BIMBEL UKDI MANTAP
dr. Andreas W Wicaksono
dr. Anindya K Zahra
dr. Arius Suwondo
dr. M. Dzulfikar Lingga Q M
dr. Marika Suwondo
Algorhythm
Patient Assesment
• Level of consciousness
• Spontaneous effort vs apneu
• Airway and cervical spine injury
• Chest expansion
• Sign of airway obstruction
• Signs of respiratorry distress
• Protective airway reflexes
Airway and C – Spine control
Pasien Berbicara Lancar ‐>
Trauma Maksilofasial airway baik
Adakah patensi jalan
Problem Airway Trauma Leher nafas ?
Look : Agitasi, penkes,
Trauma Laryngeal retraksi, otot bantu nafas
Listen : suara nafas abnormal
Feel : lokasi trakea
Crowing • sound of laryngeal spasm.
Expiratory wheeze • obstruction of the lower airway.
Pengelolaan Jalan Nafas NPA
Oksigenasi dan pasang pulse oxymetri
Bersihkan jalan nafas dari corpal, suctioning
Dapat teroksigenasi Definitif airway
NO surgical
Assess airway anatomy ‐> Call assistance
LEMON Difficult or Awake Intubation
Intubation – drug – assistance intubation
Cricoid pressure
unsuccesfull
Consider adjunct ‐> GEB/LMA/LTA
Definitif arway
surgical
Opening the Airway – Triple Airway
Maneuver
• Slightly extend neck
(when cervival spine
injury not suspected)
• Elevated mandible
• Open mouth
Head Position
Oropharingeal Airway
• Digunakan untuk ventilasi sementara pada pasien yang tidak
sadar sementara intubasi pasien sedang disiapkan
• Tidak boleh digunakan pada pasien yang sadar karena dapat
menyebabkan sumbatan, muntah dan aspirasi.
Nasopharingeal Airway
• Prosedur ini digunakan apabila pasien terangsang untuk
muntah pada penggunaan OPA
Laryngeal Mask Airway
• Digunakan untuk pertolongan dengan airway yang sulit untuk
intubasi endotracheal atau bag mask gagal. Ingat LMA bukan
definitif
Laryngeal Tube Airway
• Suatu alat airway diluar glotis untuk memberi ventilasi pasien
dengan baik.
Gum Elatic Bougie
• Diikenal dengan nama Eschmann tracheal tube introducer
(ETTI)
Multilumen Esophageal Airway
• Dapat dihunakan apabila airway definit belum dapat
dilakukan.
• Alat ini memiliki lubang udara yang mengarah ke saluran
nafas . Sedangkan lubang lain mengarah ke esofagus.
Orotracheal Tube
Nasotracheal Tube
Airway definitif Airway surgical :
Krikotiroidotomi
Trakheostomi
Cricothyroidotomy Tracheostomy
Bronchus Primarius
Bronchoscopy
• Apply face mask
– Oro/naso‐pharyngeal
airway adjuncts
– Mouth opening
– Hand positioning
• Elevate mandible and chin
• Resuscitation bag
compression – volume and
frequency
Single‐Hand Method of Facemask
Application
• Base of mask placed
over chin and mouth
opened
• Apex of mask over
nose
• Mandible elevated,
neck hyperextend (no
cervical injury), and
downward pressure by
mask hand
Two‐Hand Method of Facemask
Application
Inadequate Mask‐to‐Face Seal
• Identify leak
• Reposition face mask
• Improve seal along
cheeks
• Slightly increase
downward pressure over
face or neck extension if
no cervical injury
• Use two hand technique
TemporoMandibular Joint Dislocation
(Locked Jaw)
Type :
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Superior
Unilateral /
Bilateral
The patient is unable to close the mouth and may have garbled speech,
drooling and in pain .
A depression may be noted in the preauricular area. Palpation of the TMJ
reveals one or both of the condyles trapped in front of the articular eminence
and spasm of the muscles of mastication.
In addition, the coronoid process of the mandible becomes prominent and
palpable just below the maxilla
Treatment depends on
patient status and varies
from simple reduction to
surgical intervention.
Manual closed Reduction (Classic)
Barton bandage
• Application of a Barton bandage
after reduction.
• Apply warm compresses to the TMJ
area for 24 hours
• Avoid extreme opening of the jaw
for three weeks. In some patients,
placement of a padded rigid cervical
collar.
• Support the lower jaw when
yawning.
• Maintain a soft diet for one week.
• Take nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory
agents (eg ibuprofen 10 mg/kg orally
every six hours as needed, maximum
single dose : 800 mg) as needed for
pain and swelling.
Brain Death
Shock – Definition
A physiological state characterized by a
significant, systemic reduction in tissue
perfusion, resulting in decreased tissue oxygen
delivery and insufficient removal of cellular
metabolic products, resulting in tissue injury.
Classification of Shock
Hypovolemic Cardiogenic
Obstructive Distributive
Pathophysiology
Preload
Afterload Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Contractility
O2 Content Cardiac
Resistance
Output
x x
• DO2 = CO x CaO2
• CaO2= (Hb x sat x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.003)
Pathophysiology
Shock CO SVR
End organ Metabolic
dysfunction: dysfunction:
reduced urine
output acidosis
altered mental
status
altered metabolic
poor peripheral demands
perfusion
Therapy
• Goal : pengangkutan O2 &↓ kebutuhan O2
• Cara : O2, cairan, kontrol suhu, antibiotik, koreksi kelainan
metabolik, Inotropik
• Airway : intubasi & kontrol ventilasi
• Breathing :
– Awal : O2 100 %, monitor saturasi
• Sirkulasi
Akses IV scr cepat.
Intra osseus: anak 4 – 6 th
Kateter vena sentral
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
Perkiraan Kehilangan Darah
Kelas I Kelas II Kelas III Kelas IV
Kehilangan darah <750 750‐1500 1500‐2000 >2000
(mL)*
Kehilangan darah <15% 15‐30% 30‐40% >40%
(% volume darah)
Nadi <100 >100 >120 >140
Tekanan darah Normal Normal Menurun Menurun
Tekanan nadi Normal atau naik Menurun Menurun Menurun
Frekuensi nafas 14‐20 20‐30 30‐40 >35
Produksi urin >30 20‐30 5‐15 Tidak berarti
(ml/jam)
Status mental Sedikit cemas Agak cemas Cemas, bingung Bingung, letargis
Penggantian Kristaloid Kristaloid Kristaloid dan Kristaloid dan
cairan darah darah
*) untuk laki‐laki dengan berat badan 70kg
Estimated Blood Volume (EBV)
• Laki –laki = 75 cc/kgBB (70‐75 cc/KgBB)
• Perempuan = 65 cc/kgBB
• Infant = 80 cc/kgBB
• Neonatus = 85 cc/kgBB
• Premature neonatus = 96 cc/kgBB
Therapy ‐ Hypovolemic
PRINSIP TERAPI : CAIRAN
TUJUAN
• VOL. INTRAVASKULER TERCUKUPI
• KOREKSI ASIDOSIS METABOLIK
• OBATI PENYEBAB
REASSES PERFUSI, UO, TANDA VITAL
PILIHAN :
• KRISTALOID ISOTONIK : 20 CC/KG SCR CEPAT BILA FUNGSI
JANTUNG NORMAL
• NS DAPAT MENYEBABKAN ASIDOSIS HIPERCHLOREMIK
IV fluids
Crystalloid solutions (isotonic)
• Both 0.9% saline and RL are equally effective
• RL may be preferred in hemorrhagic shock because it
somewhat minimizes acidosis and will not cause
hyperchloremia.
• For patients with acute brain injury, 0.9% saline is preferred.
Colloid solutions (eg, HES, albumin, dextrans)
• also effective for volume replacement during major
hemorrhage.
• offer NO major advantage over crystalloid solutions, and
albumin has been associated with poorer outcomes in patients
with traumatic brain injury.
Sumber: Merck Manuals
IV Fluids Composition
nd
E point and Monitoring
The actual end point of fluid therapy in shock is normalization
of DO2
Adequate end‐organ perfusion is best indicated by urine
output of > 0.5 to 1 mL/kg/h
Central Venous Pressure
• is the pressure in the superior vena cava, reflecting right ventricular end‐
diastolic pressure or preload.
• Normal CVP: 2 to 7 mm Hg (3 to 9 cm H2O)
• CVP > 12 to 15 mm Hg : fluid administration risks fluid overload
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
Therapy ‐ Cardiogenic
• Terapi Inisial Dg. Pemberian Cairan
DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK
Distributive Shock
• Inflammatory mediators disruption of cellular
metabolism peripheral vasodilation
decreased PVR
• Etiology
– Anaphylaxis
– Septic
– Neurogenic
• Sign & symptoms
– Febrile, tachycardia, clear lungs, warm extremities,
flat neck veins, oliguria
Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylactic shock
• a type of distributive shock, which involves the immune system
(Hurst, 2008)
Type 1 hypersensitivity
• antigen binds to IgE antibodies on mast cells, which leads to
degranulation of the mast cells
Sign & symptoms
• itching, hives, and swelling
• circulatory collapse (vasodilatation)
• suffocation (bronchial and tracheal swelling)
Hipersensitivity reactions
Figure 12‐2
Management
Anaphylactic Shock
1. Administer oxygen.
2. Maintain an adequate airway.
3. Remove the allergen that caused the reaction.
4. Administer epinephrine (0.3 to 0.5 mL of a 1:1.000 solution
IM/SC or 0.3 to 0.5 mL of a 1:10.000 solution IV).
5. Initiale fluid therapy early with normal saline to maintain an
MAP ≥ 70 mm Hg or a systolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg.
6. Administer vasopressor agents if crystalloid therapy is
inadequate for maintaining CO.
7. Consider other pharmacologic treatments: antihistamines,
bronchodilators, and corticosteroids are other options.
8. Perform cardiac monitoring.
9. Observe for a possible second‐phase reaction.
Epinephrine in Anaphylactic
Neurogenic Shock
Neurogenic shock is the rarest form of shock.
*systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or MAP<65 mmHg
OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK
Obstructive Shock
CO↓akibat OBSTRUKSI FISIK terhadap ALIRAN DARAH
KOMPENSASI →SVR ↑
PENYEBAB :
• TAMPONADE PERIKARD
• TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
• CRITICAL COARCTASIO AORTA
• STENOSIS AORTA
TERAPI
• CAIRAN
• ATASI PENYEBAB
START
Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment
• TRIASE
– proses pemilihan pasien berdasarkan beratnya kondisi
pasien
• Terdiri dari 4 prioritas penanganan:
– Merah immediate care/life‐threatening
– Kuning urgent care/can delay up to 1 hour
– Hijau delayed care/can delay up to 3 hours
– Hitam dead/no care required
RPM
respirasi, perfusi, mental
‐ Semua proses evaluasi
dalam START harus
dilakukan dalam waktu
kurang dari 60 detik.
Acid Base Regulation
Keterangan: angka normal analisis gas darah (arteri): pH: 7,35-7,45 ; PCO2: 35-45 mmHg ; HCO3: 22-26 mmol/L.
Gangguan Asam Basa
Gangguan asam pH PCO2 HCO3 Penyebab umum
basa
Asidosis respiratorik jika PPOK, asma, ARDS
terkompensasi
Alkalosis respiratorik jika Hiperventilasi,
terkompensasi sepsis
Asidosis metabolik jika Dehidrasi berat,
terkompensasi DM, gagal ginjal,
starving, Diare
Alkalosis metabolik jika Muntah
terkompensasi
Tanda
Terkompensasi
(sebagian/sepe
nuhnya)
ditandai dgn
ARAH panah
yang SAMA
Antara PaCO2
dengan HCO3
CO Poisoning
Cyanide Poisoning
Sources
• Naturally in foods (some fruits, lima beans, SINGKONG)
• Cyanide salts used in industry
• Produced in smoke of burning plastics/synthetics, electroplating,
metal polishing
Mechanism
• Inhibits cellular respiration
• Tissue cannot utilize O2
• “Arterialization” of venous blood
Characteristics
• Smells like “almonds”
Cyanide inhibit cellular respiration
Clinical Effects of Cyanide
• Headache • Hypertension,
• Dizziness bradycardia
• Seizures • Hypotension, later in
• Coma course
• Cardiovascular
collapse
CNS Cardiovascular
• Dyspnea • Nausea, vomiting
• Tachypnea • Caustic effects
• Pulmonary edema
• Apnea
Pulmonary Gastrointestinal
Cyanide Diagnosis
• Clinical picture : sweet almond breath
• Lactic acidosis
• ABG:
– metabolic acidosis
ABG sample
Treatment
• Remove from source
• Oxygen
• Cyanide antidote kit:
– Amyl nitrite perle until IV established
– Sodium Nitrite (300mg IV)
• Peds: 0.33 ml/kg of 10% solution)
– Sodium Thiosulfate (12.5gm IV)
• Peds: 1.65 ml/kg of 25% solution
Djengkolic Acid Poisoning
Sources
• JENGKOL bean
Mechanism
• poor solubility under acidic conditions
• the amino acid precipitates into crystals
• mechanical irritation of the renal tubules and urinary tract
Characteristics
• abdominal discomfort, loin pains, severe colic, nausea,
vomiting, dysuria, gross hematuria, and oliguria, occurring 2 to
6 hours after the beans were ingested.
Djengkolic Acid Poisoning
Supporting examination
• Urine analysis erythrocytes, epithelial
cells, protein, and the needle‐like crystals of
djenkolic acid.
Treatment
• Hydration to increase urine flow
• Alkalinization of urine by sodium
bicarbonate.
Organophosphate Poisoning
Sources
• Insecticides, herbicides
Mechanism
• Inhibit acethylcholinesterase
• ACh accumulates throughout the nervous system
• Overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
Characteristics
• SLUD + GEM
Organophosphate Poisoning
Sign and Symptom
• + GEM
• G : Gastrointestinal
• E : Emesis
• M : Miosis
Atropine
Competitive inhibitor at autonomic postganglionic cholinergic receptors (GI &
pulmonary smooth muscle, exocrine glands, heart, and eye)
“The main concern with OP toxicity is respiratory failure from
excessive airway secretions. The endpoint for atropinization
is dried pulmonary secretions and adequate oxygenation.
Tachycardia and mydriasis must not be used to limit or to stop
subsequent doses of atropine.”
Opiates Intoxication
• Antidote for Opiate Intoxication:
NALOXONE
Dosage
Adult: As hydrochloride: 0.4‐2 mg repeated if necessary at 2‐3 min intervals. If there is no
response after a total of 10 mg has been given, consider the possibility of overdosage with
other drugs. Reduce dose for opioid‐dependent patients: 0.1‐0.2 mg. IM/SC routes may be
used (at IV doses) if IV admin is not feasible.
Child: As hydrochloride: Initially 10 mcg/kg IV followed by 100 mcg/kg IV if necessary.
Alternatively, 0.4‐0.8 mg IM or SC, repeated as necessary, if IV admin is not feasible.
Parenteral
Amphetamine Intoxication
Management
• Airway Management
• Gastrointestinal decontamination : activated
charcoal and gastric lavage
• Psychomotor agitation : lorazepam 2 mg IV or
Diazepam 2 mg IV
• Hyperthermia : ice packs and evaporative cooling
• Hypertension : Anti HT such as nitroprusside
• Seizure : diazepam IV
Arsenic Toxicity
Management
• Decontamination
– Skin Decontamination
– Gastrointestinal decontamination : nasogastric
suction, and administer activated charcoal
• Fluids – Administer intravenous fluids to maintain
adequate urine flow.
• Monitoring – Patients should have continuous
cardiac monitoring. Additionally, fluid and
electrolyte balance should be monitored.
• Chelation – Dimercaprol and DMSA
Methanol Toxicity
• Methanol
– wood alcohol
– organic solvent that, because of its toxicity, can
cause metabolic acidosis, neurologic sequelae,
and even death, when ingested
• Complication
– Visual loss (optic nerve damage)
– Metabolic acidosis
– Movement disorder (damage in putamen >>)
Therapy
Therapy
• Hemodialysis can easily remove methanol and
formic acid.
Mercury Poisoning
• Sensory disturbance
– peripheral neuropathy paresthesia, itching,
burning
• Visual field constriction
• Ataxia
• Cognitive decline
• Bizarre behavior
– excessive shyness or aggression
• Tremor
• Gingivitis
• Acrodynia
• Neuropsychiatric
– emotional lability or subtle performance
decline
• Death
Mercury Poisoning
Congenital Minamata Disease:
CP, MR, seizure
Management
• Chelating agent
– Penicillamine is given at doses of 500 mg PO every six
hours for five days, often in combination with
pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in doses of 10 to 25 mg/day.
– DMPS is administered according to the following
regimen: 250 mg intramuscular (IM) or intravenous
(IV) every four hours on day 1, 250 mg IM or IV every
six hours on day 2, and 250 mg IM or IV every six to
eight hours for days 3 to 5. DMPS is not approved for
use in the United States.
– DMSA is given at a dose of 10 mg/kg PO every eight
hours for five days.
Botulinum Toxin
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Management
Benzodiazepines IV are used to control psychomotor agitation, seizure , DT and
prevent progression to more severe withdrawal.
(DOC : Diazepam, lorazepam, or chlordiazepoxide)
Volume deficits replacement, isotonic intravenous fluid can be infused rapidly until
patients are clinically euvolemic
Deficiencies of glucose, potassium, magnesium, and phosphate should be
corrected as needed.
Patients being treated for moderate or severe alcohol withdrawal must be closely
monitored (vital signs, pulse oximetry, fluid status, and neurological function) and
may require admission to an intensive care unit (ICU).
BEDAH
Surgery
BIMBEL UKDI MANTAP
NEURO SURGERY
Epidural Hemorrhage
>>a. meningea media, temporo parietal,
biconvex/lenticular, lucid interval
Epidural Hemorrhage
Signs and Symptoms :
Biconvex / lenticular
Subdural Hemorrhage
Bridging vein, semilunar
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Aneurisma, AVM
Thunderclap headache, Muntah, stiff neck, meningeal
irritation, confusion / penkes
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Parenkim otak
Brain trauma atau spontan pada hemorrhagic stroke.
CT‐Scan
MRI
Specific for
Soft Tissue
Brain Herniation
Brain Herniation
Supratentorial herniation
• Subfalcine (Cingulate) herniation
• Central herniation
• Transtentorial lateral (Uncal) herniation
• Transcalvarial herniation
Infratentorial herniation
• Upward cerebellar herniation
• Downward cerebellar (Tonsillar) herniation
Uncal herniation
• Herniation of the medial temporal lobe inferiorly through
the tentorial notch
Clinical triad associated with uncal herniation :
– Dilated pupil ipsilateral
– Hemiplegia contralateral
– Coma
• compressed ipsilateral to herniation: hemiplegia will be on
the contralateral side of the body (axons decussate at
pyramidal decussation)
compressed contralateral to herniation: If the herniation is
very severe, the contralateral cerebral peduncle may be
compressed by the opposite side of the tentorial notch
leading to an ipsilateral (to the herniation) hemiplegia
(Kernohan's phenomenon).
Glasgow Comma Score
• Motor response 2
• Motor response 3
CEDERA KEPALA
ATLS
Anterior Skull • Posterior frontal sinus, roof of ethmoid,
cribriform, and orbital roof, sphenoid
Base Fracture bone
Middle Skull • Temporal bone
Base Fracture
Posterior Skull • Clivus occipital, condylar occipital
Base Fracture
Clinical sign :
• Presentation with anterior cranial fossa fractures is with CSF rhinorrhea
and bruising around the eyes "raccoon eyes."
• Patients with fractures of the petrous temporal bone present with CSF
otorrhea and bruising over the mastoids “Battle sign. “
• Longitudinal temporal bone fractures result in ossicular chain disruption
and conductive deafness of greater than 30 dB that lasts longer than 6‐7
weeks.
• Transverse temporal bone fractures involve the VIII cranial nerve and the
labyrinth, resulting in nystagmus, ataxia, and permanent neural hearing
loss.
• Tanda CSF leak:
– Glucose (+)
– Halo sign (+)
– Beta‐2‐transferrin (+) highly specific to CSF, not present
in plasma, nasal secretion, tear, saliva, or other fluid.
THORAX AND CARDIOVASCULAR
SURGERY
Trauma Algorythm
Trauma Thorax
“PRIMARY SURVEY” – Mengancam Jiwa
• Pneumotoraks terbuka
Breathing • Pneumotoraks tension
• “Flail Chest”
• Hematoraks masif
Circulation • Tamponade kordis
Hematothorax
Definition :
accumulation of blood
in pleural cavity
• Simple
• Massive :
> 1.5litres blood on
chest drainage or >
200cc blood/ hour on
drainage
Etiology
• Trauma : ruptur arteri di dinding thorax
ataupun internal organ di thorax
– A. thoracica interna and it’s branches
– A. intercostalis
– A. bronchialis
Physical Exam
• Sign : dyspneu
Definition :
accumulation of air
or gas in pleural
cavity
Classification
• Spontan (primer dan sekunder) and Trauma
• Open and Closed
• Simple and Tension
Physical Exam
• Sign : Dyspneu, subcutis emfisem
• Etiology : blunt trauma,
spontaneous rupture of
pleurae air leakage to
pleural cavity
• Can developed into
Tension Pneumothorax
• Tx : Chest Tube
Tension Pneumothorax
• Clinical sign :
• Himpitan vena cava
• Shock
• JVP ↑
• Himpitan paru
kontra lateral
• distress nafas
• deviasi trakhea
• Tx :
– Neddle
thoracostomy
(decompression)
– Chest tube
Tension Pneumothorax
Needle Thoracostomy
Location :
SIC II / III Linea
Midclavicula
Flail Chest
• Fraktur costae segmental, multipel,
berurutan
• Severe respiratory distress
• Paradoxal movement
• Asymmetrical and uncoordinated chest wall
movement
• Crepitation on palpation
• Pain>>>>
Flail Chest
Management
• ABCDE
• Adequate ventilation, oxygenation,
analgesia
Chest X‐Ray
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
• Nama lain : Peripheral Artery
Occlusive Disease (PAOD),
Peripheral Artery Disease
(PAD), Peripheral Vascular
Disease (PVD)
• Definisi : gangguan aliran
darah akibat penyempitan
atau kerusakan pembuluh
darah perifer (selain
pembuluh darah koroner dan
pembuluh darah otak)
• Etiologi : aterosklerosis (>>>),
non‐aterosklerosis
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
• Penyebab Aterosklerosis
– Faktor risiko yang tidak dapat dimodifikasi
• Usia tua
• Laki‐laki
• Faktor genetik
– Faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi
• Mayor : merokok, hipertensi, diabetes mellitus,
dislipidemia
• Minor : obesitas, hiperhomosisteinemia, hiperkoagulasi,
gaya hidup dan kepribadian, kurang olahraga
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
• Penyebab Non‐aterosklerosis
– Raynaud’s syndrome
– Buerger’s disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)
– Vasculitis
• Large‐vessel vasculitis = Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal
Arteritis), Takayasu’s Disease
• Medium‐vessel vasculitis = Polyarteritis Nodosa,
Kawasaki’s Disease, Behcet’s Disease, Cogan’s Syndrome,
• Small‐vessel vasculitis = Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic
Antibody‐associated Vasculitidies, Vasculitis Associated
with Connective Tissue Diseases
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
• Penyebab Non‐aterosklerosis (con’t)
– Heritable arteriopathies
• Cystic Medial Necrosis
• Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
• Arteria Magna Syndrome
– Congenital Conditions Affecting the Arteries
• Persistent Sciatic Artery
• Popliteal Entrapment Syndromes
• Adventitial Cystic Disease
– Peripheral Artery Aneurysms
• Femoral Artery Aneurysms
• Popliteal Artery Aneursyms
Claudicatio Intermitten
• Definition : pain in
calf region during
exercise (walking)
cause narrowing of
vessel due to
atherosclerotic
plaque (e.c Peripheral
Artery Disease)
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
• Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)
– Membandingkan tekanan sistolik arteri dorsalis
pedis dan arteri tibialis posterior (dipilih nilai yang
tertinggi) dengan tekanan sistolik arteri brachialis
– Nilai normai ABI = 0,9 ‐ 1,3
– Nilai ABI < 0,9 gangguan aliran darah
• ABI < 0,9 risiko mortalitas cardiovascular meningkat
3‐6 kali
– Nilai ABI > 1,3 pengerasan (kalsifikasi)
pembuluh darah
Penyakit Oklusi Arteri Perifer
• Sumbatan arteri pada ekstremitas bawah apabila
terus dan progresif critical limb ischemia (CLI)
• Tanda dan gejala CLI =
– Nyeri hebat dan menetap saat istirahat (rest pain)
– Pucat saat ekstremitas bawah dielevasikan
– Gangguan trofik dingin, kulit kering dan mudah
lepas, hiperkeratosis plantar, atrofi ujung jari, kuku
menebal
– Ulkus
– Iskemia yang meluas hingga ke seluruh ekstremitas
bawah
Critical Limb Ischemia
Tatalaksana PAD ‐ Revaskularisasi
• Prosedur endovaskular (angioplasti, stenting),
• Pembedahan (bypass, profundoplasty),
simpatektomi
Acute Limb Ischemia
• 5 P Pain, Pallor, Pulseless,
Paresthesia, Paralysis
• Chronic Limb ischemia ada
kolateralisasi, Acute Limb
ischemia tidak ada / sedikit
kolateralisasi, kurang bisa
menolerir iskemia
• Etiologi tromboembolism
(atrial fibrilasi, valvular
leaflets, riwayat bypass atau
stent placement)
Acute Limb Ischemia
Acute Limb Ischemia
I, IIA revaskularisasi dengan trombolitik
IIB revaskularisasi dengan intervensi operatif
Thromboangitis Obliterans
• Also called as “Buerger Disease”
• Male, 20‐40 y.o
• An acute inflammation and trombosis of
vessel on peripeheral region (foot and hand)
that associate with smoking.
• Symptom : claudicatio intermitten
Raynaud Phenomenon
• May appear as a component of other
conditions.
• Causes:
– connective tissue diseases (scleroderma & SLE)
– arterial occlusive disorders.
– carpal tunnel syndrome,
– thermal or vibration injury.
• Pale > Cyanosis > Redness
• Aggrevated with cold
Raynaud’s
Phenomenon vs
Syndrome
• Vasospastic disorder causing
discoloration of the fingers, toes,
and occasionally other areas.
– Raynaud's disease ("Primary
Raynaud's phenomenon") →
idiopathic
– Raynaud's syndrome
(secondary Raynaud's), →
commonly connective tissue
disorders such as Systemic
lupus erythematosus
Takayashu
Deep Vein Thrombosis
(Trias Virchow)
Deep Vein Thrombosis
• Leg swelling
• Pain of the affected leg
• Erythema or discolored skin of
the affected leg
• Warmth of the affected leg skin
• Leg fatigue
The Depth of
Etiology
skin burn
Size and extent of
the burn wound
Burn Injury
prick test (+)
Superficial Partial
Thickness Burn (IIa)
Deep Partial
Thickness Burn (IIb)
Full Thickness Burn
(III)
Total Body
Surface Area
To estimate scattered burns: patient's
palm surface = 1% total body surface
Parkland formula = baxter formula area
Indikasi Rawat Inap
Alis mata dan bulu hidung hangus
Adanya timbunan karbon dan tanda peradangan akut orofaring
Sputum yang mengandung karbon/arang
Suara serak
Riwayat gangguan mengunyah dan/atau terkurung dalam api
Luka bakar kepala dan badan akibat ledakan
Secure airway (pembebasan jalan nafas)
Labio‐Gnato‐Palato Schisis
The Neonatal Period
• Surgical Repair
– Cleft Lip
• In US ‐ “the rule of tens” ‐ 10 wks, 10 lbs, Hgb 10
• Lip adhesion vs baby plates
– Cleft Palate
• Varies from 6‐18 months ‐ most around 10 mo
• Early repair may lead to midface retrusion
• Early repair improves speech
PEDIATRIC SURGERY
Urachal Abnormalities
Urachal anomalies
are due to failure of complete obliteration of the lumen during gestation.
Presenting symptoms :
Umbilical drainage or a mass and/or pain due to infection. The umbilical
drainage may be clear, serous, purulent, or bloody.
Urachal abnormalities are a frequent concern in newborns with umbilical
drainage that persists beyond a few weeks.
A patent urachus or urachal sinus can appear as a dimple or indentation in
the base of the umbilicus.
In general, symptomatic urachal remnants should be treated with surgical
excision. This should include complete excision of the urachus from the
umbilicus to the dome of the bladder.
If the urachal disorder presents with an infection, the infection is treated
first. This requires antibiotics, possible admission for intravenous antibiotics,
and occasional surgical drainage of any infected cyst or poorly draining cavity.
Hirschprung Disease
• Kelainan kongenital akibat kegagalan
migrasi krista neuralis ke colon.
• Tidak terbentuk sel ganglionik pd
plexus myentericus (Auerbach) dan
plexus submucosal (Meissner)
• 80% rectosigmoid
• Klinis :
– Delayed meconium (>24h)
– Abdominal distention
– Bilous vomiting
– Severe diarrhea alternating with
constipation
• Dx :
– Barium enema
– Rectal biopsy
– Anorectal manometry
Sign and Symptoms
• Symptoms may recur after previously
resolving with laxatives, or feeding
changes.
• Digital Rectal examination may
demonstrate a tight anal sphincter
and explosive discharge of stool and
gas.
‐ Frog‐like abdomen
‐ Darm contour
‐ Darm steifung
‐ Metallic sound
Radiographic Features
• Imaging can help diagnose • Contrast barium enema radiographs,
Hirschsprung’s disease. A plain After the dilation process begins, the
abdominal radiograph may show diseased portion of the colon will
a dilated small bowel or proximal appear normal and the more proximal
colon (no air in the rectum) colon will be dilated. A “transition zone”
(the point where the normal bowel
becomes aganglionic) may be visible on
a contrast enema radiograph
Atresia Esophageal
• The first sign of esophageal atresia in the fetus may be polyhydramnios in
the mother.
• Prematurity has also been associated with esophageal atresia.
• Classically, presents with copious, fine, white, frothy bubbles of mucus in
the mouth and, sometimes, the nose.
• The infant may have rattling respirations and episodes of coughing, choking
and cyanosis, may be exaggerated during feeding.
Diagnosis
• (A) Diagnosis of esophageal atresia is confirmed when a 10‐gauge
(French) catheter cannot be passed beyond 10 cm from the gums.
• (B) A smaller‐caliber tube is not used because it may curl up in the upper
esophageal segment, giving a false impression of esophageal continuity.
• The normal distance to an infant's gastric cardia is approximately 17 cm
chest radiographs should be obtained to confirm the position of the tube. The
radiograph should include the entire abdomen. In patients with esophageal
atresia, air in the stomach confirms the presence of a distal fistula, and the
presence of bowel gas rules out duodenal atresia
The Gasless Abdomen
• Absence of gas in the
abdomen suggests that
the patient has either
atresia without a fistula
or atresia with a
proximal fistula only
Hypertrophy Pyloric Stenosis
• Hipertrofi m.sphincter pylorus
• Stenosis > canalis pyloricus
• Klinis :
– Muntah proyektil, bile free,
bolus+gastric juice
– Baby looks hungry
– Palpable mass (olive)
• Dx :
– Plain photo (Single bubble sign)
– Barium meal / OMD (Umbrella sign)
• Komplikasi : dehidrasi & aspirasi
• Tx :
– Non surgery : resusitasi cairan
– Surgery : pyloromyotomy
HPS
• Typical presentation is onset of non‐bilious vomiting at 1‐12 weeks of age
(3‐4 weeks), becomes more predictable, occurring at nearly every feeding.
• Vomiting intensity also increases until pathognomonic projectile vomiting
ensues
• Slight hematemesis of either bright‐red flecks or a coffee‐ground
appearance is sometimes observed.
• Persistent hunger, weight loss, dehydration, lethargy, and infrequent or
absent bowel movements may be seen. Stomach wall peristalsis may be
visible.
• An enlarged pylorus, classically described as an "olive," can be palpated in
the right upper quadrant or epigastrium of the abdomen in 60‐80% of
infants
• Pre‐operative management is directed at correcting the fluid deficiency
and electrolyte imbalance.
Radiographic Features
Single Bubble sign Umbrella sign/String Sign
(Plain Photo) (Barium Meal)
Atresia / Stenosis Duodeni
• Atresia: complete
obstruction; stenosis:
partial obstruction
• Lokasi tersering di
duodenum pars
horizontal
• Symptom: regurgitasi &
vomit (bilous vomit)
• Dx : (double bubble)
– Plain photo In approximately 80% of affected
neonates, the site of duodenal atresia is
– Barium meal / OMD postampullary, so that the patient may
present with bilious vomiting.
Double bubble Sign
• Plain film radiograph
“Double bubble” Sign Barium meal / OMD
(gas‐filled stomach and duodenum
dilatation with no distal gas)
• Without abdominal distension
Intestinal Obstruction
(jejunoileal obstruction)
Classic signs of patients with jejunoileal atresia :
• Bilious vomit
• Abdominal distention (in distal atresia)
• Jaundice (32%) which is characteristically due to indirect
hyperbilirubinemia
• Failure to pass meconium in the first 24 hours (rule out Hirschsprung
disease; passage of meconium does not rule out intestinal atresia)
• Abdominal distention is most evident in cases of ileal atresias, in which it
is diffuse, as opposed to proximal jejunal atresias, in which the upper
abdomen is distended and the lower abdomen is scaphoid.
• Intestinal loops and their peristalsis may be seen through the thin
abdominal wall of newborns.
Atresia Jejunum
• Triple bubble sign
• With abdominal
distension
• No gas in pelvic
cavity
Anorectal
Malformations
• The resulting malformations range from
isolated imperforate anus to persistent cloaca.
• Atresia ani (imperforate anus) is a congenital abnormality characterized by
persistence of the anal membrane resulting in a thin membrane covering
the normal anal canal or is the failure of the anal membrane to break
down (Noden and Lahunta 1985)
• If, after 24 hours, there is no meconium on the perineum, we recommend
performing a cross‐table lateral x‐ray with the baby in knee chest (prone)
position.
useful in determining the
level of atresia
Klasifikasi
• Menurut Berdon, membagi atresia ani berdasarkan tinggi rendahnya
kelainan, yakni :
~ Atresia ani letak tinggi : bagian distal rectum berakhir di atas muskulus
levator ani (jarak > 1,5 cm dengan kulit luar)
~ Atresia ani letak rendah : bagian distal rectum melewati musculus
levator ani (jarak < 1,5cm dari kulit luar)
• Menurut Stephen, membagi atresia ani
berdasarkan pada garis pubococcygeal :
~ Atresia ani letak tinggi : bagian distal rectum
terletak di atas garis pubococcygeal.
~ Atresia ani letak rendah: bagian distal rectum
terletak di bawah garis pubococcygeal.
“high” supralevator lesions are typically associated
with fistulas
Intussusception
(Invagination)
• Invagination of a proximal portion of intestine (intussusceptum) into a
more distal portion (intussuscipiens), is one of the most common causes
of bowel obstruction in infants and toddlers.
• > 80% involves the ileocecal region.
• Occur in children less than one year of age, with a peak incidence
of between 6‐10 months. (>> 9 months)
TRIAS :
• Colicky & Cramping abdominal pain
• Bilious vomiting
• Mucous‐red “currant jelly stools”
Physical Exam :
• Palpable abdominal mass
(Sausage Appearance)
• Dance ‘s sign
Radiographic Features Intussusception
USG :
• Target or doughnut sign (Transverse cross section)
• Sandwich sign, pseudokidney sign (Longitudinal
section)
Pseudokidney sign
Barium Enema : Cupping sign
(as a diagnostic) or therapeutic (non‐
operative reduction)
Volvulus
• Volvulus of the intestine, the twisting of a segment of intestine on its
mesentery, can be a primary pathology or secondary to malrotation of the
intestine. Clinical presentations vary from acute abdominal emergency
requiring immediate surgical intervention to insidious history of colicky
abdominal pain.
• Volvulus of the small intestine is commonly associated with abnormality
of intestinal rotation and fixation. This is due to failure of fixation and
narrow mesenteric base which allow volvulus to occur. Midgut volvulus
can lead to irreversible intestinal necrosis, which is potentially fatal.
• Large bowel volvulus on the other hand is rare in children; it usually
occurs as a result of redundant sigmoid colon and affects mainly adults.
• Up to 80% of patients present in the first month of life (20% of patients
present after the first year of life) and in this age group the cardinal
symptom is bile (green) vomiting due to duodenal obstruction through
midgut volvulus.
• Pain, irritability, and other non‐specific symptoms (anorexia or nausea was
noted) are more common in toddlers and older children.
• The coffee‐bean sign (also known as bent inner tube sign) is a sign on an
abdominal plain film.
• This thick 'inner wall' represents the double wall thickness of opposed
loops of bowel, with thinner outer walls due single thickness.
TERIMA KASIH