• Diabetes adalah penyakit kronis yang umum, prevalensinya meningkat pesat. Diperkirakan mempengaruhi
sekitar 4,6 juta orang di Inggris dan diperkirakan pada tahun 2025, lebih dari 5 juta orang di Inggris akan
didiagnosis diabetes.
• Di Indonesia, berdasarkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2018, memperlihatkan peningkatan
angka prevalensi Diabetes yang cukup signifikan, yaitu dari 6,9% di tahun 2013 menjadi 8,5% di tahun 2018.
• Kaki diabetik adalah masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama, didorong oleh komplikasi diabetes
(neuropati, penyakit pembuluh darah perifer, kelainan bentuk kaki, dan fungsi leukosit yang abnormal), yang
dapat menyebabkan amputasi kaki
• Secara global, diperkirakan amputasi tungkai bawah 10 - 20 kali lebih sering terjadi pada penderita diabetes
dibandingkan dengan non diabetes.
Hinchliffe RJ, Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, Fitridge R, Hong JP, et al. Guidelines on diagnosis, prognosis, and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers and diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res
Rev. 2020;36(S1):1–12.
Dewi F, Hinchliffe RJ. Foot complications in patients with diabetes. Surg (United Kingdom). 2020;38(2):108–13.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Laporan Nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Kementrian Kesehat RI. 2018;1–582.
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
DEFINISI
Marina CN, Danciu R, Raducu L, Scaunasu R, Jecan C, Florescu P. The surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. J Clin Investig
Surg. 2019;4(2):96–100.
Reardon R, Simring D, Kim B, Mortensen J, Williams D, Leslie A. The diabetic foot ulcer. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(5):250–5.
ETIOLOGI
Neuropati Peripheral
diabetes Vacular Disease
Infeksi
• Sensorik • Staphylococcus
• Motorik • Streptococcus
• Otonom • Pseudomonas
• Enterococcus
• Bacteroides
Salutini E, Brocco E, Da Ros R, Monge L, Uccioli L, Anichini R. The Complexity of Diabetic Foot Management: From Common Care to Best Practice. The Italian Expert Opinion by Delphi Survey. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2020;19(1):34–43.
Freitas F, Winter M, Cieslinski J, Tasca Ribeiro VS, Tuon FF. Risk factors for plantar foot ulcer recurrence in patients with diabetes – A prospective pilot study. J Tissue Viability [Internet]. 2020;29(2):135–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2020.02.001
KLASIFIKASI WAGNER - MEGGIT
Derajat Lesi
Monteiro-Soares M, Boyko EJ, Jeffcoate W, Mills JL, Russell D, Morbach S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer classifications: A critical review.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(S1):1–16.
Kahaleh B, Mulligan-Kehoe MJ. Mechanisms of vascular disease. Scleroderma: From Pathogenesis to Comprehensive Management. 2012.
227–246 p.
PEDIS
Kahaleh B, Mulligan-Kehoe MJ. Mechanisms of vascular disease. Scleroderma: From Pathogenesis to Comprehensive Management. 2012. 227–246 p.
Pavelina Mihaela ANDREI CI-T. the Pathophysiology of Peripheral Artery Disease. Proc Rom Acad, Ser B. 2020;22(1):15–8.
Jayakumar A, Radhakrishnan EK. Nanotechnological approaches to manage diabetic foot ulcer. Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. 2020. 135–150 p.
WIFI
PATOFISIOLOGI
Gangguan neuropati
dan angiopati
Hiperglikemia
(microvascular dan
macrovascular)
Perubahan distribusi
Rentan Infeksi
tekanan telapak kaki
Sulit penyembuhan
Ulkus
luka
Stadium Fontaine
Stadium Gejala dan Tanda Klinis
II Claudicatio intermitten
Jayakumar A, Radhakrishnan EK. Nanotechnological approaches to manage diabetic foot ulcer. Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. 2020. 135–150 p.
Ghareeb AG, Alqahtani MA, Asiri KH, Alamoodi AA. Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prognosis and Management. 2020;11(3):104–7.
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
• Pemeriksaan pulsasi merupakan hal terpenting dalam pemeriksaan vaskuler pada penderita
penyakit oklusi arteri pada ekstremitas bagian bawah. Pulsasi arteri femoralis, arteri poplitea,
dorsalis pedis, tibialis posterior
• Ankle brachial index (ABI) merupakan pemeriksaan non-invasif untuk mengetahui adanya
obstruksi di vaskuler perifer bawah.
• ABI dihitung berdasarkan rasio tekanan sistolik ankle dibagi tekanan sistolik brachial.
• Dalam kondisi normal, ABI adalah >0,9,
• ABI 0,71–0,90 terjadi iskemia ringan,
• ABI 0,41–0,70 telah terjadi obstruksi vaskuler sedang
• ABI 0,00–0,40 telah terjadi obstruksi vaskuler berat.
Jayakumar A, Radhakrishnan EK. Nanotechnological approaches to manage diabetic foot ulcer. Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. 2020. 135–150 p.
Ghareeb AG, Alqahtani MA, Asiri KH, Alamoodi AA. Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prognosis and Management. 2020;11(3):104–7.
Neuropatik Iskemik
Sepsis
Jayakumar A, Radhakrishnan EK. Nanotechnological approaches to manage diabetic foot ulcer. Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. 2020. 135–150 p.
Grace, Pierce dan Borley Neil. At A Glance. Ilmu Bedah, Edisi ke 3. Jakarta : Erlangga
PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
• Lab :
• CBC (Complete Blood Count)
• Pemeriksaan gula darah
• Fungsi ginjal
• Elektrolit
• Pemeriksaan foto polos radiologis
Ghareeb AG, Alqahtani MA, Asiri KH, Alamoodi AA. Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prognosis and
Management. 2020;11(3):104–7.
TATA LAKSANA
Penanganan Perawatan
Off-loading Debridement
Komorbiditas Luka
moist wound healing
Eleftheriadou I, Samakidou G, Tentolouris A, Papanas N, Tentolouris N. Nonpharmacological Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: An Update. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2020;153473462096356.
Lázaro-Martinez JL, Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Ahluwaila R, Baker N, Ríos-Ruh J, Rivera-San Martin G, et al. Debridement and the Diabetic Foot. Foot note Spec issue [Internet]. 2019;1–10. Available from:
OFF-LOADING
Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Appraising Standard of Care and Reviewing New Trends in Management. Am J
Clin Dermatol [Internet]. 2020;21(2):255–64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00495-x
TEKNIK DEBRIDEMENT
• Tindakan Endovaskular
• Angioplasti Transluminal Perkutaneus (ATP)
• Atherectomy
Evaluation V. Algorithms for Diabetic Foot Care Methods of Vascular Evaluation – Detecting Peripheral Artery Disease. 2020;
TINDAKAN BEDAH
Intervensi bedah pada kaki diabetika dapat digolongkan menjadi empat kelas
II
I (elektif) III (kuratif)
(profilaktif)
IV
(emergency)
Evaluation V. Algorithms for Diabetic Foot Care Methods of Vascular Evaluation – Detecting Peripheral Artery Disease. 2020;
Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Appraising Standard of Care and Reviewing New Trends in Management. Am J Clin Dermatol [Internet]. 2020;21(2):255–64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00495-x
AMPUTASI YANG DILAKUKAN PADA
DIABETES
Evaluation V. Algorithms for Diabetic Foot Care Methods of Vascular Evaluation – Detecting Peripheral Artery Disease. 2020;
Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Appraising Standard of Care and Reviewing New Trends in Management. Am J Clin Dermatol [Internet]. 2020;21(2):255–64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00495-x
PENCEGAHAN
• Hinchliffe RJ, Forsythe RO, Apelqvist J, Boyko EJ, Fitridge R, Hong JP, et al. Guidelines on diagnosis, prognosis, and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers and diabetes
(IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(S1):1–12.
• Dewi F, Hinchliffe RJ. Foot complications in patients with diabetes. Surg (United Kingdom). 2020;38(2):108–13.
• Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Laporan Nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Kementrian Kesehat RI. 2018;1–582.
• Salutini E, Brocco E, Da Ros R, Monge L, Uccioli L, Anichini R. The Complexity of Diabetic Foot Management: From Common Care to Best Practice. The Italian Expert Opinion by Delphi Survey. Int J
Low Extrem Wounds. 2020;19(1):34–43.
• Ahluwalia R, Vainieri E, Tam J, Sait S, Sinha A, Manu CA, et al. Surgical Diabetic Foot Debridement: Improving Training and Practice Utilizing the Traffic Light Principle. Int J Low Extrem Wounds.
2019;18(3):279–86.
• Marina CN, Danciu R, Raducu L, Scaunasu R, Jecan C, Florescu P. The surgical treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. J Clin Investig Surg. 2019;4(2):96–100.
• Reardon R, Simring D, Kim B, Mortensen J, Williams D, Leslie A. The diabetic foot ulcer. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(5):250–5.
• Freitas F, Winter M, Cieslinski J, Tasca Ribeiro VS, Tuon FF. Risk factors for plantar foot ulcer recurrence in patients with diabetes – A prospective pilot study. J Tissue Viability [Internet]. 2020;29(2):135–
7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2020.02.001
• Monteiro-Soares M, Boyko EJ, Jeffcoate W, Mills JL, Russell D, Morbach S, et al. Diabetic foot ulcer classifications: A critical review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(S1):1–16.
• Kahaleh B, Mulligan-Kehoe MJ. Mechanisms of vascular disease. Scleroderma: From Pathogenesis to Comprehensive Management. 2012. 227–246 p.
• Pavelina Mihaela ANDREI CI-T. the Pathophysiology of Peripheral Artery Disease. Proc Rom Acad, Ser B. 2020;22(1):15–8.
• Jayakumar A, Radhakrishnan EK. Nanotechnological approaches to manage diabetic foot ulcer. Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. 2020. 135–150 p.
• Ghareeb AG, Alqahtani MA, Asiri KH, Alamoodi AA. Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prognosis and Management. 2020;11(3):104–7.
• Evaluation V. Algorithms for Diabetic Foot Care Methods of Vascular Evaluation – Detecting Peripheral Artery Disease. 2020;
• Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Appraising Standard of Care and Reviewing New Trends in Management. Am J Clin Dermatol [Internet]. 2020;21(2):255–64. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-019-00495-x
• Eleftheriadou I, Samakidou G, Tentolouris A, Papanas N, Tentolouris N. Nonpharmacological Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: An Update. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2020;153473462096356.
• Lázaro-Martinez JL, Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Ahluwaila R, Baker N, Ríos-Ruh J, Rivera-San Martin G, et al. Debridement and the Diabetic Foot. Foot note Spec issue [Internet]. 2019;1–10. Available from:
https://goo.gl/wM2A4r