LIPID
A
Minyak/lemak
95%
5% : fosfolipida sterol, lilin dll.
Minyak mineral ?
Minyak /lemak = triasil gliserol Minyak atsiri ?
trigliserida
C, H, dan O
tidak larut air
larut dalam pelarut organik
O
CH2O – C
R1 CH2OH
O + H2 O
CHO – C CHOH + RCOOH
R2 asam lemak bebas
O CH2OH
CH2O – C gliserol Campuran Triggliserida ?
R3
trigliserida
2. Hewani
- Hewan darat (dari daging & susu): sapi, kerbau, babi → butter fat
- Hewan laut: ikan sardine, hearing, menhaden, paus → marine fat
Sifat umum:
berbentuk padat
banyak mengandung asam lemak jenuh
banyak mengandung asam lemak rantai panjang
PERAN MINYAK DAN LEMAK
DI BIDANG PENGOLAHAN PANGAN
medium pemanas --- penggorengan
memperbaiki rasa & penampilan
mempengaruhi struktur pangan
DI DALAM TUBUH
sumber energi
zat gizi essensiel: as. oleat, linoleat, linolenat, 3, EPA, DHA
pembawa vitamin larut minyak : A, D, E dan K
isolator tubuh
melindungi organ vital
Titik lunak
Bilangan Iodine
: Jumlah gram iodine yamg diabsorbsi oleh 100 g lemak.
Bilangan penyabunan
asam lemak BM rendah → bilangan penyabunan tinggi
: Jumlah mg KOH yang diperlukan untuk menyabunkan 1 g lemak.
Contoh drying oil: linseed (flax seed) oil, minyak tung, minyak buah kenari
Merupakan komponen dalam minyak untuk melukis atau pernis
Drying oil: minyak yang mengalami proses hardening setelah terpapar udara,
akibat terjadi crosslinking dengan oksigen
Drying Oils
High in double bonds in FA
• Linseed oil - Linum usitatissimum, seeds, water-
repellent glaze
– mostly non-edible oils
• due to unpleasant flavor
• rapid rancidity due to lots of double bonds.
– also source of flax
• Tung oil - Aleurites (Euphorbiaceae), seeds,
poisonous (not edible), used in paints, waterproof
coverings and caulking. Once grown in U.S. but most
now comes from China.
Semi-drying Oil
Few double bonds in FA
• Safflower oil - Carthamus tinctorius, thistles, oil is from seeds, used in
cooking oils, salad dressings, margarine, high I value so low in calories but
oxidizes readily
– Produces dye
• Soybean oil – Glycine max already covered, stores well, used in salad and
cooking oils and artificial "fluffy" products.
• Sunflower oil - Helianthus annuus - native North American plant but
development of large-headed cultivars is largely credited to Russians; used as
salad and cooking oil; paints, varnishes and resins; added to diesel fuel.
Considered equal to olive oil, used for production of margarines.
• Corn oil – Zea mays salad dressing and margarines, stable but smokes at high
temp.
• Sesame oil - Sesamum indicum, from Ethiopia, highly resistant to oxidation
due an antioxidant compound called sesamolin, most is consumed and
produced in Africa, Middle East, India and China
• Cottonseed oil – Gossypium barbedensis byproduct of cotton fiber
production, must remove gossypol (toxic to most animals except cows)
• Rapeseed oil - Brassica napus, edible oil but possibly toxic, most useful as
machine oil as an lubricant
Non-drying Oil
• Peanut oil - Arachis hypogaea, premium cooking oil
• Olive oil - Olea europea, obtained from fruit pulp,
– Gentle pressing of the olive – virgin oil
– Further pressing – first, second grade oils
– Has monounsaturated fat – good for health
• Castor oil - Ricinus communis
– Laxative – ricinoleic acid
– poison - ricine (alkaloid) and ricin (highly toxic protein);
used in soaps, paints, lubricants
PENGKELASAN MINYAK DAN LEMAK
Gol. Asam Linolenat: minyak biji Lin, kedelai, biji karet (tinta cetak & cat)
• Respirasi → panas
KERUSAKAN MINYAK NABATI
Aktivitas enzim Degradasi trigliserida
→ lipase & protease
Degradasi non gliserida
• Kerusakan mekanis protein impuritas
T = 180C, t = 1 h
Catalist: Sodium metal (Na), t =3 h
Hasil Inter Esterifikasi
Pembentukan Energi
Lemak dalam Kakao
Lemak dalam Minyak Kelapa
MCT LCT
C6 C8 C10 C12 C14 C16 C18 C18-1
Non Drying Oil
Edible
Non-
edible
Semi Drying Oil
Edible
Non-
edible
Drying Oil
Edible
Non-
edible
Minyak Nabati
• minyak nabati
• Kelapa sawit
• Minyak kedelei
• Emulsifikasi
• Minyak kelapa dapat dimakan: kandungan
oleat, stearat, palmitat
• Minyak karet tidak dapat dikonsumsi
SIFAT-SIFAT KIMIAWI
The Reichert Meissl Number
: Jml ml 0,1 N alkali (KOH) yg diperlukan untuk menetralkan asam lemak
larut air yg volatil yg terdapat dlm 5 g lemak.
C4 (as. Butirat) → C6 (as. Caproat)
Hechner Value
= Jumlah as. Lemak yang tidak larut air.
Reichert Meissl Number tinggi → Hechner Value rendah