DELIVERY SYSTEM
(TDDS)
apt. Nining, M.Si.
Apa yang akan kita pelajari??
Stratum Korneum
(topmost 15 μm layer) is the main barrier
Bagian pelengkap → folikel rambut, saluran keringat,
kelenjar apokrin, dan kuku
Permeasi laminasi barrier di SK
dapat terjadi dengan difusi
melalui:
❖ Penetrasi intra/transelular
(seberang sel) transepidermal
❖ Pen. interseluler (antara sel)
❖ Pen. transappendageal
(melalui folikel rambut, Rute utama → lap. epidermis,
keringat dan sebum kelenjar, bukan folikel rambut atau
dan aparatus pilosebaceous) saluran kelenjar.
✓ Obat hidrofilik → mekanisme interselular
✓ Obat lipofilik → mekanisme intraselular (transelular)
Struktur kulit dan proses absorpsi perkutan dan penghantaran transdermal. Penyerapan dapat
terjadi melalui saluran keringat (1), daerah antar sel dari SK (2),
dan folikel rambut (3)
Faktor yg mempengaruhi rute transdermal
biologis
◆ Sifat dari obat itu sendiri (faktor fisiko): pKa (ionisasi), formulasi
1. Chemical Enhancer
Bahan kimia peningkat permeasi
Enhancer Ideal
◆ Inert sec farmakologi, tidak berinteraksi dengan reseptor
◆ Tidak beracun, mengiritasi atau alergi
◆ Onset aktivitas enhancer dan durasi efek: dapat diprediksi dan dikontrol
◆ Kulit: segera dan recovery penuh
◆ Meningkatkan penetrasi tanpa masalah kehilangan cairan tubuh, elektrolit atau
bahan endogen lainnya
◆ Onset segera dalam peningkatan permeabilitas.
◆ Sifat barier normal dapat recovery segera setelah pelepasan (reversibel).
◆ Kompatibel secara fisik dan kimia dengan berbagai obat-obatan.
◆ Kompatibel dg obat dan adjuvant (pelarut yang sesuai utk obat)
◆ Menyebar dengan baik pada kulit
◆ Dpt diformulasi kedlm krim, salep, gel, lotion, suspensi, aerosol, dll
◆ Tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak berwarna, murah
C. Stratum Corneum Modified
Mekanisme enhancer
◆ Interaksi dgn gugus polar lipid → ikatan hidrogen dan ionik
• Perubahan bag hidrasi lipid dan mempengaruhi sifat gugus
tsb
◆ Meningkatkan volume lapisan air: swelling & hidrasi
◆ Mengubah sifat rantai lipid → memberikan gangguan &
melintang oleh penetran lipid-like
◆ Pengurangan resistensi SK dengan mengubah sifat fisika-kimia
◆ Perubahan hidrasi SK
◆ Mempengaruhi perubahan struktur lipid & lipoprotein dalam
saluran sel, melalui aksi pelarut atau denaturasi
◆ mekanisme pembawa dalam pengangkutan obat terionisasi
Pelarut
◆ DMSO, propilen glikol, etanol
◆ Koefisien partisi meningkatkan konsentrasi obat di kulit
Cosolvent
◆ Azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptane-2-one)
◆ cis-unsaturated asam oleat
◆ Aditif: PG → peningkatan kemampuan pelarut bahan lipid-like
◆ Pembalikan penyisipan gugus hidrofobik dari membran lipid →
meningkatkan fluiditas lipid
Mekanisme interaksi pelarut dan surfaktan dengan protein
◆ Interaksi dengan gugus polar
◆ Relaksasi gaya ikatan dan perubahan pd konformasi heliks
◆ pembentukan rute pori
D. Stratum Corneum Bypassed/ Remove
Microneedles Patches
Adhesion
◆Good skin contact
◆Good bonding between laminating layers
Properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives
◆Adhesive-cohesive properties
◆Peel strength
◆Tack and creep quality of adhesive
◆Occlusive (serve as barrier such as vinyl, PE, polyester film)
◆Nonocclusive (allow water and gases to flow through films)
Pressure-sensitive adhesive
◆ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) definition :
viscoelastic material which remains permanently tacky
◆Remove from a surface without leaving a residue
◆Natural or synthetic rubbers, polyacrylates, silicone
Release liner (release paper, peel-away strip)
◆Sheet that serve as a protectant or carrier for an adhesive film
(easily removed)
◆Paper, polystyrene or polyester films with coating of silicone, long-
chain branched polymers, chromium complex, fluorochemicals or
various hard polymers
D. Bioactivity
◆ Liner - Protects the patch during storage. The liner is removed prior to use, Substrate
carries a very thin release coating, exp: polyester or polystyrene based films
◆ Drug - Drug solution in direct contact with release liner (adhesive), or the drug may
stay in a solution or a suspension form (in reservoir)
◆ Adhesive - Serves to adhere the components of the patch together along with
adhering the patch to the skin,
◆ It should not cause an irritation, sensitization or imbalance in the normal skin flora.
❑ It should adhere to the skin strongly & should be easily removable without
leaving any unwashable remains.
❑ It should have intimate contact with the skin at both macroscopic &
microscopic levels.
❑ Exp: Acrylic copolymers, polyisobutylene and polysiloxane
Membrane - Controls the release of the drug from the reservoir and
multi-layer patches Backing - Protects the patch from the outer
environment,
◆ They are occlusive and completely water impermeable in nature
◆ It is an impermeable membrane that protect the product during the use
on the skin & prevent the drug from leaving the dosage form through
the top.
◆ It contain formulation through out the shelf life & during wear period.
◆ They have laminate structure
◆ Must be compatible with formulation.
◆ eg: metallic plastic laminate, plastic backing with adsorbent pad
adhesive foam pad, Poly urethane films, Ethyl vinyl acetate, Poly olefins
Technology Of Transdermal Delivery Systems (2
Types)
◆ The site selected for application should be clean clean, dry, and
hairless (but not shaved)
Example: nitroglycerin - chest; estradiol - buttocks or abdoment;
scopolamine - behind the ear; nicotine – upper trunk or upper outer
arm.
◆ The transdermal patch should not be applied to skin that is oily,
irritated, cut, or abraded. This is to assure the intended amount
and rate of transdermal drug delivery and absorption.
◆ The patch should be removed from its protective package, being
careful not to tear or cut.
◆ 4. The patch should be worn for the period of time stated in the
product’s instructions. Following period, the patch should be
removed and a fresh patch applied as directed.
◆ Patches generally may be left on when showering, bathing, or
swimming. Should a patch premature dislodge, an attempt may
be made to reapply it, or it may be replaced with a fresh patch--
the latter being worn for a full time period before it is replaced.
◆ The patient should be instructed to cleanse the hands thoroughly
before and after applying the patch. Care should be taken not to
rub the eyes or touch the mouth during handling the patch
◆ If irritation results, patient should seek re-evaluation
7.
Examples of Transdermal
Applications
Monolithic systems
◆ Nitrodur and Nitrodisc
◆ Manufacture drug reservoir with polymer with subsequent
casting and drying
◆ Punch from sheet or sliced cylinder
◆ Assembled with the system backing, peripheral adhesive and
protective liner