FMIPA
Filtrasi
Sentrifugasi
Distilasi
FILTRASI
Definisi:
Adalah proses pemisahan insoluble solids dari
suatu suspensi (atau ‘feed slurry’) dengan cara
melalukan suspensi tersebut ke dalam materi
berpori atau ‘filter medium’.
Filtration Equipment
1. mechanical support for the filter medium
2. flow accesses to and from the filter medium
3. provision for removing excess filter cake
FILTRASI
Terms used in filtration
Slurry
• Suspension
to be filtered
Filter
• Porous medium
medium used
to retain solid
Filter •
cake Accumulated
solids on the filter
• Clear liquid
Filtrate
passing through
the filter 4
FILTRASI
Process of filtration
Pores of filter Filter medium
medium are Slurry is placed
(filter paper) is over the filter
smaller than placed on a
size of particles medium
support
to be separate. (mesh)
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FILTRASI
Applications of filtration
Production of sterile products:
HEPA filters or laminar air bench
Membrane filters.
Production of bulk drugs
Production of liquid dosage
Effluents and waste water treatment
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FILTRASI
Mekanisme filtrasi
Mekanisme dimana partikel ditahan oleh filter adalah
signifikan hanya pada tahap awal filtrasi.
Gaya yang • Padatan tertahan di media filter sebagai akibat gaya tarik
menarik antara partikel dan media filter, seperti dalam kasus
filtrasi elektrostatis.
FILTRASI
Types of filtration
Filtrasi Permukaan Filtrasi Rendam
Proses penyaringan di mana Slury menembus ke titik di mana
pori-pori atau lubang media diameter partikel padat lebih
mencegah lewatnya padatan. besar dari pada lubang atau
Melibatkan tekanan dan saluran yang berliku..
tubrukan Mekanismenya berdasarkan
Dibutuhkan pelat dengan lubang keterikatan.
atau saringan anyaman. Padatan tertahan oleh
Kemampuan alat dibatsi oleh perbedaan keketatan struktur
ukuran rata-rata atau maksimum pembatas atau oleh sifat
pori-pori filter adsorpsi medium
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FILTRASI
Perbedaan antara Filtrasi Permukaan dengan Rendam
Filtrasi Permukaan Filtrasi Rendam
Ukuran partikel yang tertahan Ukuran partikel yang tertahan
sedikit lebih tinggi dari rata-rata jauh lebih kecil daripada ukuran
ukuran pori medium. pori rata-rata medium.
Kekuatan mekanik media filter Kekuatan mekanik media filter
lebih kecil, kecuali jika terbuat tinggi.
dari stainless steel. Memiliki kapasitas tinggi.
Memiliki kapasitas rendah. Ukuran partikel yang
Ukuran partikel yang tertahan dipertahankan kurang bisa
lebih bisa diprediksi. diprediksi.
Peralatan mahal karena peralatan Peralatan lebih murah karena
pendukung seperti penjepit tepi peralatan tambahan tidak
diperlukan. diperlukan.
• Contoh: Filter membran selulosa. Contoh: Filter keramik
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FILTRASI
Filter Media
The surface upon which solids are deposited in a filter is
called the “Filter medium”
Properties of ideal filter medium: It should be:
1) capable of delivering a clear filtrate at a suitable
production rate.
2) have sufficient mechanical strength.
3) be inert.
4) retain the solids without plugging at the start of
filtration.
5) Not absorb dissolve material.
6) Sterile filtration imposes a special requirement since
the pore size must not exceed the dimension of
bacteria or spores.
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FILTRASI
Filter Aids
The objective of filter aid is to prevent the medium from becoming
blocked and to form an open, porous cake, hence, reducing the
resistance to flow of the filtrate.
Filter aid forms a surface deposit which screens out the solids and also
prevents the plugging of supporting filter medium.
Characteristics of filter aids:
Chemically inert and free from impurities.
Low specific gravity, so remain suspended in liquids.
Porous rather than dense, so that pervious cake can be formed.
Recoverable.
Disadvantages:
Remove the coloured substances by absorbing them.
Sometimes active principles such as alkaloids are absorbed on filter aid.
Rarely, filters are source of contamination such as soluble iron salts,
which can provoke degradation of sensitive ingredient.
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FILTRASI
Filtration Equipment
FILTRASI
Klasifikasi Peralatan Filtrasi
Based on application of external force:
filters
Plate and
frame filter Meta filter Filter leaf centrifuges
press
FILTRASI
Klasifikasi Peralatan Filtrasi
•Based on operation of filtration
Filters
Continuous Discontinuous
filtration filtration
Liquid/liquid
centrifuges
SENTRIFUGASI
Cream
Separator
SENTRIFUGASI
Hydrocyclones are cone-shaped separators that have no moving parts and the necessary vortex
motion is performed by the liquid itself
SENTRIFUGASI
Hydrocyclone
DISTILASI
Distillate
Feed
Residue/
bottom
DISTILASI
Konsep Dasar distilasi
Simple
Vapo Destillate
r Condensor
Residue
Q Vapo Destillate
r Condensor
Liquid
Rectification
/ reflux
Residue Reflux
Q, boiler
DISTILASI
Konsep Dasar distilasi
Simple
Vapo Destillate
r Condensor
Residue
Q Vapo Destillate
r Condensor
Liquid
Rectification
/ reflux
Residue Reflux
Q, boiler
DISTILASI
FLASH SIMPLE BATCH SIMPLE STEAM
Distillation Distillation Distillation
Pemisahan n-heptane - n-
octane, Benzene, Toluene, Kondensat berupa campuran
Xylene komponen dan air (immisible).
Cth: minyak esensial
Single stage distillation
DISTILASI
Flash distillation
DISTILASI
Continuous flash distillation
• Merupakan metode distilasi paling sederhana
• Feed masuk dalam bentuk liquid, kemudian dilakkukan
pre-heating sebelum masuk chamber distilasi
• Setelah dipanaskan, volatile compound (vapor) akan
naik ke atas untuk dikondensasi (distilat) sedangkan
non-volatile akan turun ke bawah sebagai bottom
Vapor (V), Distilat (D)
y* y*
Condensor
Feed (F),
xF
L, x Bottom (B),
heate xB
r
DISTILASI
Simple batch distillation
DISTILASI
Vapor Destillat,
, dL, Dx
y* Condensor
L, x
Q
Kesetimbangan massa batch distillation
Massa awal = massa tersisa dalam vessel + massa vapor
xL = (x - dx)(L - dL) + y dL
xL = xL – x dL – L dx + dx dL + y dL
DISTILASI
y dL - x dL = L dx
(y – x) dL = L dx
1/L dL = 1/ (y – x) dx
L1 = Jumlah sampel awal (mol)
Rerata komposisi distilat (yav )
L2 = Jumlah sampel akhir (mol)
x1 = konsentrasi awal
komponen X dalam vessel
x2 = konsentrasi akhir
komponen X dalam vessel
y = konsentrasi komponen X
dalam vapor
DISTILASI
Steam distillation
DISTILASI
Steam & Vacuum Distillations
• Used for components that decompose at or near its bp
• Steam
– Limited to those components that are immiscible
with water
• Problem – Emulsion form
– Usually forms when densities of 2 liquids
are similar
– Breaking emulsions
» Glass wool
» Centrifuge
» Salts
» Acids
» Phase separation paper (Whatman
PS-1)
DISTILASI
Multistage distillation
Fractional
Extractive Azeotrop
Reactive
DISTILASI
Fractional
Distillation
DISTILASI
Mekanisme Fractional Distillation
Equilibrium
Final vapor
dikondensasi
(distillate)
SELAMAT BELAJAR
DAN
TERIMA KASIH