Food Safety Measures dan Food Quality Measures yang harus bisa diuji
Kontaminan Kimia
Analisis Komposisi Kimia Pangan
ya
al,
Analisis Mikrobiologi Pangan
• Analisis Fisik
• Analisis Sensori
• Analisis Kimia
• Analisis Mikrobiologi
ANALISIS FISIK
• UKURAN
• WARNA
• Sistem Munsell (Hue/Value/Chroma), Sistem Hunter (L,a,b),
dan Sistem CIE (Commission International de L’Eclairage)
dengan pengukuran diffuse reflection
• KILAP
• Karakteristik permukaan produk (pengukuran specular
diffusion)
• KELAINAN
• Kelainan karena genetik-fisiologik, entomologik, patologik,
mekanik, dan karena terdapatnya bahan asing
• KEKENTALAN
• Menunjukkan konsistensi suatu cairan (sari buah, kecap,
jem, jeli, minyak, sirop, dsb.) Peralatan/Instrumen: Ostwald
Viscosimeter, Bostwick Consistometer, Brookfield Visco-
meter, Stormer Viscosimeter, dsb.)
• KEKERASAN/KELUNAKAN/KELEMBUTAN
• Instrumen: Penetrometer, Instron Texturometer, Gel Tester,
Fruit Pressure Tester, Steven LFRA Texturometer, dsb.)
• Menentukan karakteristik
sensori yang sesuai untuk
konsumen
• Mengetahui kesukaan/ke-
tidaksukaan konsumen
• Mengetahui derajat pene-
rimaan konsumen
• Mengetahui kepekaan kon-
sumen
• Merancang produk dengan
karakteristik sensori yang
sesuai
KLASIFIKASI UJI SENSORI
• ANALITIK • ANALITIK-DESKRIPTIF
• ATTRIBUTE RATING
• ANALITIK-DISKRIMINATIF
• UJI DESKRIPTIF
• UJI PEMBEDAAN
• Perbandingan-Berpasangan
• Duo-Trio
• AFEKTIF
• Segitiga
• Penerimaan-Berpasangan
• Ranking
• Ranking
• Pembedaan Nilai
• Penilaian (Hedonik)
• UJI KEPEKAAN
• Ambang Batas
• Pengenceran
ANALISIS KIMIA
• ANALISIS KOMPOSISI
• Analisis proksimat: air, protein, lemak, abu, karbohidrat,
serat kasar
• Analisis komponen pangan
• ANALISIS ZAT GIZI
• ANALISIS BAHAN TAMBAHAN MAKANAN
• ANALISIS TOKSIN DAN RESIDU KIMIA
• ANALISIS SPESIFIK
• TBA (thiobarbituric acid), bilangan peroksida, bilangan iod,
AOM (active oxygen method), karbonil, dsb.
ANALISIS MIKROBIOLOGI
Structure
• Macrostructure: Visible to naked eye (color, curd pieces)
• Microstructure: 0.1–100 m range (protein matrix, fat globules)
• Ultrastructure: Nanometer range (casein micelles and submicelles)
Biological Properties
• Growth of microorganisms (starter bacteria, mold)
• Metabolic processes and products (enzymes, peptides)
Composition
Structure
Biological Properties
Digestion
• Microwave oven digestion, with acids such as nitric or sulfuric, for
solubilizing and oxidizing organic compounds to obtain free ions.
Digestion by microwave is faster than the classical wet digestion.
• UV photolysis digestion, with hydrogen peroxide, for degrading organic
compounds with hydroxyl radicals to obtain free ions. Small amounts of
reagents are required, but digestion time is longer.
Membrane
• Microfiltration or ultrafiltration, based on size exclusion. Polymer
membranes are often used for separation.
• Dialysis, based on ionic charge and size exclusion. Cellulose
membranes are typically used.
Solvent
• Solvent extraction, for dissolving compounds of interest.
• Pressurized fluid extraction, at the near-supercritical region, where
extraction is faster and more efficient.
• Supercritical fluid extraction, above the critical pressure and
temperature of carbon dioxide, which is nontoxic and nonpolluting.
Extraction is completed in minutes instead of hours, and thermal
degradation is reduced.
• Microwave-assisted extraction, usually requiring15 mL solvent,10 min
extraction time, and no elevated pressure.
Sorbent
• Solid-phase extraction and microextraction, where analytes are held by
sorbents such as silica or polymers, and then solubilized and eluted.
Headspace
• Purge and trap (or dynamic headspace), in which the analyte is flushed
from a liquid or gaseous sample and concentrated in a cryogenic trap.
• Adsorbent trap, where a synthetic porous polymer adsorbs a gas which
is then desorbed.
Application of Techniques
Chromatographic Techniques
•Gas Chromatography (GC)
•High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
•Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC)
Spectroscopic Techniques
•UV, Vis, and Fluorescence
•Infrared (IR)
•Raman
•Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission
•Mass Spectrometry (MS)
•Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and
•Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
•Other Spectroscopic Techniques
Application of Techniques
Physical Techniques
•Electrochemical
•Electrophoresis
•Flavor and Odor
•Particle Analysis
•Rheology and Texture
•Structure
•Thermal Properties
Biological Techniques
•Enzyme and Microbial Sensors
•Immunosensors