Kesadaran
Tri Suprihatin
Psikologi Lintas Budaya
15 Mei 2015
To Know...
Prinsip Dasar
(Shiraev & Levy, 2012)
Persepsi
Sensasi
Persepsi proses
mengorganisasikan
berbagai sensasi menjadi
pola yang bermakna
Kesadar
an
Kesadaran kesadaran
subjektif atas sensasinya,
persepsinya, dan berbagai
aktivitas mentalnya
Kognisi
(Matsumoto, 2004)
Pembentukan
Konsep &
Kategorisasi
Ingatan
Pemecahan
Masalah
Ingatan
Pemecahan Masalah
( Matsumoto, 2004)
Persepsi
&
Realitas
Persepsi &
Pengalaman
Garpu tala
Persepsi Warna
Bahasa Persepsi Warna menekankan
peran bahasa dalam mengidentifikasi dan
melabelli warna di setiap bahasa ada
kata-kata yang berkaitan dengan berbagai
spektrum warna (Berry et al., 1992).
Kesadaran
Kesadaran normal mungkin terdiri dari periode
perhatian dan konsentrasi penuh atau pengabaian
terhadap kejadian di luar.
Hallowell (1955) orang hidup di dalam suatu lingkungan behavioral, semacam representasi mental
dari waktu, ruang, dan dunia interpersonal. Keyakinan dan praktik kultural tertentu membentuk
lingkungan behavioral individu.
Suku Ojibwa Indian yang dipelajari oleh Hallowell, lingkungan behavioral mereka mencakup diri,
orang lain, dewa, saudara, dan arwah leluhur.
Ketika akan melakukan tindakan yang menimbulkan konsekuensi moral, suku Ojibwa akan
mempertimbangkan dampak tindakan itu bagi arwah dan saudara-saudara mereka.
Kesadaran mengatur perilaku manusia seacra adaptif di dalam lingkungan fisik dan sosial tertentu.
Orang cenderung fokus pada hal-hal penting bagi survival atau untuk mencapai tujuan.
Cross-cultural differences in
cognitive development: Attention to
relations and objects
Relational - Matching
Visual-Search
General Discussion
The results suggest that in a context where an interpretation in terms of a
decontextualized object or in terms of a relation is possible, U.S. children will favor the object
interpretation and Japanese children will favor the relation interpretation.
Might be expected to lead to pervasive cultural differences across a number of
domains, including social judgments and verb learning, social interactions and language, social
experiences.
In particular, parents may encourage Japanese children to attend to the contextual
appropriateness of emotional displays, with Eastern parents focusing on behavior in the context
of its effect on others and Western parents focusing on individual responsibility.
A second possible transmission vector is language because there are systematic
differences in the frequency of object names versus relational terms in these two languages. But
other aspects of culture, such as moral judgments, parenting, and concepts of self and relations
with others may be relevant as well.
Determining these transmission lines will be crucial to understanding how culture
influences the developmental process more generally as well as in the domains of relational
reasoning and attention to objects.
Referensi
Matsumoto, David. 2004. Pengantar Psikologi Lintas Budaya. Yogyakarta:
Pustaka Pelajar.
Shiraev, Eric B., & Levy, David A. Psikologi Lintas Kultural. Jakarta: Kencana.
Kuwabara, M., & Smith, Linda.B. 2012. Cross-cultural differences in cognitive
development: Attention to relations and objects. Journal of Experimental
Child Psychology, 113, 20-35.