SEJARAH, FISIKA DAN

FISIOLOGI PENYELAMAN
 SEJARAH
PENYELAMAN
 Sejarah Aktivitas Penyelaman
BREATHOLD DIVE, 4500 SM
POMPA PENEKAN UDARA OTOMATIS, JOHN
SMEATON,1788
PROTOTIPE SCUBA (OPEN DRESS), AUGUST SIEBE, 1819
HELM DAN PAKAIAN SELAM (SHALLOW WATER HELMET),
JOHN DAN CHARLES DEANE, 1828
PAKAIAN SELAM DALAM, STILLSON, 1913
NAVY DIVING MANUAL, US NAVY, 1924
PROTOTIPE DDE COMEX & FRANCE NAVY, 1992 DDI 700M
 Jenis pekerjaan yang berhubungan
dengan tekanan tinggi :
Penyelaman kering : -hyperbaric chamber
-tambang batubara
- subway
Penyelaman basah :
- off shore (migas)
- penyelam mutiara
- moroami
- kontruksi bawah air
- pembuatan jembatan antar pulau
- pemasangan pipa dan kabel
- peselam militer
- salvage
FISIKA PENYELAMAN
 Pressure)versus)Depth)

DACT)=)DG.)1,025/SG)
)
DACT&=&Indicator&gauge&depth&
))))))))))))))))))))DG&&&&=&density&of&water&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&SG&&&=&Specific&gravity&(density)&of&water&
 Hukum Fisika
Hukum Boyle
Hukum Dalton
Hukum Charles
Hukum Henry
Hukum Archimides
Hukum Boyle dan Henry
Hukum Boyle dan Dalton
Pada tekanan gas konstan maka volumenya
berbanding lurus dengan suhu absolutnya.

Pada Volume gas konstan maka tekanannya

berbanding lurus dengan suhu absolutnya.

Scuba ( volumenya konstan ) yang penuh

udaranya , bila kena panas matahari maka tekanan
udaranya akan naik, bisa meledak.

Hindarkan scuba dari sinar matahari / panas

Hukum Archimides
 Energy)
Energy&is&the&capacity&to&do&work.&The&six&basic&
types&of&energy&are&mechanical,&heat,&light,&
chemical,&electromagne>c,&and&nuclear,&and&may&
appear&in&a&variety&of&forms.&

Classific
a : ons)of)Energy.)
))
The&two&general&classifica>ons&of&energy&are&
poten>al&energy&and&kine>c&energy.&Poten>al&
energy&is&due&to&posi>on.&An&automobile&parked&
on&a&hill&with&its&brakes&set&possesses&poten>al&
energy.&Kine>c&energy&is&energy&of&mo>on.&An&
automobile&rolling&on&a&flat&road&possesses&
kine>c&energy&while&it&is&moving.&
 Conserva: on)of)Energy)

Conserva: on)of)Energy.)The&Law&of&the&
Conserva>on&of&Energy,&formulated&in&the&
1840s,&states&that&energy&in&the&universe&
can&neither&be&created&nor&destroyed.&
Energy&can&be&changed,&however,&from&one&
form&to&another.&&
 Water)Depth)and)Sound)
In&shallow&water&or&in&enclosed&spaces,&reflec>ons&
and&reverbera>ons&from&the&air/water&and&
object/water&interfaces&produce&anomalies&in&the&
sound&field,&such&as&echoes,&dead&spots,&and&
sound&nodes.&&
&
When&swimming&in&shallow&water,&among&coral&
heads,&or&in&enclosed&spaces,&a&diver&can&expect&
periodic&losses&in&acous>c&communica>on&signals&
and&disrup>on&of&acous>c&naviga>on&beacons.&&
&
The&problem&becomes&more&pronounced&as&the&
frequency&of&the&signal&increases.&
 Water)Depth)and)Sound)
Because&sound&travels&so&quickly&underwater&(4,921&
feet&per&second),&human&ears&cannot&detect&the&
difference&in&>me&of&arrival&of&a&sound&at&each&ear.&&
&
Consequently,&a&diver&cannot&always&locate&the&
direc>on&of&a&sound&source.&&
&
This&disadvantage&can&have&serious&consequences&
for&a&diver&or&swimmer&trying&to&locate&an&object&or&
a&source&of&danger,&such&as&a&powerboat.&
 Diver)Work)and)Noise)

A&neoprene&wet&suit&is&an&effec>ve&barrier&to&
sound&above&1,000&Hz&and&it&becomes&more&of&a&
barrier&as&frequency&increases.&&
&
This&problem&can&be&overcome&by&exposing&a&
small&area&of&the&head&either&by&cuj ng&holes&at&
the&ears&of&the&suit&or&by&folding&a&small&flap&away&
from&the&surface.&
 Underwater)Explosions)
A&pressure&wave&of&500&pounds&per&square&inch&is&
sufficient&to&cause&serious&injury&to&the&lungs&and&
intes>nal&tract,&and&one&greater&than&2,000&pounds&per&
square&inch&will&cause&certain&death.&Even&a&pressure&
wave&of&500&pounds&per&square&inch&could&cause&fatal&
injury&under&certain&circumstances.&&

Es: ma: ng)Explosion)Pressure)on)a)Diver.))

There&are&various&formulas&for&es>ma>ng&the&pressure&
wave&resul>ng&from&an&explosion&of&TNT.&The&
equa>ons&vary&in&format&and&the&results&illustrate&that&
the&technique&for&es>ma>on&is&only&an&approxima>on.&
Moreover,&these&formulas&relate&to&TNT&and&are&not&
applicable&to&other&types&of&explosives.&
&
 Underwater)Explosions)

The&formula&of&Greenbaum)and)Hoff,&1966&is&one&
method&of&es>ma>ng&the&pressure&on&a&diver&resul>ng&
from&an&explosion&of&tetryl&or&TNT.&
&
P&=&13,0003&x&W&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&r&
Where:&&
P&=&pressure&on&the&diver&in&pounds&per&square&inch&&
W&=&weight&of&the&explosive&(TNT)&in&pounds&
r&=&range&of&the&diver&from&the&explosion&in&feet&
 FISIOLOGI
PENYELAMAN
PAJANAN HIPERBARIK
Deskripsi
- Hiperbarik = Tekanan Tinggi
- Pajanan Hiperbarik adalah orang
yg terpajan dengan tekanan
tinggi (>1 Atm)
Diving Stressors
1. TEKANAN AMBIENT

2. DENSITAS GAS MEDIA NAFAS

3. TEK.PARSIAL GAS MEDIA GAS

4. KELARUTAN GAS
Media Pernafasan
Diving Strains
 SISTEM SIRKULASI
Scuba diving :
Immersion
Cold
Hyperbaric gases
Elevated breathing pressure
Exercise
Postdive risk of gas bubbles
 Effect of immersion
Immersion in water near the temperature of the human body exposes your body
to a pressure gradient, which shifts blood from the vessels in your legs to those in
your chest cavity.

This increases the volume of blood within your chest by up to 24 ounces (700
milliliters). Your heart thus takes in an additional 6 to 8 ounces (180 to 240
milliliters) of blood, resulting in an enlargement of all four chambers, an increase
in pressure in your right atrium, a more than 30-percent increase in cardiac output
and a slight increase in your overall blood pressure.

Baroreceptors (sensors that perceive a change in blood pressure) within your

body's major vessels react to all these changes by decreasing the activity of your
sympathetic nervous system, which governs what's popularly called the "fight-or-
flight" response. As a result, your heart rate declines and the concentration in your
plasma of norepinephrine, a hormone of the sympathetic nervous system drops;
in response to the drop in norepinephrine, your kidneys excrete more sodium, and
your urine production increases.
 Effect of Cold
Water has high thermal conductivity, your body loses more heat when
you're immersed in water than when you're in dry air. You'll feel more
comfortable at a given air temperature than when you're immersed in
water of the same temperature. And when your body loses heat, that
intensifies the narrowing of your peripheral blood vessels (a condition
known as "peripheral vasoconstriction").
This in turn sends more blood to your heart, which increases the filling
pressure on the right side of your heart and makes it pump more
blood.
Constriction of the body's small arteries also increases the resistance
to blood flowing through the periphery of your body, which raises your
blood pressure, meaning your heart has to exert itself more to
maintain an adequate flow of blood throughout your body.
 Effect of Pressure
Breathing air under increased pressure, as you do when scuba
diving, also affects your heart and circulatory system.
Increased levels of oxygen cause vasoconstriction, increase
your blood pressure and reduce your heart rate and heart
output.
And increased levels of carbon dioxide which may
accumulate in the body when you exercise during a dive, due
to reduced pulmonary ventilation caused by dense gases
can increase the flow of blood through your brain, which can
speed up oxygen toxicity if you're breathing a hyperoxic gas
mix (one with an elevated level of oxygen).
TUBUH MANUSIA :
*PADAT relatif tidak meneruskan tekanan (tulang,otot, jantung, hati)
*CAIRAN dapat meneruskan tekanan (darah, cairan tubuh, cairan
intrasel)
*RONGGA TUBUH sangat dipengaruhi perubahan tekanan ( telinga
tengah, sinus-sinus, lambung, usus, paru & saluran nafas)
 Effect of Exercise
Dive places some metabolic energy demands on your body
Slow, leisurely swimming on the surface represents a moderate-
intensity activity
Swimming with fins on the surface requires up to 40 percent less
energy than barefoot swimming.
But the addition of scuba equipment increases drag on the
swimmer and thus the energy cost of swimming.
1996 paper in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
showed that wearing just one scuba tank may increase a diver's
energy consumption by 25 percent over regular surface swimming
at the same speed and that using a drysuit may result in another
25 percent increase in energy consumption.
 Effect of Stress
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), that regulates internal
functions such as heart rate, respiratory rate and digestion is
affected by diving
Sympathetic system "fight-or-flight" response
Parasympathetic system resting functions and helps
conserve energy.

In healthy individuals, diving increases parasympathetic

effects preserving the heart rate
A dive that is perceived as stressful sympathetic effects
prevail increase in the heart rate, increase in the risk of
arrhythmia.
 Serious Adverse Effect
Bradyarrhythmia sudden death upon a diver's entry into the
water, especially in individuals with a preexisting rhythm
anomaly.
Tachyarrhythmia sudden death, especially in divers with
structural or ischemic heart disease.
Overexertion or the effects of stress strain the heart acute
manifestations of previously undiagnosed ischemic heart
disease.
Breath-hold diving "diving reflex" bradycardia, peripheral
vasoconstriction reaction and progressive hypoxia (or lack of
an adequate supply of oxygen)