Ada 6 soal ujian. Tiap soal merupakan pertanyaan ttg cabang-cabang linguistik.

Semuanya berbentuk
essay.

1. Phonetics & Phonology: kinds of diphthong + phonetic transcriptions.

2. Morphology: derivational words

3. Syntax: complex sentence

4. Semantics: antonymy + hyponymy

5. Pragmatics: illocutionary acts + Maxim

6. Sociolinguistics & psycholinguistics: concepts

PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY

( )
kinds of diphthong + phonetic transcriptions.
- Phonetics = the study of how speech sounds are made or articulated.
= a study of the speech sounds in any human language.
= ilmu yang membahas bagaimana suatu suara bisa terbentuk
menggunakan beberapa bagian tubuh: bibir, gigi, lidah, faring & paru-
paru.
= ilmu ini hanya membahas ttg hubungan antara bagian tubuh yang
menghasilkan suara

- Phonology = a study of the speech sounds and their patterns

= ilmu linguistik tentang cara mengucapkan suatu bahasa
= ilmu linguistik yang mengkaji mekanisme suatu bahasa secara jelas.
Bagaimana bahasa tsb bisa muncul dan menghilang.

- Morphology = the study of meaningful units

= the words of language
= kata kata di dalam bahasa

- Phonology  phoneme (the smallest significant unit of speech)

- Morphology  morphemes (the smallest significant units of meaning/grammar)

CONTOH =
 Pada kata CAT ( ada 3 phoneme | ada 1 morphemes)

- Kinds of diphthong

- Phonetic Transcriptions = is a written guide to pronouncing specific words.

Based on IPA
 ARTICULATION

Unsur Unsur Bahasa :

1. PHONETIC = study of how speech sounds are made or articulated
(pengucapan)

Acoustic Phonetic = Bagaimana bunyi itu merambat

Auditory phonetic = Bagaimana bunyi itu didengar

Articulatory phonetic = Bagaimana bunyi itu diucapkan

(the study of how speech sounds are produced in the vocal
tract/pita suara)

Organ of speech =
- Articulator sesuatu yang BISA BERGERAK di dalam mulut (cth: lips, tongue)
- Places of articulation sesuatu yang TIDAK BERGERAK di dalam mulut (cth : gigi)
 _____________
 Voiceless sounds = penyebutan “Ph” “Th” “Kh” (voiceless)
 Voice sounds = penyebutan “Bh” “Dh” “Gh” (voice)
 Nasal sounds = bunyi yang tergantung pada lubang hidung “m” “n” “ng”
 Oral sounds = bunyi yang berasal dari mulut.
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
(tempat artikulasi itu dibuat)

Bi-labial = bunyi yang dihasilakan saat bibir atas dan bawah bertemu
CTH = (Pat, Pen, Pop, Beg, Bus, Cub)

Labio-dental = Bunyi yg dihasilkan ketika lowel lips dan upper lips come together.
(Fan, Buff, Phonetic, Van, Visa, Vet)

Dental = Bunyi yang dihasilkan Ketika lidahmu in between your teeth

and lower teeth
(thin, Thing, Month, Than, That, they)

Alveolar = bunyi yang dihasilkan Ketika lidah menyentuh gusi belakang

gigi atas.
(Ant, dad, sit, zip, now, leg, tap, doll, hiss, buzz

Palatal = where the sounds front of the tongue approximates to the

hard palate.
bunyi yang dihasilkan Ketika lidah menyentuh langit langit mulut.
CTH = (shell, ship, wish, measure, casual, leisure, rat, rock, you, yell, yet,
chat, rich, jar, jump)

Velar = where the back of the tongue approximates to the soft palate
(k,g,r)
Lidah menyentuh langit langit lidah yang paling ujung
CTH = cat, kid,rock,game, goat, jug

Glottal = the sounds articulated in the glottis/space between the vocal

folds
bunyi yang dihasilkan di pita suara

bunyi yang paling susah di Indonesia = DENTAL, PALATAL

bunyi yang paling mudah di lafalkan di Indonesia = BI-LABIAL
MANNER OF ARTICULATION

1. Stop /Plosive = making an explosive sounds (suara yang bunyinya dengan

diletupkan)
CTH = Ph,Bh, Th, Dh, Gh, Ch
2. Fricative = hissing sounds (bunyi yang dihasilkan dengan cara mendesis)
CTH = f-,v-s,z,-j
3. Affricate = combination of plovise and fricative
CTH =
4. Nasal = suara yang dihasilkan through the nose
CTH = m,n,ng
5. Liquid/lateral = tapping the tongue repeatly
CTH =
6. Semi-vowel = bunyi yang dihasilkan
CTH = w and y
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology = the study of meaningful units.
= the words of language
= kata kata di dalam bahasa

Morpheme = the smallest significant units of meaning/grammar)

Morpheme terdiri dari 2 jenis
1. Free (stem/base) = bisa berdiri sendiri
2. Bound (affixes) = tidak bisa berdiri sendiri
AFFIXES
_____________|____________
| |
DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL
______|________ |
| | SUFFIXES
PREFIXES SUFFIXES
(awalan) (akhiran)

BOUND MORPHEMES = AFFIXES bisa diklasifikasikan sebagai DERIVATIONAL or INFLECTIONAL

Derivational Affixes : bound morphemes which generally combine with the base to change its
part of speech class. (Bisa utk awalan dan akhiran)

Inflectional Affixes : bound morphemes which carry grammatical meanings like “plural”,
“tense agreement”, or “possesive” and never involve a change of parts of
speech class. (Sering dipakai utk akhiran)

- Derivational affix “-er” (Verb  Noun)

(teach-teacher)
(build-builder)
(sweep-sweeper)

- Derivational affix “-ly” (Adj.  Adv.)

(happy-happily)
(loud-loudly)
(smooth-smoothly)

- Derivational affix “-en” (Noun  Verb)

(danger-endanger)
(slave-enslave)
(throne-enthrone)
 Pada kata (-MENT) (-DIS) (Un-) juga termasuk derivational affixes

- Inflectional affixes
(Present tense orang ketiga) (-s) She wait-s at home.
(Past tense) (-ed) She waited at home
(Continuous tense) (-ing) She is waiting at home.
(Past participle) (V3) She has eat-en the donut.
(Plural) (-s) She ate donut-s
(Possesive) (‘s) Disa’s hair is short
(Comparative) (-er) Disa has short-er hair than Karin.
(Superlative) (-est) Disa has the short-est hair.

Contoh : stronger (comparative)

ALLOMORPHS
Allomorphs = is variants of a morpheme.

Allomorphs: /d/ pada slammed mjd slæmd

/t/ pada slipped mjd slipt
/ / pada stilted mjd stiltid

pada verb ending L,V,W,N,B —menjadi /d/

/d/ smell (smelled) dibaca smeld
/d/ save (saved) dibaca saved
/d/ clean (cleaned) dibaca cleand
/d/ rob (robbed) dibaca robbd
/d/ store (stored) dibaca stord
/d/ show (showed) dibaca showd

pada verb ending K,P,CH,S,SH,GH,X — menjadi /t/

/t/ box (boxed) dibaca boxt
/t/ clap (clapped) dibaca clapt
/t/ miss (missed) dibaca misst
/t/ watch (watched) dibaca watcht
/t/ look (looked) dibaca lookt
/t/ laugh (laughed) dibaca laught

pada verb ending D,T,G — menjadi /id/

/id/ judge (judged) dibaca judgid
/id/ rest (rested) dibaca restid
/id/ melt (melted) dibaca meltid
/id/ mand (manded) dibaca mandid
/id/ count (counted) dibaca countid

pada verb ending K,P,S,T,GH,X — menjadi /s/

/s/ books
/s/ stops
/s/ frank’s
/s/ eats
/s/ coughs
/s/ kicks

pada verb ending L,Y,V,W,N,B,G,D —menjadi /z/

/z/ dogs dibaca dogz
/z/ sees dibaca seez
/z/ bobs dibaca bobz
/z/ lives dibaca livez
/z/ beds dibaca bedz
/z/ boys dibaca boyz

pada verb ending CH,SH, ———menjadi /iz/

/iz/ glasses dibaca glassiz
/iz/ loses dibaca losiz
/iz/ dishes dibaca dishiz
/iz/ watches dibaca watchiz
/iz/
Allomorphs: -t, -c akan dikasih prefix IN-
Intolerant
Incapable

Allomorphs: il- im- ir-

Illegal
Immobile
irregular

SYNTAX
Part of Speech =
a. Noun : computer, city, stupidity, John, London
The [ a noun denotes a person, place, or thing ]
b. Verb : hear, think, disagree, shorten, eavesdrop, exist
 [ a verb denotes an activity or state ]
c. Adjective : good, obscene, demented, lovely, schoolmasterly
[ an adjective denotes a property ]
d. Preposition : off, by, in, with, from, to, at, inside, despite
e. Adverb : slowly, often, now, mostly
f. Determiner : a, the, this, those, these

Syntax = the sentence pattern of language

The phrase
The clause
The sentence

SEMANTIC
Semantics = the meaning of language.

Polysemy
Synonymy, antonymy
Hyponymy = dari umum jadi khusus
Idioms

Pragmatics = the relationship between signs and their users

= the study of language in use
Speech acts :
 locutionary acts (lokusi) = membahas
 ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
Mengacu pada kinerja suatu tindakan dalam mengatakan sesuatu yang spesifik.
Misalnya saya mengatakan “saya bosan” dengan tujuan untuk membuat orang
memahami bahwa saya perlu untuk melakukan kegiatan lain; maka yang saya lakukan
disebut illocutionary act
o Assertives = pernyataan fakta.
Pernyataan ini dapat dinilai benar atau salah karena bertujuan untuk
menggambarkan keadaan
Tujuan assertives = untuk menyampaikan informasi
CTH = beware a dog
= you buy Ferrari if you to be someone, you buy a Lamborghini
if you are someone.
= the cat on the table
= all students are attending the class
= the door is shut
= area ini dipantau CCTV 24 jam

o Directives = digunakan pembicara untuk meminta orang lain

melakukan sesuatu seperti
 Meminta
 Menyuruh
 Mengajak
 Menasehati
 memohon
 hal memerintah
 Memberi pesan atau saran

CTH = ganti semua kecuali istri dan anakmu!

= Can you please close the door ?
= don’t touch it.
= give me a cup of coffee. Make it black
= Raj : “can you tell me your relation with Penny ?”
Leo : “just roll the dice!” (Rahasia, lu gak boleh tau)
o Commissives = digunakan pembicara untuk melakukan
tindakan di masa depan seperti =
 Menjanjikan
 Merencanakan
 Bersumpah
 Bertaruh
 Menentang

CTH = I’m going to go to Paris tomorrow.

= I will be back in a few minute
= I’m going to get it next time

o Expressives = menyatakan apa yang dirasakan pembicara

seperti
 Ekspresi psikologis
 Kesenangan
 Rasa sakit
 Suka dan tidak suka
 Dukacita
CTH = I’m sorry for lying to you.
= congratulations!
= oh yeah, great!

o Declaratory = suatu tindakan yang mengubah dunia

melalui ucapan atau kalimat mereka dengan segera.
CTH = Bos : “you’re fired!”
= Pastor : Now I declare you two as husband and
Wife
= Judge : “I sentence you to four years in prison”

o representatives
  REPRESENTATIVES dapat diidentifikasi dengan hal-hal
yang merepresentasikan keyakinan si penutur apakah
itu berupa fakta, kesimpulan, atau deskripsi.

- Perlocutionary acts

Semantic analysis = there is an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean
Pragmatic analysis = focuses on what a speaker might want the words to mean on a
particular occasion.

Speech act = speech is premised on the fact that people perform various actions
through the use of words and when utterances are made, a particular act is performed.

PHONETICS VOWELS DIPHTONGS = https://youtu.be/VtOvNQisSSU

MORPHOLOGY = https://youtu.be/xdxjHER5ViU

Night – Knight
Prey – Predator
Daffodil – Flower

PRAGMATIC
Speech acts = tindak tutur, terbagi menjadi 3 =

Locution = hanya kata katanya

Illocution = bagaimana caranya
Perlocutionary = effectnya

Contoh :
Mike says to Annie: “Give me some cash”
- LOCUTIONARY = Mike uttered the words GIVE ME SOME CASH which can be
semantically paraphrased as hand some money over to me, with me referring to Mike.

- ILLOCUTIONARY = Mike performed the ACT OF REQUESTING Annie to give him some
cash.

- PERLOCUTIONARY =

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES (dugaan/asumsi)

Terdapat 4 Gracian’s Maxim =

1. Maxim of Quantity = Make your contribution as informative as is required.
(Jangan memberi informasi yang berlebihan)
2. Maxim of Quality = do not say what you believe to be false
jangan mengatakan sesuatu yang kamu anggap salah

= do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence

jangan mengatakan hal yang tidak memiliki cukup bukt, nanti jatohnya
jadi fitnah
3. Maxim of Relevance / Relation = be relevance
ada sangkut pautnya
4. Maxim of Manner = be clear, brief and orderly
Jelas, singkat dan beraturan
o Avoid obscurity of expression
o Avoid ambiguity
SPEECH ACT CLASSIFICATION
1. Representative/Assertive
2. Directives
3. Commisive
4. Declaration
5. Expressive

Locutionary
IIlocutionary
Perlocutionary

1. REPRESENTATIVE / ASSERTIVE = speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the
case or not.
= tindak tutur yang menyatakan apa yang diyakini penutur
benar atau tidak

= tindak tutur yang mengikat penuturnya kepada kebenaran

atas apa yang dikatakannya
Contoh = menyatakan, melaporkan, menunjukkan,
menyebutkan.
CONTOH = this is a German car (assertion)
= The human is breath
= the earth is flat.
= Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts. (INFO : Chomsky menulis ttg linguistic)
= It was a warm sunny day

2. DIRECTIVES = speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do

something.
= tidak tutur yg digunakan penutur untuk mengajak seseorang
melakukan sesuatu
Contoh dalam kalimat = ganti semua kecuali istri dan anakmu!
 = tindak tutur yang dilakukan penuturnya dengan maksud agar
si pendengar melakukan tindakan yang disebutkan di dalam
ujaran tsb.
Contoh = menyuruh, memesan, memerintahkan, memohon,
meminta, menuntut menyarankan, menantang.
Memesan = gimme a cup of coffee, make it black
Memohon = could you lend me a pen, please?
Memerintah = don’t touch that!
Menyarankan = You should go to your Mom’s birthday party, because……
Memerintah = Please sit down!
= why don’t you close the window ?

3. EXPRESSIVE = speech acts that state what the speaker feel

= tindak tutur yang menyatakan apa yang dirasakan penuturnya

irasa
= tindak tutur yang dilakukan dengan maksud agar ujarannya
diartikan sebagai evaluasi tentang hal yang disebutkan dalam
ujaran tsb.
CONTOH = memuji, mengucapkan terima kasih, mengkritik,
mengeluh.
CONTOH = I’m really sorry!
= Congratulations!
= Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh!
= the meal was delicious

4. COMMISIVE = speech acts that speakers commit themselves to some future

actions.
= tindak tutur yang penuturnya mengikatkan diri mereka pada
beberapa tindakan di masa depan.

= tindak tutur yang mengikat penuturnya untuk melaksanakan

apa yang disebutkan di dalam ujarannya
CONTOH = berjanji, bersumpah, mengancam
CONTOH = I’ll be back
= I’m going to get it right next time
= we will not do that
= he takes you to the movie tomorrow

5. DECLARATION = speech acts that change the world via utterance

= tindak tutur yang mengubah dunia melalui ucapan
 = tindak tutur yang dilakukan si penutur dengan maksud untuk
menciptakan hal (status, keadaan, dsb) yang baru,
CONTOH = memutuskan, membatalkan, melarang, mengizinkan,
memberi maaf
CONTOH = Priest : I now pronounce you husband and wife (memutuskan)
= Referce: you’re out! (mengusir)
= Jury Foreman: We find the defendant guilty. (memutuskan)

speech act classification) pengklasifikasian tindak tutur =

declarations,
representatives,
expressives,
directives, dan
commissives.

DECLARATIONS dapat diidentifikasi dari suatu ujaran yang mengubah dunia.

REPRESENTATIVES dapat diidentifikasi dengan hal-hal yang merepresentasikan

keyakinan si penutur apakah itu berupa fakta, kesimpulan, atau deskripsi.

EXPRESSIVES diidentifikasikan dengan hal-hal yang dirasakan sipenutur yang

diexpresikan melalui kesukaan, ketidak sukaan, kebahagiaan, maupun dukacita.

DIRECTIVES diidentifikasikan dengan ujaran yang mengekspresikan apa yang

diinginkan si penutur kepada pendengar seperti hal perintah, pesan, permintaan
maupun saran.

COMMISSIVES yang dapat diidentifikasi melalui ungkapan kehendak sipenutur

seperti janji, ancaman, penolakan, ikrar maupun lainnya
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Branches of Linguistics = cabang dari ilmu linguistik

SOCIOLINGUISTICS = deals with society

Sociolinguistics concentrates on language in society.

These two branches are interactionist and variationist sociolinguistics.

- [ bagaimana kita menggunakan ilmu bahasa terhadap konteks sosial ]
Contohnya : Bentuk komunikasi kita ketika berhadapan dengan yg lebih tua, lebih muda, anak
kecil, orang asing

- [ Banyaknya variasi bahasa ]

Contoh : bahasa di Indonesia memiliki banyak sekali variasi bahasa antara lain bahasa slang,
bahasa daerah dr berbagai suku bangsa, akrolek, basilek, vulgar, kolokial, jargon, argot, ken.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS = deals with the relationship between language and the mind
Psycholinguistics concentrates on mind (fokusnya adalah pikiran diri).

- [ bagaimana kita menggunakan ilmu bahasa terhadap konteks psikologis manusia ]

Contohnya : - Apa hubungannya antara bahasa manusia dengan bahasa hewan
- Apa hubungannya antara kenapa bahasa digunakan secara umum dan bahasa
digunakan secara tertentu (misal: bahasa kedokteran, bahasa psikologis, bahasa
psikososial, dsb)

Contoh psycholinguistics yang berfokus pada mind/pikiran =

Pada kata “TOMAT” apakah termasuk buah? atau sayur?
Jawabannya tergantung pada kondisi di suatu negara tsb lebih sering mengkonsumsikannya
sebagai apa.
Misal tradisi di Indonesia, tomat seringnya dimasak dan dicampur dengan sayuran lain, maka di
Indonesia menyebut tomat = sayur

Dimanakah letak Monas?

- Ada yang bilang di jalan Medan Merdeka
- Ada yang bilang di sebelah stasiun gambir
- Ada yang bilang sangat jauh dari Amerika

Disitu terlihat mana yang pintar

Pada tradisi Amerika, tomat sering di konsumsi langsung, maka di Amerika menyebut tomat =
buah.
VOCABULARY
LMS (Learning Management System) = is a software application or web-based
technology used to plan, implement, and access a
specific learning process.

LXP (Learning Experience Platform) = is an AI-driven peer learning experience

platform delivered using software as a service
(SaaS)

PUBLIC SCHOOL = a school that runs on public funds, usually

government-imposed taxes, for the education of
the children.

TERM = a limited or definite extent of time or period of

continuous work in a school year.

PUPIL = a child or young person who is learning under

the close supervision of a teacher at school.

PRIVATE SCHOOL = a school which is not supported financially by

government and which parents have to pay for
their children to go to.

ASSESMENT = wide variety of methods or tools that educators

use to evaluate, measure, and document the
academic readiness, learning progress, or
educational needs of students.

KISI KISI UAS – English Linguistic

ARBITRARY = There is no one to one correspondence between the
structure of a word and the thing it stands for

“There is no one to one correspondence between the structure of a

word and the thing it stands for”. This statement means that language
is ……
A. Non-instinctive
B. Arbitrary
C. Productive
D. A,b,c are right

Tom! Come inside and eat!”

Is ….. function of language.
A. Imperative
B. Referential
C. Phatic
D. Metalinguistic

All items below are types of phonetics, except …..

A. Articulatory
B. Aspirated
C. Auditory
D. Acoustic
All items below are the animal’s system of communication, except ……
A. A produce only a limited number of messages
B. Cannot produce new combinations of noises to meet the needs of
new situations
C. Can convey things of the past/future, even imaginary things.
D. Genetically transmitted

The qualities of vowels depend upon the following positions,

except……
A. The highest point of the tongue
B. The part of the tongue which is raised
C. The nasality of sound
D. Lip rounding

All items below are kinds of manner of articulation, except…..

A. Dental
B. Plosive
C. Nasal
D. Affricate

Identify how many morphemes in the word (resellers)

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
 D. 4

Identify how many morphemes in the word (teachers)

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

Identify free morphemes in the word (unstoppable)

A. Unstop
B. Stoppable
C. Stoper
D. Stop

Identify whether they are infectional ( I ): E.g.: Nisa’s hair ( I )

A. Pen
B. Balance
C. Chicken
D. Beaten

Identify whether they are derivational (D). E.g.: Curly ( D ) Exept ….

A. Bigger
B. Writer
C. Influencer
D. Teacher

Identify whether they are derivational ( D )

 A. Coloring
B. Colored
C. Colors
D. Colorfull

Identify whether they are derivational ( D ). E.g.: Curly ( D )

A. Voiceless
B. Voiced
C. Voicing
D. Eaten

What sentences are presented by the following transcription? 1. /h

What is language?
- Systematic/systematize tool for communication that can be
spoken or written

Bahasa/kata bersifat arbitrary | lombok (sambal >< nama kota)

https://youtu.be/O0xmuNWheZM
Bahasa/kata bersifat produktif | kuy = yuk | kepo = knowing everything
partical object | pargoy = party goyang
https://youtu.be/hCHlpckVMNk

Bahasa bersifat sistematik

Bahasa bersifat ujaran
Bahasa bersifat manusiawi
Bahasa bersifat komunikatif

Function of language
A. Referential = mereferensikan person, thing, something
else
Cth = this is my pet, she is a cat, her name in buye, she’s 3 years
old now
B. Poetic = kata kata puitis
Cth = shall I compare thee they to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee
C. Phatic = interaction, that will notice in other
person
Cth = Hello!, Goodbye!
D. Emotive = expressing about emotion
Cth = WOW ! A holly cow
E. Metalinguistic =
F. Conative = about the other person, addressing someone
Cth = Jerry
G. Directive =
H. Narative =
I. Identification =
J. Aesthetic =