Disusun oleh:
Pembimbing:
Sumber:
[1] Mathew P, Thoppil D. Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2022 Jan 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534841/
[2] American Diabetes Association., Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41 Suppl 1:S55–S64
ETIOLOGI
Sumber:
[1] Mathew P, Thoppil D. Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2022 Jan 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534841/
ETIOLOGI
Orang dengan diabetes:[1,3]
• Pasien DM dalam pengobatan dengan meglitinide, sulfonylurea atau insulin.
• Obat DM diberikan pada waktu makan yang tidak tepat
• Pasien salah atau berlebih dalam menggunakan insulin
• Lebih aktif dari biasanya
• Minum alcohol tanpa makan
• Makan makanan tidak seimbang (serat, protein atau lemak)
• Tidak makan cukup karbohidrat
Sumber:
[1] Mathew P, Thoppil D. Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2022 Jan 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534841/
[3] Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Siliman G, et al. Hypoglycemia: a review of definitions used in clinical trials evaluating antihyperglycemic drugs for diabetes. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5448700/) Clin Epidemiol. 2017;9:291-6. Accessed 3/26/2021.
ETIOLOGI
Tanpa diabetes:[3,4]
• Obat-obatan obat quinin (qualaquin) untuk malaria
• Minum alcohol berlebih
• Pasien dengan penyakit kronis
• Kelaparan jangka panjang
• Produksi insulin berlebih insulinoma
• Defisiensi hormone
Sumber:
[3] Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Siliman G, et al. Hypoglycemia: a review of definitions used in clinical trials evaluating antihyperglycemic drugs for diabetes. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5448700/) Clin Epidemiol. 2017;9:291-6. Accessed 3/26/2021.
[4] Koch CA, Petersenn S. Black swans - neuroendocrine tumors of rare locations. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018 Jun;19(2):111-121.
KLASIFIKASI[2,5]
Level Kriteria Glikemik
Level 1 (Hipoglikemia) ≤70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/L) Pengobatan dengan karbohidrat
kerja cepat dan penyesuaian
dosis terapi penurun glukosa
Level 2 (Hipoglikemia yang <54 mg/dl (3.0 mmol/L) Menunjukkan hipoglikemia
signifikan dari segi klinis) yang serius dan penting secara
klinis
Level 3 (Hipoglikemia berat) Ambang batas glukosa spesifik Terjadi gangguan kognitif berat
membutuhkan bantuan
eksternal untuk pemulihan
Sumber:
[2] American Diabetes Association., Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41 Suppl 1:S55–S64
[5] International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0 mmol/l (54 mg/dl) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for
the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(1):3–6.
Manifestasi Klinis
Sumber:
[6] Shukla L, Reddy S, Kulkarni G, Chand PK, Murthy P. Alcohol Dependence, Hypoglycemia, and Transient Movement Disorders. Prim Care Companion
CNS Disord. 2019 Jan 03;21(1)
American Diabetes Association
merekomendasikan “15-15 rule”.[2]
Penatalaksaan
Hipoglikemia
Sumber:
[2] American Diabetes Association., Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41 Suppl 1:S55–S64
Penatalaksaan Hipoglikemia
Penatalaksaan pada hipoglikemia berat:[7,8,9,10]
• Hentikan obat-obat antidiabetes dan insulin
• Pemberian glukosa parenteral IV (25 gr bolus dekstrosa 40%), infus dekstrosa 5% atau 10% jika
diperlukan.
• Periksa glukosa darah tiap 10-15 menit dengan target > 70 mg/dL
• Pemberian glucagon 1mg IM alternatif jika akses IV sulit dicapai
• Setelah glukosa membaik, pantau untuk melihat apakah ada tanda hipoglikemia dalam waktu
24-36 jam.
Sumber:
[7] Ahmed FW, Majeed MS, Kirresh O. Non-diabetic Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2021 Jul 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/
[8] Graveling, A., Walden, E., Flanangan, D., et al., Hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. 2021; Available from: https://abcd.care/resource/hospital-management-hypoglycaemia-adults-diabetes.
[9] Carlson JN, Schunder-Tatzber S, Neilson CJ, Hood N. Dietary sugars versus glucose tablets for first-aid treatment of symptomatic hypoglycaemia in awake patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J. 2017 Feb;34(2):100-106.
Cara Diagnosis
Sumber:
[7] Ahmed FW, Majeed MS, Kirresh O. Non-diabetic Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2021 Jul 28]. In: StatPearls
[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/
Cara Diagnosis
Pemeriksaan lab yang dilakukan:[7]
• Pemeriksaan GDP (72 jam puasa)
• Pemeriksaan kadar ureum dan elektrolit
• Pemeriksaan kadar insulin, c-peptide
• Pemeriksaan IGF-1 dan IGF-2 (jika ada penurunan berat badan dan tanda malignansi)
Sumber:
[7] Ahmed FW, Majeed MS, Kirresh O. Non-diabetic Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2021 Jul 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/
[8] Graveling, A., Walden, E., Flanangan, D., et al., Hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. 2021; Available from: https://abcd.care/resource/hospital-management-hypoglycaemia-adults-diabetes.
PENCEGAHAN
Jika punya diabetes: 10]
• Monitoring tingkat gula darah / melakukan PDGM (Periksa Gula Darah Mandiri)
• Kenali gejala-gejala hipoglikemia yang muncul
• Lakukan edukasi tentang obat-obatan atau insulin (disus, waktu mengkonsumsi, efek samping)
Sumber:
[10] Kittah NE, et al. Management of endocrine disease: Pathogenesis and management of hypoglycemia. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2017; doi:10.1530/EJE-16-1062.
Laporan Kasus
Identitas Pasien
• Nama : Ny. R Keluhan Utama:
• Usia : 61 tahun Sesak sejak 1 bulan yang lalu, memberat 3
• Alamat : Jakarta hari SMRS
• Agama : Islam
• Status : Menikah
• Jaminan :BPJS
Riwayat Penyakit Sekarang
Pasien datang IGD RS YARSI dengan keluhan utama sesak sudah 1 bulan dan memberat 3 hari SMRS. Sesak dirasakan
memberat saat melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari. Sesak juga muncul pada saat pasien tertidur sehingga membuat pasien terbangun.
Serangan sesak muncul mendadak. Sesak berlangsung selama 20 menit, mereda jika pasien dalam posisi setengah duduk.
Keluhan demam, batuk, pilek, nyeri tenggorokan, nyeri dada, mual muntah disangkal. Pasien adalah pasien rujukan dari
Puskesmas cabang Sawah Besar.
• Amlodipin 1x5mg
Riwayat Alergi
Tidak ada
Pemeriksaan Fisik
• Kesadaran : komposmentis (E4V5M6) Status gizi :
• Tanda vital : BB : 69 kg
• TD : 215/110 mmHg
TB : 155 cm
• Nadi : 86x/menit
• Pernafasan : 30xmenit BMI : 28.7 kg/m3 (Overweight)
• Suhu : 36oc
Pemeriksaan Fisik
KEPALA: normocephal, rambut panjang beruban. TELINGA
MATA
• Deformitas daun telinga (-)
• Konjungtiva : anemis
• Auskultasi : ronkhi (+/+) • Palpasi :nyeri tekan epigastrium (-), hepatomegali (-)
2. Hipoglikemia
3. Hipertensi urgensi
ASSESSMENT
1. Dyspneu
Sesak sudah 1 bulan dan memberat 3 hari SMRS. Non Medikamentosa: bed rest posisi setengah duduk,
membatasi intake minum sesuai dengan balance cairan.
Pemeriksaan Fisik: Fr. nafas meningkat, JVP meningkat,
kardiomegali (+), gallop (+), ronkhi basah pada paru (+), Medikamentosa: pemberian O 2 nasal canul 2-5 L, Inj.
asites (+), pitting edema (+) Furosemid 2x1 amp, obat gol ACE inhibitor (Inj. Captopril
Pemeriksaan Penunjang: -
Pemeriksaan Fisik: akral dingin Medikamentosa: Inj. gluconas 1gr, Inj. Insulin
Pemeriksaan Penunjang: -
Ad functionam: malam
Ad sanactionam: malam
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Mathew P, Thoppil D. Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2022 Jan 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534841/
2. American Diabetes Association., Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41 Suppl 1:S55–S64
3. Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Siliman G, et al. Hypoglycemia: a review of definitions used in clinical trials evaluating antihyperglycemic drugs for diabetes.
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5448700/) Clin Epidemiol. 2017;9:291-6. Accessed 3/26/2021.
4. Koch CA, Petersenn S. Black swans - neuroendocrine tumors of rare locations. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2018 Jun;19(2):111-121.
5. International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0 mmol/l (54 mg/dl) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and
the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017;60(1):3–6.
6. Shukla L, Reddy S, Kulkarni G, Chand PK, Murthy P. Alcohol Dependence, Hypoglycemia, and Transient Movement Disorders. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2019 Jan 03;21(1)
7. Ahmed FW, Majeed MS, Kirresh O. Non-diabetic Hypoglycemia. [Updated 2021 Jul 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079/
8. Graveling, A., Walden, E., Flanangan, D., et al., Hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. 2021; Available from:
https://abcd.care/resource/hospital-management-hypoglycaemia-adults-diabetes.
9. Carlson JN, Schunder-Tatzber S, Neilson CJ, Hood N. Dietary sugars versus glucose tablets for first-aid treatment of symptomatic hypoglycaemia in awake patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. Emerg Med J. 2017 Feb;34(2):100-106.
10. Kittah NE, et al. Management of endocrine disease: Pathogenesis and management of hypoglycemia. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2017; doi:10.1530/EJE-16-1062.