continue, potensial aksi terus
• Fasik : cepat beradaptasi, respon tidak terus menerus
tetapi ketika rangsangan dihentikan, reseptor biasanya
berespons dengan mengalami depolarisasi ringan yang
dinamai respons menurun. Untuk perubahan
intensitas, contoh taktil (sentuh) = perubahan tekanan.
Jam tangan = cepat adaptasi, lepas = respons
menurun.
Ketajaman (acuity) Sensorik
Dipengaruhi oleh :
• Ukuran reseptive field
Berbanding terbalik dengan kepadatan reseptor dan juga
berbanding terbalik dengan ketajaman (acuity) / kemampuan
diskriminatif
• ujung jari tangan: kaya saraf, medan reseptifnya kecil
•siku: ujung sensorik sedikit, medan reseptif luas.
Semakin sempit medan reseptif dalam suatu daerah, semakin
tinggi ketajaman atau kemampuan diskriminasi
• Lateral inhibition
 Reflex
• Reflex
– Any response that occurs automatically without
conscious effort
• Two types of reflexes
– Simple, or basic, reflexes
• Built-in, unlearned responses
– Acquired, or conditioned, reflexes
• Result of practice and learning
 Reflex Arc
• Neural pathway involved in accomplishing
reflex activity
• Five basic components
– Receptor
– Afferent pathway
– Integrating center
– Efferent pathway
– effector
 The Reflex Arc
 Reflex – rapid, predictable, and
involuntary responses to stimuli
 Always occur in one direction only
 Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory
neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Jenis reflex
• Reflex spinal
• Reflex cranial
• Reflex otonom
 GERAK REFLEKS
Gerak Refleks terjadi apabila rangsangan yang diterima sel
saraf sensorik disampaikan oleh neuron perantara.
Rangsangan oleh neuron perantara langsung diteruskan ke
sel saraf motorik tanpa melalui dan diterjemahkan oleh otak.
SARAF
RANGSANG RESEPTOR SEL SENSORIK PERANTARA EFEKTOR

Gerak biasa terjadi apabila rangsangan yang diterima sel

saraf sensorik kemudain diteruskan ke otak. Dari otak
kemudian diterjemakhan perintah ke sel saraf motorik untuk
melakukan gerakan. Gerakan ini diketahui atau dapat
dikontrol oleh otak. (Gb.2)

RANGSANG RESEPTOR S. SENSORIK OTAK S. MOTORIK EFEKTOR

Types of Reflexes and Regulation
 Autonomic reflexes
Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation
Examples:Secretion of Changes in
saliva eye pupil size

Slide 7.25
 Types of Reflexes and Regulation
 Somatic reflexes
Activation of skeletal muscles

2-neuron reflex arc

3-neuron reflex arc

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.25
 Reflexes
• Neural Reflexes
– Rapid, automatic responses to specific stimuli
– Basic building blocks of neural function
– One neural reflex produces one motor response
– Reflex arc:
• The wiring of a single reflex
• Beginning at receptor
• Ending at peripheral effector
• Generally opposes original stimulus (negative feedback)
 Reflexes
• Five Steps in a Neural Reflex
– Step 1: Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor:
• Physical or chemical changes
– Step 2: Activation of sensory neuron:
• Graded depolarization
– Step 3: Information processing by postsynaptic cell:
• Triggered by neurotransmitters
– Step 4: Activation of motor neuron:
• Action potential
– Step 5: Response of peripheral effector:
• Triggered by neurotransmitters
 Simple Reflex Arc

Figure 7.11b, c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.24
 Spinal Reflexes
• Merupakan reflek monosinap
• Refleks regang menyebabkan kontraksi otot rangka
sebagai respon terhadap peregangan otot
• Mekanisme umpan balik untuk mengontrol panjang
otot dengan menimbulkan kontraksi
• Dapat terjadi dengan mengetuk tendon otot
• Contoh : refleks biseps, triseps, patella, achilles
 A Stretch Reflex

Figure 8-29
 Refleks Fleksor dan Ekstensor
• Refleks Polisinaptik
• Respon terhadap rangsangan nyeri
REFLEX FLEXOR
= Reflex nociceptif
= Reflex penarikan diri (withdrawn reflex)
• Stimulus : rangsangan nyeri

REFLEX EKSTENSOR MENYILANG

• 0,2-0,5 detik sesudah timbul reflex flexor
• Terjadi ekstensi pada ekstremitas yang berlawanan
• Mekanisme neuronal : sinyal sensoris menyeberang ke
kontralateral
 A Flexor Reflex

Figure 8-30
 = Inhibitory interneuron Components of a
= Excitatory interneuron reflex arc
= Synapse
= Inhibits Receptor
= Stimulates Afferent pathway
Integrating center
Efferent pathway
Effector organs
Thermal
pain receptor
in finger
Ascending pathway
to brain
Afferent
Pathway

Stimulus

Biceps Efferent pathway

(flexor) Integrating center
contracts Triceps (spinal cord)
(extensor)
Hand relaxes
withdrawn
Effector
organs
Response
Fig. 5-31, p. 174
 Afferent
pathway Efferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway Integrating center
(spinal cord)
Flexor
muscle Flexor Extensor
contracts muscle muscle
relaxes contracts
Injured
extremity
Pain Opposite
(effector
receptor extremity
organ)
in heel (effector
Response organ)

Stimulus
Response
Cross Extensor Reflex Coupled with the Withdrawal Reflex

Fig. 5-32, p. 175

 Pain
• Primarily a protective mechanism meant to bring
a conscious awareness that tissue damage is
occurring or is about to occur
• Storage of painful experiences in memory helps
us avoid potentially harmful events in future
• Sensation of pain is accompanied by motivated
behavioral responses and emotional reactions
• Subjective perception can be influenced by other
past or present experiences
 Pain
• Presence of prostaglandins (lower nociceptors threshold for
activation) greatly enhances receptor response to noxious stimuli
• Nociceptors do not adapt to sustained or repetitive stimulation
• Three categories of nociceptors
– Mechanical nociceptors
• Respond to mechanical damage such as cutting, crushing, or
pinching
– Thermal nociceptors
• Respond to temperature extremes
– Polymodal nociceptors
• Respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli
 The Pain Pathway
Pain Perception
Brain

Dorsal Root Dorsal Horn

Ganglion

Spinal Cord

Nociceptor Gottschalk A et al. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63:1979-84.

Fields HL et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 1998:53-8.
 The Pain Response
Activation of the
Tissue Damage
Peripheral Nervous
System

Activation of the Central

Transmission of the Pain Nervous System
Signal to the Brain at the Spinal Cord Level

Pain
Samad TA et al. Nature. 2001;410:471-5.
Nyeri dibedakan atas:
Nyeri Neuropatik: Nyeri yang disebabkan oleh
lesi (kerusakan) sistem saraf.
Nyeri Nosiseptif: Nyeri yang disebabkan oleh
proses inflamasi dan kerusakan jaringan
• Nyeri cepat:
– Mekanis dan suhu
– serat A-delta: halus bermielin dengan kecepatan
hingga 30 m/dtk (jalur).
– Co: Nyeri pisau
• Nyeri lambat:
– Impuls dari nosiseptor polimodal, polimodal
diaktifkan oleh stimulus noksius berupa mekanik ,
kimia ( inflamasi) dan termal
– serat C halus tak bermielin.
– Co: sakit lambung, sakit jantung
Perbedaan neri cepat-lambat

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Contoh Nyeri lambat :
• nyeri viseral; akibat rangsangan nosiseptor
organ pd viseral spt distensi abdomen dan
iskhemia organ internal.
contoh: nyeri jantung, kolik abdomen
• Referred Pain :Pain is felt in or just deep to the
skin that overlies the stimulated organ or in a
surface area far from the stimulated organ.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Distribution of Referred Pain

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Pain
• Two best known pain neurotransmitters
– Substance P
• Activates ascending pathways that transmit nociceptive
signals to higher levels for further processing
– Glutamate
• Major excitatory neurotransmitter
• Brain has built in analgesic system
– Suppresses transmission in pain pathways as they
enter spinal cord
– Depends on presence of opiate receptors
• Endogenous opiates – endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphin
 Somatosensory (Location of pain)
cortex

Higher (Perception of pain)

Thalamus
brain

(Behavioral and
Hypothalamus emotional responses
limbic system to pain)

Brain Reticular ( Alertness)

stem formation
Noxious
stimulus

Spinal
cord

Afferent pain fiber

Substance P Nociceptor

Fig. 6-8a, p. 189

 No perception of pain
Periagueductal
To thalamus
gray matter

Opiate Reticular
receptor formation Noxious
stimulus

Endogenous opiate
Transmission
of pain
impulses to
brain blocked
Afferent pain fiber
Substance P
Nociceptor

Fig. 6-8b, p. 189

Diadaptasi buku ajar fisiologi kedokteran, K
Sembulingan
 Integrative Functions of the
Cerebrum
• Wakefulness and sleep-
• Learning and memory-
• Emotional responses

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 Wakefulness and Sleep
Role of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)
• Sleep and wakefulness are integrative functions that are controlled by the reticular
activating system
– Arousal, or awakening from a sleep, involves increased activity of the RAS.
– When the RAS is activated, the cerebral cortex is also activated and arousal
occurs.
– The result is a state of wakefulness called consciousness.

Principles of Human Anatomy and

61
Physiology, 11e
 Reticular Formation
•Widespread connections
•Arousal of the brain as
a whole
•Reticular activating
system (RAS)
•Maintains
consciousness and
alertness
•Functions in sleep and
arousal from sleep
•
Sleep
A state of altered consciousness.
• Two components: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye
movement (REM) sleep.
• NREM sleep consists of four stages:
– Stage 1- 1-7 min transitional
– Stage 2- light sleep
– Stage 3- tem and blood pressure decrease, occures about 20 minutes
after sleep
– Stage 4- deepest – sleep walking lowest brain metabolism
• Dreaming occurs during REM sleep
• Triggers for sleep are unclear
– adenosine levels increase with brain activity
– adenosine levels inhibit activity in RAS
– caffeine prevents adenosine from inhibiting RAS

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Comparison of Slow-Wave and Paradoxical Sleep
 Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
• Stage 1
– person is drifting off with eyes
closed (first few minutes)
• Stage 2
– fragments of dreams
– eyes may roll from side to side
• Stage 3
– very relaxed, moderately deep
– 20 minutes, body temperature
& BP have dropped
• Stage 4 = deep sleep
– bed-wetting & sleep walking

Principles of Human Anatomy and

65
Physiology, 11e
 Memory
• Storage of acquired knowledge for later recall
• Memory trace
– Neural change responsible for retention or storage of
knowledge
• Short-term memory
– Lasts for seconds to hours
• Long-term memory
– Retained for days to years
• Consolidation
– Process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into
long-term memory stores
• Working memory
– Temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information
relevant to a current mental task
Comparison of Long-Term and Short-Term Memory
 Learning & Memory
Stimulus

Sensory organs
perception
Sensory Memory
(millisecond-1)
attention
Short-Term Memory
repetition Working Memory forgetting
(< 1 minute)

Long-Term Memory
( days, months, years)