DAN PENATALAKSANAAN
Jazil Karimi
Blok 10, 2020
BAHASAN
-DIFINISI
-EPIDEMIOLOGI
-DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI
-PATOGENESIS
-PENATALAKSANAAN
- EPIDEMIOLOGI
-DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI
-PATOGENESIS
-PENATALAKSANAAN
WHO (2000)
DI DUNIA: TH 2000 (USIA >20 TH) 150 JUTA
TH 2025 300 JUTA
10.2 %
RIAU TERMASUK 12 PROPINSI > RERATA NASIONAL ( 5.7 %)
RIAU NO 3 TERTINGGI SETELAH KAL-BAR & MALUKU UTARA.
Note:
PREVALENSI OBESITAS PADA MCU- RSAA 2007-2008 :
Diagnosis banding DM :
1. Hiperglikemi reaktif
2. Toleransi glukosa terganggu (TGT = IGT)
3. Gula darah puasa terganggu (GPT = IFG)
2 dan 3 = pre diabetes
Klasifikasi diabetes mellitus
1.DM tipe 1 : kerusakan sel beta karena sebab (a)
imunologis (b) idiopatik
2. DM tipe 2 : karena resistensi insulin yang dominan
(dengan defisiensi insulin relatif) sampai
gangguan sekresi sel beta dengan resistensi
insulin ( > 95% DARI SELURUH KASUS)
75
Post-
Post-
prandial
prandial
50 Hypergly-
Hypergly-
cemia
cemia
IGT
IGT T2
T2 DM
DM T2DM
T2DM phase
phase III
III
25 phase
phase II T2DM
T2DM
phase
phase IIII
0
-12
-12 –10
–10 -6
-6 -2
-2 00 22 66 10
10 14
14
Years
Years from
from Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Lebovitz H. Diabetes Review 1999;7:139-53
2. SEL ALFA PANKREAS
Sel alfa berfungsi memproduksi Glukagon, dalam keadaan
puasa kadarnya meningkat berperan hapatic glucose
production meningkat signifikan.
Obat yang berperan menghambat reseptor glukagon :
GLP1 agonis, DPP-4 inhibitor
Major Pathophysiologic Defects in
Type 2 Diabetes ( 3 CORE DEFECTS)
Islet-Cell Dysfunction
Glucagon
(alpha cell)
Pancreas
Insulin Insulin
(beta cell) resistance
Hepatic
glucose Glucose uptake
output
Hyperglycemia
1. Kahn CR et al. In: Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus. 14th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:145–168.
3. SEL LEMAK
Sel lemak yang risisten thd antilipolisis dari insulin proses
lipolisis meningkat Asam Lemak Bebas (FFA=Free Fatty
Acid) meningkat meningkatkan resistensi insulin di liver
dan otot, dgn meningkatnya glukoneogenesis di hati dan
uptake glukosa oleh sel otot menurun; juga mengganggu
sekresi insulin.
Gangguan akibat peningkatan FFA tersebut di sebut
LIPOTOXICITY. Dan obat yang berperan adalah TZD
4. SEL OTOT
Resistensi insulin pada sel otot menimbulkan gangguan
fosforilasi tirosin Gangguan transport glukosa kedalam sel
otot, sintesis glikogen menurun, oksidasi glukosa menurun.
Obat yang berkerja: Metformin dan Tiazolidindion (TZD)
5.LIVER
Resistensi insulin memicu produksi hepatik glukoneogenesis
meningkat, Metformin berperan menekan glukoneogenesis
Pathogenesis
b-cell Of Type 2 DM Insulin
dysfunction resistance
VLDL
Increased
Gluconeo
genesis lipolysis
+ Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Plasma
Plasma
+ FFA
FFA
TNF-a,leptin
TNF-a,leptin
-
decreased
Increased hepatc glucose
glucose uptake
uptake
glucose output Adipose
Adipose tissue
tissue
(Obesity)
(Obesity)
-
Islet b-cell
Islet b-cell degranulation;
degranulation;
Reduced
Reduced insulin
insulin content
content decreased
Increased hepatc glucose
glucose uptake
uptake
glucose output Adipose
Adipose tissue
tissue
Reduced plasma (Obesity)
(Obesity)
insulin
• Receptor:
Quantity / function
• Post-receptor: (the most)
Translocation of GLUT
Synthesis of GLUT
ADA. Consensus Development on Insulin Resistance. 1997
Normal Insulin Signalling
Tyrosine
Nuclear
Insulin Resistance
XX X X
X Serine
X X X
X X
Nuclear
6. USUS
Glukosa yang ditelan memicu respon sekresi insulin lebih
besar dibanding bila diberikan secara intravena, dikenal sbg
efek inkretin, yang diperankan oleh 2 hormon yaitu :
GLP-1 ( Glukagon Like Polypeptide-1) dan GIP.
Pada DMT2 terdapat defisiensi GLP-1 dan resistensi terhadap
GIP.
Inkretin akan segera di non aktifkan oleh enzim DPP-4
sehingga hanya bekerja dalam beberapa menit,
Obat yang bekerja menghambat DPP-4 adalah
kelompok DPP-4 inhibitor.
Saluran cerna juga berperan menyerap glukosa
• melalui kinerja enzim Alfa-Glukokinase yang berperan
memecah Polisakarida menjadi monosakarida diserap oleh
usus dan berdampak peningkatan mendadak Glukosa darah
setelah makan, berdampak thp peningkatan Variabilitas
Glukosa (VG)
• VG berdampak besar thp timbulnya Stres Oksidatif vs KGD
puasa.
• Obat yang berperan menghambat kinerja enzim tersebut
adalah Akarbose yang di makan bersamaan dengan makanan
suap pertama.
7. Ginjal
Ginjal memfiltrasi sekitar 163 gram glukosa sehari.
• Sebanyak 90 % akan diserap kembali oleh tubulus
proksimalis melalu kinerja SGLT-2 ( Sodium Glucose Co-
Transforter) sedangkan sisanya 10 % akan di reabsorpsi pada
tubulus desenden dan asenden oleh kinerja SGLT-1. Sehingga
tidak terjadi glukosuria .
• Pada DMT2 terjadi peningkatan kinerja SGLT-2
• hiperglikemia.
• Obat yang menghambat SGLT-2 adalah SGLT-2 inhibitor,
seperti Dapagliflosin
BAHASAN
-DIFINISI
-EPIDEMIOLOGI
-DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI
-PATOGENESIS
-PENATALAKSANAAN
Target Kompetensi GP: 4 utk DM tanpa komplikasi
Management of Hyperglycemia in
Type 2 Diabetes :
A Patient- Centered Approach
5 PILAR TERAPI DIABETES
Obat
ObatTeratur
Teratur 4
Edukasi Berulang
Kemauan
Perubahan
Diet Olah
OlahRaga
RagaTeratur
Teratur
DietSeimbang
Seimbang Aktivitas
AktivitasFisik
Fisik
2
PENATALAKSANAAN
1.NON FARMAKOLOGIS :
- EDUKASI
- PERUBAHAN GAYA HIDUP
(PERENCANAAN MAKAN, OLAH RAGA
DAN BANYAK BERGERAK)
prediabetes diabetes
Acute gucose
fluctuations PPG FPG
from peak to nadir
Glycemic variability
Chronic hyperglycemia
Diabetic complications
- JANGKA PANJANG
MENGHINDAR/ MENUNDA KOMPLIKASI KRONIS,
TIDAK REVERSIBEL, PROGRESIF, MEMERLUKAN BIAYA
BESAR, SRESS DAN PENDERITAAN SEPANJANG SISA
HIDUP.
UPAYA PREVENTIF
HASIL PENELITIAN SKALA BESAR UKPDS (INGGERIS 1977-97):
PADA SAAT DITEGAKKAN DIADNOSIS DM, TERNYATA FUNGSI
SEL BETA PANKREAS SUDAH RUSAK > 50%,
BAHKAN SUDAH TERJADI KOMPLIKASI KRONIS IRREVERSIBEL.
Belum pasti
Non DM DM
DM
Gula Darah Darah Vena <100 100-199 ≥200
Sewaktu Darah Kapiler <90 90-199 ≥200
(mg/dL)
Gula Darah Darah Vena <100 100-125 ≥126
Puasa
Darah Kapiler <90 90-99 ≥100
(mg/dL)
Catatan:
Pada kelompok risiko tinggi dengan hasil lab normal, Lakukan pemeriksaan
setiap tahun. Untuk kelompok usia > 45 thn tanpa faktor risiko, pemeriksaan
dilakukan setiap tiga tahun.
RUMUS BROCCA
BBI = ( TB (cm) – 100 ) kg
kalori basal
Batasi
semaksimal
mungkin
Nonton Televisi,
3 - 5 KALI SEMINGGU
REKREASI
LATIHAN AEROBIK
30 + MENIT
20 + MENIT
Sepak bola, bola basket, tenis,
Jalan cepat, loncat tali, bersepeda, senam aerobik/SKJ, bela diri,
berenang, naik gunung
SETIAP HARI
Berjalan kakilah ke toko, bekerja di
Bila di kantor atau pertokoan (SEBANYAK MUNGKIN)
gunakanlah tangga lebih banyak kebun, parkirlah kendaraan ditempat
daripada elevator atau lift jauh, buatlah langkah-langkah ekstra
Kreatiflah selalu dalam tiap hari
menemukan berbagai
cara agar tetap aktif
Indonesian Ministry of Health 2012
PENATALAKSANAAN
FARMAKOLOGIS:
-PARADIGMA BARU
DIMULAI MONOTERAPI DENGAN OBAT INSULINE SENSITIZER
( METFORMIN), BERSAMAAN DGN PERUBAHAN GAYA HIDUP ( DIET,
AKTIVITAS FISIK DAN OLAH RAGA) SELAMA 3 BULAN.
Tier 2:
Less well validated Lifestyle +
therapies Metformin Lifestyle +
+ Pioglitazone Metformin
No hypoglycaemia + Pioglitazone
Oedema/CHF + Sulfonylurea
Bone loss
Lifestyle +
metformin Lifestyle +
+ GLP-1 agonist metformin
No hypoglycaemia + Basal insulin
Weight loss
Nausea/vomiting 59
Nathan DM, et al. Diabetes Care 2009;32 193-203.
Target Pengobatan
Risiko CVD Risiko CVD
(-) (+)
IMT (kg/m2) 18.5 – <23 18.5 – <23
Glukosa Darah
• GDP (mg/dL) <100 <100
Lipid
Total Kolesterol (mg/dL) <200 <200
Biguanides Thiazolidinediones
Increase glucose uptake Decrease lipolysis in
and decreases hepatic adipose tissue, increase
glucose production glucose uptake in skeletal
muscle and decrease
glucose production in liver
Sulfonylureas
Increase insulin secretion
from pancreatic -cells
-glucosidase inhibitors
Delay intestinal carbohydrate
Glinides absorption
Increase insulin secretion
from pancreatic -cells
GLUCOSE
PRODUCTION PERIPHERAL
GLUCOSE UPTAKE
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones
Thiazolidinediones
Biguanides
Hyperglycemia
PANCREAS
INTESTINE
10
9
HbA1c Goal
8
7
Mean HbA1c 6
of patients Duration of Diabetes
Conventional Earlier and more
stepwise aggressive intervention
OAD=oral antidiabetic agent. treatment approach approach
1. Adapted with permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd from Del Prato S et al. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59(11):1345–1355. Copyright © 2005.
CHOICE OF AGENTS IN CURRENT USE
Glipizide
Acarbose
Gliclazide
Miglitol
Glimepiride
Sulphonylureas Voglibose
Glibenclamide
Meglitinides
Rosiglitazone Repaglinide
Pioglitazone Nateglinide
INSULIN
The Basal/Basal Plus strategy for T2DM
Oral agents
Lifestyle changes
Levemir
---- NovoRapid
Inadequate
+ 1 OAD + 2 OAD + 3 OAD
Lifestyle
INITIATE INSULIN
Greater HbA1c, Greater Contribution of FPG
Most insulin is
initiated when
HbA1c >8.5 %
100
30%
% contribution to HbA1c
40
70%
55% 60%
50%
20
30%
0
<7.3 7.3–8.4 8.5–9.2 9.3–10.2 >10.2
Start Titrate
Once daily injection, anytime injection but in same time per each day
Continue regimen; check HbA1c every 3 If FBG in target range, check BG before lunch, dinner, and bed.
months Depending on BG Results, add second injection
(can usually begin with ~4 units and adjust by 2 units every 3 days until BG in range)
Pre-lunch BG out of range: add rapid-acting Pre-dinner BG out of range: add NPH insulin at Pre-bed BG out of range: add rapid-acting
insulin at breakfast breakfast or rapid-acting insulin at lunch insulin at dinner
Continue regimen; check HbA1c Recheck pre-meal BG level and if out of range, may need to add another injection; if HbA 1c continues to be out of range, check 2-hr
every 3 months postprandial levels and adjust preprandial rapid-acting insulin
Initiating and Adjusting Insulin
Continue regimen; check HbA1c every 3 If FBG in target range, check BG before lunch, dinner, and bed.
months Depending on BG Results, add second injection
(can usually begin with ~4 units and adjust by 2 units every 3 days until BG in range)
Pre-lunch BG out of range: add rapid-acting Pre-dinner BG out of range: add NPH insulin at Pre-bed BG out of range: add rapid-acting
insulin at breakfast breakfast or rapid-acting insulin at lunch insulin at dinner
Continue regimen; check HbA1c Recheck pre-meal BG level and if out of range, may need to add another injection; if HbA 1c continues to be out of range, check 2-hr
every 3 months postprandial levels and adjust preprandial rapid-acting insulin
How to titrate prandial insulin?
80-130 0
> 130 +1
400
T2DM
Plasma glucose (mg/dl)
300
15 T2DM
Profile
200
Hyperglycaemia due to an increase in fasting glucose
100
Normal
Meal Meal Meal
0
• Giving insulin earlier to reach glycemic targets are now being encouraged by
leading institutions such as ADA and EASD
• Starting with basal insulin after metformin to reach better glycemic control.
Insulin detemir is a long acting insulin and has better profile in terms of duration
of action, efficacy, safety, predictability with neutral weight gain
• Basal bolus therapy is an ideal treatment option for diabetes management
because provide optimal PPG, FPG, HbA1C control, but has a limitation with 4
times injection daily.
• Insulin aspart is an rapid acting insulin, has better profile than human insulin,
flexible, can be used for broad range of patients
• Insulin treatment should be titrated and tailor made to reach individual target
KONTROL DM OPTIMAL,
BUKAN HANYA MENCAPAI KONTROL KGD
TETAPI……HINDARI HIPOGLIKEMIA
HIPOGLIKEMIA
The aims of Diabetes Treatment