Reading
Week 8
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Siswa “WAJIB” mengikuti Temu Online setiap hari Minggu pukul 20.00 – 22.00
WIB di Facebook Group masing-masing. Bila siswa berhalangan hadir, inbox
mentor Budi Waluyo.
Siswa “WAJIB” menge-like atau komen postingan yang disebar saat Temu Online
sebagai indikasi kehadirannya.
Siswa “WAJIB” menge-like atau komen setiap kali ada postingan informasi yang
disebar di Grup FB agar keaktifan grup terjaga.
Siswa “WAJIB” menjaga handbook dan materi lainnya yang dibagikan di Sekolah
TOEFL. Tidak membagi atau menggunakannya untuk kepentingan yang lain.
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W eek 8
Skills 8 – 12 (Vocabulary Questions)
Didalam soal Reading, ada 2 jenis pertanyaan secara umum, yaitu tentang teks
dan tentang kosakata.
Skill 1 – 7 adalah skill yang berkaitan dengan menjawab pertanyaan berkaitan
dengan teks.
Selanjutnya, didalam handbook ini akan ada skill 8 – 13 yang berisi skill untuk
menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berkaitan dengan kosakata.
Pelajari baik-baik setiap skill dibawah ini karena penting dalam menjawab
pertanyaan tentang kosakata, terutama ketika kita harus menebak jawaban
karena kosakata tidak dikenal.
Jenis – jenis kata yang bisa menjadi petunjuk definisi antara lain:
1. Punctuation: Comma, parentheses, dashes
2. Restatement: or, that is, in other words, i.e.
3. Examples: such as, for example, e.g.
Ingat, bila kata yang ditanyakan definisinya tersebut muncul sebelum atau
sebelum salah satu petunjuk diatas, definisi kata tersebut berada di setelah atau
sebelumnya.
Jadi, definisinya tidak jauh dari kata yang ditanyakan tersebut.
Pertanyaan – pertanyaan tentang definisi ini bisa juga tentang meaning of X
word, closest in menaing to, could best be replaced with, dan lain-lain.
Tidak selalu mengandung kata definition didalam pertanyaannya.
Tetapi, tetap fokusnya adalah arti dari sebuah kata tertentu.
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Contoh:
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, pertama, kita harus mencari kata behaviorism;
ada dimana didalam teks. Setelah dapat, baru kemudian kita mencari petunjuk
yang menunjukkan definisi dari kata behaviorism.
Di teks, kita bisa menemukan kata behaviorism di line kedua, lalu ada tanda “ – “
yang menunjukkan definisi atau penjelasan dari kata tersebut.
Lalu, dari penjelasan tentang kata behaviorism, kita dapatkan kalau ini sebuah
studi tentang behavior yang dapat diobservasi.
Kemudian, kita lihat dipilihan ganda; mana yang mendekati penjelasan ini.
Ada pilihan C, yaitu observable actions. Kata actions disini sama dengan
behavior.
My Two Cents
Pertanyaan tentang definisi atau kaitan dari sebuah kata biasanya tidak sulit bila kita mencari
petunjuk yang disebutkan diatas setelah kata yang ditanyakan. Lalu, lihat dimana diantara pilihan
ganda yang mendekati penjelasan tersebut.
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Bagian-bagian kata yang ada ditabel ini banyak digunakan dalam membentuk
kosakata.
Dengan memahami makna dari setiap bagian kata, kita bisa menebak makna
kata yang ditanyakan dalam soal.
Contoh:
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My Two Cents
Rajin-rajin diulang membaca tabel bagian-bagian kata sampai hafal diluar kepala. Ini sangat
berguna dalam menebak makna kosakata.
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My Two Cents
Lihat kalimat sebelum dan sesuah kosakata yang ditanyakan. Kemudian, lihat dipilihan ganda,
mana yang lebih dekat menjelaskan konteks yang ada didalam kalimat.
Di bagian Reading, ada soal menanyakan tentang di line mana informasi tertentu
bisa ditemukan didalam teks.
Pertanyaan seperti cukup mudah untuk dicari jawabannya.
Kuncinya adalah kita harus paham bahwa kata yang digunakan dalam
pertanyaan bisa jadi sinonim dari penjelasan yang ada didalam teks; dalam
situasi lain, kata yang digunakan adalah kata yang sama yang ada didalam teks.
Setelah itu, kit abisa melihat setiap pilihan ganda dan dibaca line yang ada; mana
dari pilihan ganda tersebut yang line dimaksud memiliki penjelasan yang
ditanyakan dalam soal.
Perhatikan contoh soal dibawah ini.
My Two Cents
Pahami informasi tentang apa yang ditanyakan. Lalu, cek satu persatu line yang ada dipilihan
ganda. Langsung eliminasi pilihan ganda yang linenya tidak mengandung informasi yang
ditanyakan.
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Contoh:
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Di contoh ini, pertanyaannya tentang “tone”, maka kita mencari kata-kata mana
didalam teks yang bisa menunjukkan emosi.
Setelah dibaca semua kalimat, tidak ada satu kata pun yang menjelaskan tentang
emosi.
Artinya, kita tidak bisa mengatakan teks ini mengandung emosi angered,
humorous, atau pun outraged.
Oleh sebab itu, kita bisa memilih informational di pilihan D.
My Two Cents
Ingat, Tone tentang emosi, Purpose tentang tujuan, dan course tentang mata kuliah.
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Latihan
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Structure
1. The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging from black to white, is used in computer
graphics _____ detail to graphical images.
(A) added
(B) to add
2. By _____ excluding competition from an industry, governments have often created public service
monopolies.
(A) Its
(C) There is a
(D) The
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6. In the Arctic tundra, ice fog may form under clear skies in winter, ____ coastal fogs or low stratus
clouds are common in summer.
(A) because of
(B) whereas
(C) despite
(D) that
7. On attaining maximum size, ___ by drawing itself out and dividing into two daughter amoebas, each
receiving identical nuclear materials.
(A) the reproduction of the amoeba
(B) the amoeba, which reproduces
(C) reproducing the amoeba
(D) the amoeba reproduced
8. For the advertiser, one of the greatest appeals of radio is ____ an audience all day long.
(A) that it has
(B) that to have
(C) to have it
(D) having it
9. Charles Schulz’s comic strip, “Peanuts,” features children who make ____ about life.
(A) funny, wise statement that
(B) which funny, wise statements
(C) statements are funny but wise
(D) funny but wise statements
10. One of the major rivers of the western United States, ____ flows for some 1,5000 miles from Colorado
to northwestern Mexico.
(A) it is the Colorado River
(B) the Colorado River which
(C) and the Colorado River
(D) the Colorado River
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11. In art, the tendency of gouache colors to lighten on drying makes ___ a wide range of pearly or paste-
like effects.
(A) it is possible
(B) possible
(C) possible to be
(D) it possible the
12. Isabel Bishop was one of many American artists ___ by the government during the Depression years
on various federal art projects.
(A) employed
(B) whose employment
(C) to employ
(D) had been employed
13. Outbreaks of diseases in trees commonly occur _____ stressed because of drought or other
environmental factors.
(A) as forests that become
(B) in forests become
(C) that become forests
(D) when forests become
14. To break thick ice, an icebreaker boat moves fast enough to ride up on the ice, ____ under its weight.
(A) so then breaks
(B) when breaks it
(C) which then breaks
(D) for which then breaks
15. Cholesterol is present in large quantities in the nervous system, where ____ compound of myelin.
(A) it a
(B) a
(C) being
(D) it is a
Written Expression
16. Painters of the early twentieth century who were known primarily for they colorful landscapes, the
Group of Seven changed is name to the Canadian Group of Painters in 1933.
17. Most animals have nervous systems, sense organs, and specialized modes of locomotion, and are
capable of securing, ingesting, and to digest food.
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18. The cork oak tree has a layer of cork several inches thickness that can be stripped every ten years.
19. Inflation, interest rates, and overall economic active can be governed by the United States Federal
Reserve’s decision to adjust the supply of money to
the economy.
20. Free radicals of oxygen, which common by-products of metabolic processes in the body, are capable
of causing tissue damage.
21. By 1830 the glass industry in the United States had become too well established that the country no
longer needed to depend on imported glass.
22. Free land, cheaply transportation, and powerfully persuasive railroad advertising all helped flood the
western part of the United States with farmers
23. Coral formations have known as fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated from land only by
shallow water.
24. For a seagoing, cargo-carrying sailing vessels, the clipper ship was remarkably fast.
25. Visibly only through large telescopes, Pluto has a yellowish color, which indicates that there is very
little atmosphere.
26. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamonds can be cut only by another diamonds.
27. The International Monetary Fund was created in a effort to stabilize exchange rates without interfering
with the healthy growth of trade.
28. Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis, them changing from caterpillar to adult via
one intermediate stage, the pupa.
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29. Thousands of meteorite hit Earth each year, but most fall into the sea or in remote areas and are
never recovered.
30. Alaska become the forty-ninth state in 1959,and Hawaii became the fiftieth state lately that year.
31. A sponge feeds itself by drawing water through tiny pores on its surface, filtering out food particles,
and then expel the water through larger vents.
32. Toward the end of his life, John Singer Sargent returned to the painting of landscapes and the use of
watercolors, of which he excelled.
33. Pythons differ than most other snakes by having two well developed lungs rather than a much smaller
left lung or no left lung at all.
34. Weighing among two to five kilograms in adults, the skin is the largest organ of the human body.
35. Rodents dwell in various habitat, some species being aquatic, some terrestrial.
36. The nectar of flowers are ingested by worker bees and converted to honey in special sacs in their
digestive systems.
37. Lucid dreaming, the ability dreamers to become aware of and to control their dreams while dreaming,
is the focus of some current psychological research.
38. The sensation of sound is produced how vibrations transmitted through the air strike the eardrum.
39. The musical tone of an electric guitar is created not by the resonance of the body of the guitar but by
electronically amplification.
40. Considered one of the most beautiful of the fine art, ballet is a combination of dance and mime
performed to music.
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TBE Week 8
One of the most important issues that educators in institutions of higher learning must face is
skepticism about the efficacy of liberal arts education in an era that seems to be pushing what
educators call STEM — science, technology, engineering and math — as the answer to
everything. This is not just happening in the United States, of course. Calls to cut support for
students who want to study literature, history or other so-called soft disciplines are also made
in Europe and Asia.
But on our own shores, just recently, the governor of Connecticut used his line item veto power
to cut support for the humanities in the state. While not directly aimed at higher education, this
creates a climate in which people who want to study the humanities are told that their interests
are worthless. We seem to be rejecting the idea that it is essential for the good health of any
society to have people who are broadly educated, who learn to investigate, analyze and present
their findings in a logical and clear fashion — even without the aid of numbers or code.
I was a member of the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, put together by the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The report we produced, The Heart of the Matter,
discussed this issue in depth, outlining three goals that America’s educational institutions
should advance:
Educating Americans in the knowledge, skills and understanding that they need to thrive in a
21st century democracy; fostering a society that is innovative, competitive and strong; and
equipping the nation for leadership in an interconnected world.
The commission took the position — and I agree wholeheartedly — that “these goals cannot be
achieved by science alone.”
No doubt we have to improve our schoolchildren’s performance in math and science; we need
more homegrown engineers of varying types. But not everyone wants to be an engineer, or can
be. And, as leaders in science and the tech industry have acknowledged over the years,
innovation is spurred by people who are creative in different ways. The gathering of ideas from
seemingly disparate fields often brings new ways to think about problems and allows creativity
to flourish.
There must be a way to fashion K-through-12 educational systems to produce students who are
sufficiently literate and numerate when they arrive at college to be able to take advantage of all
that higher education has to offer. This suggests that there should be greater cooperation
between K-through-12 schools and our institutions of higher learning.
Annette Gordon-Reed is professor of American legal history at Harvard University.
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References: Deborah Philips, the New York Times, dan beberapa sumber lain.
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