PURWOKERTO
2020
BAB I. PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Persalinan merupakan proses fisiologi dimana suatu proses dalam
pengeluaran janin dan merupakan perubahan peristiwa menjadi ibu (Felina,
Masrul & Iryani 2015). Proses persalinan merupakan suatu masa krisis di mana
proses persalinan merupakan kondisi yang menegangkan dan mencemaskan bagi
wanita dan keluarga, terutama persalinan dengan tindakan bedah
(Amperaningsih & Siwi 2018). Salah satu resiko persalinan yang paling banyak
saat ini adalah tingginya angka kematian ibu melahirkan. World Health
Organization (WHO) tahun 2014 angka kematian ibu (AKI) di dunia yaitu
289.000. Amerika Serikat yaitu 9300 jiwa, Afrika Utara 179.000 jiwa dan Asia
Tenggara 16.000 jiwa. Angka kematian ibu di negara –negara Asia Tenggara
yaitu Indonesia 214 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, Filipina 170 per 100.000
kelahiran hidup. Menurut Survey Demokrasi Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2017
bahwa kematian neonatal di desa/kelurahan 0-1 per tahun sebanyak 83.447, di
Puskesmas kematian neonatal 7-8 per tahun sebanyak 9.825, dan angka kematian
neonatal di rumah sakit 18 per tahun sebanayak 2.868.
Faktor penentu pada proses persalinan adalah power (his dan mengejan),
passanger (janin, plasenta dan selaput ketuban), dan passage (jalan lahir.
Masalah dalam proses persalinan dapat muncul salah satunya adalah pada nyeri
persalinan yang memiliki presentasi kejadian 90% pasti dialami. Rasa nyeri pada
persalinan lazim terjadi dan merupakan proses yang melibatkan fisiologis dan
psikologis ibu dan merupakan penyebab frustrasi dan putus asa, sehingga
beberapa ibu sering merasa tidak akan mampu melewati proses persalinan (Sri
Rejeki, Ariawan Soejonoes, Soenarjo 2014). Nyeri dapat merangsang pelepasan
sejumlah katekolamin (hormon stress) seperti hormone ephinephrin dan
norephinephrin. Adanya peningkatan katekolamin dalam darah dapat
mengakibatkan masa persalinan memanjang dengan mengurangi efisiensi
kontraksi Rahim dan juga mengakibatkan suplai darah ke janin menjadi kurang
(Andarmoyo 2013).
B. Tujuan
C. Manfaat
Tabel 3.1 Perbedaan skala nyeri sebelum intervensi dan setelah imtervensi pada
tiga kelompok
Intensitas nyeri Terapi Panas Terapi Dingin Kontrol
Hasil Sejalan dengan penelitian Ganji (2013) yang berjudul " The effect of
intermittent local heat and cold on labor pain and child birth outcome". Dalam
penelitian tersebut, suhu air panas yang digunakan yaitu 38 - 40 ° C dibungkus
dengan handuk di perut bagian bawah, dan punggung bawah wanita dalam
proses persalinan selama 30 menit selama kontraksi. Kemudian, mereka
A. Kesimpulan
Masalah dalam proses persalinan dapat muncul salah satunya adalah pada
nyeri persalinan yang memiliki presentasi kejadian 90% pasti dialami. Rasa
nyeri pada persalinan lazim terjadi dan merupakan proses yang melibatkan
fisiologis dan psikologis ibu dan merupakan penyebab frustrasi dan putus asa,
sehingga beberapa ibu sering merasa tidak akan mampu melewati proses
persalinan. Terapi yang dapat meredakan nyeri persalinan dan memiliki efek
samping minimal ialah penggunaan terapi non farmakologi seperti kompres
dingin dan kompres hangat. Terapi kompres panas dan dingin merupakan salah
satu metode non farmakologis untuk mengatasi nyeri. Pada jurnal utama bahwa
terdapat perbedaan secara bermakna terhadap skala nyeri pada kelompok
intervensi yang diberikan terapi panas dan juga dingin (P <0,05).
B. Saran
Sebagai pemberi asuhan keperawatan, perawat dapat menerapkan teknik
mengatasi nyeri menggunakan kompres hangat dan juga dingin. Terapi ini tidak
membutuhkan prosedur yang rumit karena alat yang dibutuhkan dapat diperoleh
di rumah sakit secara mudah. Selain itu terapi ini tidak membutuhkan tindakan
yang invasif sehingga memiliki efek samping yang minimal terhadap ibu dalam
proses persalinan.
amperaningsih, Y. & Siwi, P.N. 2018, ‘Stres Pasca Trauma Pada Ibu Post Partum
Dengan Sectio Caesarea Emergency Dan Partus Spontan’, Jurnal Ilmiah
Keperawatan Sai Betik, Vol. 14, No. 1, P. 72.
Battawi, JI., Noha MM., Resha ME. 2018, ‘Effect of ice pack application on pain
intensity during active phase of the first stage of labor among primiparaous’,
Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, vol 8 no 2,
http://jnep.sciedupress.com
Benfield Rd, Hortobagyi T, Tanner Cj, Swanson M, Heitkemper Mm, Newton Er.
The Efects Of Hydrotherapy On Anxiety, Pain, Neuroendocrine Responses,
And Contraction Dynamics During Labor. Biol Res Nurs. 2010;12(1):28–36.
Dahlen Hg, Homer Cs, Cooke M, Upton Am, Nunn Ra, Brodrick Bs. 2011,
’Soothing Thering Of fire: Australian Women’s And Midwives Experiences
Of Using Perineal Warm Pack Sinthese Condstage Of Labour’, Midwifery, Vol
25, No 2, Pp 39–48
Febrina, E., Nasrullah, D., Subarnas, A. & Destiani, D.P. 2018, ‘Aktivitas
Analgesik Ekstrak Fraksi N-Heksana, Etil Asetat, Dan Air Buah Pandan Laut
Pada(Pandanus Tectorius) Mencit Metode Geliat’, Farmaka, Vol. 14, No. 2,
Pp. 1–10.
Felina, M., Masrul, M. & Iryani, D. 2015, ‘Pengaruh Kompres Panas Dan Dingin
Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Kala I Fase Aktif Persalinan Fisiologis Ibu
Primipara’, Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, Vol. 4, No. 1, Pp. 58–64.
Potter And Perry, 2011, Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan : Konsep, Proses &.
Praktek. Edisi 4. Vol 1, Egc, Jakarta
Roberts L. 2010, ‘The coping with labor algorithm: an alternate pain assessment tool
for laboring woman’, Journal Of Midwifery And Women’s Health, vol 55, no 2,
pp 107-116, PMid:20189129
Ropero Pelaez Fj, Taniguchi S. 2016, ‘The Gate Theory Of Pain Revisited:
Modeling Different Pain Conditions With A Parsimonious
Neurocomputational Model’. Neural Plast. Doi:10.1155/2016/4131395,
[Pubmed: 27088014], [Pubmedcentral: Pmc4814802].
Shirvani Ma, Ganji Z. 2014, ‘The Influence Of Cold Pack On Labour Pain Relief
And Birth Outcomes: A Randomised Controlled Trial’, J Clin Nurs, Vol 23,
No 17-18
Shevchuk Na. 2008, ‘Hydrotherapy As A Possible Neuroleptic And Sedative
Sri Rejeki, Ariawan Soejonoes, Soenarjo, A.H. 2014, ‘Tingkat Nyeri Dan
Prostaglandin-E2 Pada Ibu Inpartu Kala I Dengan Tindakan Counter-
Pressure’, Jurnal Ners, Vol. 9, No. 1, Pp. 111–7.
Suryani Manurung, Ani Nuraini, Tri Riana, Ii Soleha, Heni Nurhaeni, Khaterina
Pulina, E.R. 2013, ‘Pengaruh Tehnik Pemberian Kompres Hangat Terhadap
Perubahan Skala Nyeri Persalinan Pada Klien Primigravida’, Journal Health
Quality, Vol. 4, No. 1, Pp. 1–76.
Tey Hl, Tan Es, Tan Fg, Tan Kl, Lim Is, Tan As. 2012, ‘Reducing Anxiety Levels
In Preschool Children Under Going Cryotherapy Forcutaneous Viral Warts:
Us Eof Aportable Video Player; Arch Dermatol, Vol 148, No 9, Pp 1001–100
4.
PENGKAJIAN
I. DATA UMUM
Insial Klien : Ny. S (25 th)
Pekerjaan : Ibu rumah tangga
Pendidikan Terakhir : SMA
Agama : Islam
Suku Bangsa : Jawa
Status Perkawinan : Kawin
Alamat : Tunjungmuli Rt 16 Rw 16
Nama Suami : Tn. A (30 th)
Pekerjaan : PNS
Pendidikan Terakhir : S1
Agama : Islam
Pemeriksaan fisik
Kenaikan BB selama kehamilan 12 kg
Tanda vital : TD 110/70 mmHg, Nadi 80x/menit, Suhu 36,8oC, RR 20x/menit
1. Kepala & Leher
PERSALINAN KALA I
- Rasa sakit adanya kontraksi yang datang kuat, sering, dan teratur (3x dalam 10
menit). Pengkajian nyeri PQRST didapatkan P: Nyeri karena kontraksi uterus,
Q: Kencang & tegang, R: Di daerah abdomen dan menjalar ke pinggang, S:
Skala nyeri 8, T: Nyeri hilang timbul
- Keluar lendir bercampur bercak darah
- Keluar banyak keringat
PERSALINAN KALA II
Perdarahan : 150 ml
Data lain :-
Data lain : Pasien mengatakan lelah dan lemas setelah melahirkan serta
pasien masih tiduran di bed.
BAYI
Nilai APGAR: 9
Suhu 36,5o C:
ANALISA DATA
Kala I
DO :
DS : Krisis Ansietas
situasional
- Pasien mengatakan ini kehamilan
pertama sehingga cemas dengan
kondisinya
- Pasien mengatakan ingin segera
melahirkan karena tidak tahan dengan
sakitnya
- Pasien selalu bertanya jam berapa
anaknya akan lahir
DO :
Kala II
- RR 28x/menit
- Ibu banyak berkeringat
Kala III
Kala IV
Kala I
1. Nyeri persalinan b.d dilatasi serviks ditandai dengan ekspresi wajah meringis
kesakitan, kontraksi uterus kuat & teratur.
2. Ansietas b.d krisis situasional ditandai dengan pasien tampak gelisah, tidak bisa
tenang, dan tidak mau ditinggalkan oleh keluarganya.
Kala II
Nyeri persalinan b.d ekspulsi fetal ditandai dengan ibu mengeluh nyeri dan adanya
tekanan perineal.
Kala III
Risiko kekurangan volume cairan b.d kehilangan cairan melalui rute normal
ditandai dengan pasien kehilangan darah mencapai 150 ml.
Kala IV
Kala I
Diagnosa Intervensi
No. Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil Rasional
Keperawatan Keperawatan
Kala II
Nyeri persalinan b.d ekspulsi Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan NIC : Manajemen Nyeri
fetal ditandai dengan ibu 1x30 menit diharapkan tingkat nyeri dapat 1. Mengidentifikasi tingkat
1. Observasi petunjuk non
mengeluh nyeri dan adanya berkurang dengan kriteria hasil: intervensi yang perlu
verbal pasien mengenai
tekanan perineal diberikan.
NOC : Tingkat Nyeri ketidaknyamanan
2. Pasien merasa aman karena
2. Bantu keluarga untuk
Indikator Awal Akhir ada yang mendampingi
memberikan dukungan
Nyeri yang 2 4 3. Analgetik untuk menurunkan
dengan tetap mendampingi
dilaporkan nyeri dengan menekan impuls
pasien
nyeri pada medulla spinalis
Frekuensi 3 4 3. Kolaborasi pemberian
4. Mendukung terapi
nafas paracetamol 500 mg
farmakologis untuk
4. Ajarkan teknik relaksasi
Berkeringat 2 4 menurunkan nyeri karena
nafas dalam
berlebihan terapi nafas dalam dapat
5. Beri pakaian yang nyaman
meminimalkan aktivitas
Keterangan dan menyerap keringat
simpatik dalam system saraf
6. Berikan terapi oksigen 1-2
1: berat otonom
lpm dengan nasal kanul
2 : cukup berat
Kala III
Ani Astuti1, D.M. 2016, ‘Jurnal Ipteks Terapan’, Pengaruh Terapi Musik Klasik
Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Skala Nyeri Pasien Post Operasi, Vol. 10, No.
3, Pp. 252–61.
Ariastuti1, N. D., Sucipto2, E., & Andari, I. D. 2015. Hubungan Antara Posisi
Miring Kiri Dengan Proses Mempercepat Penurunan Kepala Janin Pada Proses
Persalinan Di Bpm Ny. M Slerok Kota Tegal. Journal Reasearch Midwefery
Politeknik Tegal, 4(1), 60–64.
Aryani, Y., Masrul, & Evareny, L. 2015. Artikel Penelitian Pengaruh Masase Pada
Punggung Terhadap Intensitas Nyeri Kala I Fase Laten Persalinan Normal
Melalui Peningkatan Kadar Endorfin. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 4(1), 70–77.
Astuti, T., & Bangsawan, M. 2019. Aplikasi Relaksasi Nafas Dalam Terhadap
Nyeri Dan Lamanya Persalinan Kala I Ibu Bersalin Di Rumah Bersalin Kota
Bandar Lampung. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan Sai Betik, 15(1), 59–65.
Bulecheck, G.M., Butcher, H.K., Dochterman, D.C. & Wagner, C.M. 2013.
Nursing Intervention Classification (Nic) (6th Ed). St.Louis Missouri:
Elsevier.
Moorhead, S., Johnson, M., Maas, M.L. & Swanson, E. 2013. Nursing Outcomes
Classification (Noc): Measurement Of Health Outcomes (5th Ed). St.
Louis Missouri: Elsevier
Sarwinanti 2018, ‘The Kegel Exercises Effect To The Uterus Involution Process O
N Postpartum Mothers’, Jurnal Kebidanan Dan Keperawatan, Vol. 14, No. 2,
Pp. 133–9.
Research Article
Published online 2018 June 25.
Received 2018 January 07; Revised 2018 April 05; Accepted 2018 April 16.
Copyright © 2018, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly
cited
Yazdkhasti M et al.
tion (the beginning of the active phase) in all three groups assess pain intensity, the McGill linear pain scale was ex-
was measured by McGill pain ruler. McGill pain ruler indi- plained to the mothers by the researcher in order to mea-
cates 0 (nopain) to 10 (mostintensepain) fromleft toright. sure the pain. But, no intervention was applied to the con-
The test-retest analysis was used to assess reliability. In the trol group.
pilot study, the pain intensity in 20 mothers was measured A total of 15 participants were excluded from the cur-
by the researchers, separately, and the correlation between rent study. In the cold therapy group, four participants were
their measurements were r = 0.78. Face and content valid- excluded due to intolerance of old therapy (n = 2), and
ity of satisfaction questionnaire was measured by 10 repro- emergency caesarean section (n = 2). In the heat ther- apy
ductive health experts. group, five participants were excluded due to abnor- mal
In the heat therapy group, after making an appropri- pattern of fetal heart rate (n = 3), and intolerance to heat
ate communication with the pregnant females, researcher therapy (n = 2). In the control group, six participants were
used a hot water bottle covered with a towel all through excluded due to emergency caesarean section (n = 4),
the labor to warmth lower back and abdomen of the sub- diagnosis of placental abruption (n = 1), and abnormal pat-
ject. The hot water bottle was used during contraction in tern of fetal heart rate (n = 1). The final analysis was per-
the first phase of labor (the least amount of time used in formed on 105 subjects (Figure 1).
the first phase was 60 minutes). The reason for the use of
this device was that it was easy to provide, use, and clean
3.1. Statistical Analysis
for other participants. The researcher had two hot water
bottles for each subject; therefore, if the first bottle lost its Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact, Chi-square,
warmth (checked the temperature with a mercury ther- the Kruskal-Wallis, and ANOVA tests with SPSS version 19.
mometer every 10 minutes), the second bottle was used. In all the tests, P value < 0.05 was considered statistically
According to several studies (12), the researcher tested the significant.
temperature of hot water bottle by placing it against her
forearm for few seconds and if the temperature was right
covered the bottle with a towel and placed it on the skin of 4. Results
the participant during labor at desired locations. Based on
previous studies (7) the temperature of hot water bottle A total of 120 participants were included in the study of
should be 38 - 40°C. The temperature of hot water bottle in which 105 were considered eligible for data analysis. Chi-
this situation was also checked by mercury thermometer squire test did not show statistically significant differences
to ensure that the temperature was right. The temperature among the three groups (two intervention groups and one
of the bottle was continuously measured to make sure it control group) before the intervention in terms of demo-
was 38 - 40°C. graphic and clinical characteristics such as occupation, ed-
In the second phase of labor, before transferring the ucational level, and status of amniotic fluid (Table 1). The
subject to the delivery bed, the researchers covered the hot Kruskal-Wallis test also did not show statistically signifi-
water bottle with a clean towel and placed it on perineum cant differences among the three groups before interven- tion
during the contraction for at least four minutes (26). in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics such as
In the cold therapy group, a similar method was used, but age, gestational age, time of rupture of membrane, and time
hot water bottle was replaced with an ice pack on lower parts of oxytocin usage (Table 2).
of the subject’s back and abdomen for 10 minutes ev- ery 30 The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the three groups
minutes during the first phase and on perineum for five before intervention had no statistically significant differ-
minutes every 15 minutes during the second phase of labor ences in terms of pain intensity in 3 - 4 cm dilated (begin-
(27). The temperature of the ice pack was expected to reduce ning of active labor). After intervention, in dilations of 5 - 6
pain perception, which should be in the range of 10 - 15°C cm(P = 0.049), 7 - 8 cm(P = 0.042), and 9 - 10 cm(P = 0.001) in
(28). The temperature of the ice pack was checked using a the first and second phase of the labor (P = 0.001), statisti-
mercury thermometer to ensure the temperature was right. It cally significant differences were observed in terms of pain
should be mentioned that, the ice pack was placed on the intensity among the three groups. Results of least signifi-
desired area as long as it had the right tem- perature (10 - cant difference (LSD) test showed that the least mean pain
15°C). Pain assessment in the first phase of labor in addition intensity in different dilatations was during the first and the
to dilatation of 3 - 4 cm (the beginning of the active phase second phases of labor in the heat therapy group (Ta- ble
of labor), dilation of 5 - 6 cm (acceler- ated phase), 7 - 8 cm 3). Therefore, after intervention, in dilations of 5 - 6 cm, 7 -
(maximum of slope), and 9 - 10 cm (the deceleration) was 8 cm, and 9 - 10 cm in the first and second phases of the
also conducted after the delivery. To labor, the mean pain intensity in the intervention groups
Excluded (n = 424)
Not meeting inclusion criteria (n = 392)
Declined to participate (n = 30 )
Other reasons (n = 2 )
Randomized (n = 120)
a
Values are expressed as No. (%).
was lower than that of the control group. The highest re- ing the first and the second phases of labor, according to
duction in the pain intensity in different dilatations dur- LSD test, was related to the heat therapy group.
Table 2. Comparison of Age, Gestational Age, Time of Oxytocin, and Time of Rupture of Membrane usage, in the Three Groups
Gestational age, week 39.14 ± 1.11 39.20 ± 1.10 38.77 ± 0.91 0.203
Time of oxytocin usage, min 39.14 ± 1.11 39.20 ± 1.10 38.77 ± 0.91 0.071
Table 3. Mean ± SD of Pain Intensity at Different Dilatations in the Three Groupsa 38 - 40°C hot water bottle wrapped in a towel on the ab-
Pain Intensity Heat Therapy Cold Therapy Control domen, lower abdomen, and lower back of females in la-
bor for 30 minutes during contraction. Then, they placed
Before intervention 3.82 ± 1.17 3.85 ± 1.14 3.57 ± 1.14
(dilatation 3 - 4 cm) an ice pack wrapped in a towel on the same places for 10
minutes during the first phase of labor. This exercise was
After intervention 3.25 ± 0.91 3.57 ± 1.14 4.00 ± 1.37
(dilatation 5 - 6 cm) repeated frequently during the first phase of labor. In the
After intervention 4.08 ± 0.91 4.88 ± 1.05 4.97 ± 1.17 secondphase, hotwaterbottlewasplacedontheperineum
(dilatation 7 - 8 cm) for 15 minutesandthen, theicepackwasplacedinthesame
After intervention 6.00 ± 1.35 6.40 ± 1.09 7.80 ± 1.18 locations for five minutes. This exercise was repeated fre-
(dilatation 9 - 10 cm) quently during the second phase of labor. Results showed
Second phase 6.22 ± 1.13 7.37 ± 1.08 7.94 ± 1.08 that the severity of pain was reduced in the first phase of
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. labor during 5 - 6 cm, 7 - 8 cm, and 9 - 10 cm dilatations
as well as the second phase, and this pain reduction was
statistically significant compared with that of the control
The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a statistically signifi- group (7). In the current study, although the method of in-
cant difference among the three groups in terms of the tervention was not frequently repeated and the effects of
average duration of the first phase (P = 0.001), but there cold and heat therapy were examined separately, the ob-
was no statistically significant difference among the three tained results regarding the reduction of pain severity at the
groups in terms of the average duration of the third phase. first phase during 5 - 6 cm, 7 - 8 cm, and 9 - 10 cm di-
ANOVA results showed a statistically significant difference latations as well as the second phase of labor were consis-
among the three groups in terms of the average duration of tent with the findings of Ganji et al. Furthermore, results
the second phases of labor (P = 0.023) (Table 4). of the study by Shirvani et al., that investigated the effect
The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no statistically signifi- of ice pack on pain reduction and labor outcomes showed
cant difference among the three groups in terms of birth that using ice pack on abdomen and back for 10 minutes
outcomes (e g, the mean first and fifth Apgar scores, the every 30 minutes at the first phase and also on perineum
time of cuddling the newborn infant, and the first breast- for five minutes every 15 minutes at the second phase of la-
feeding) (Table 5). bor could not significantly reduce the pain severity at the
The Fisher exact test showed no statistically significant first phase during 5 - 6 cm, 7 - 8 cm, and 9 - 10 cm dilatations
differences between the two interventions groups in terms as well as the second phase of labor (23). In their study, al-
of maternal satisfaction (Table 6). though pain intensity was slightly lower in the heat ther-
apy group during labor, it was not significantly different
among the three groups. The duration of the second stage
5. Discussion
of labor was significantly lower in the cold therapy group
The results of the current study showed no statis- (P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in dura-
tically significant difference in the pain severity before the tion of the first and third stages, fetal heart rate, and Ap-
intervention in 3 - 4 cm dilatation among the three groups. gar score among the groups. Based on the current study
However, statistically significant differences were results, the effect of heat and cold therapy on the reduction
observed among the three groups in other dilatations in the of labor pain was not significantly different. Also, alternat-
first phase of labor, that is the 5 - 6 cm, 7 - 8 cm, and 9 - 10 ing the sensory stimulus by heat and cold was not more ef-
cm dilatations, and also in the second phase of la- bor. fective than each of them separately. In the study by Smith
These results were consistent with those of the study by BW et al., pain threshold raised with both heat and cold in
Ganji et al., entitled “effects of alternating heat and cold on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There were no signifi-
the pain and labor outcomes”. In their study, they used cant differences in the pain threshold between warm bath
Table 4. Mean ± SD of Duration of the First, Second, and Third Phases of Labor in the Three Groups a
Table 5. Mean ± SD of Apgar Score, Time of Cuddling the Newborn, and the First Breastfeeding in the Three Groups a
First Apgar score 8.68 ± 0.47 8.62 ± 0.49 8.68 ± 0.47 P = 0.841
Fifth Apgar score 9.85 ± 0.35 9.94 ± 0.23 9.97 ± 0.16 P = 0.172
Time of cuddling the newborn 4.14 ± 0.97 4.14 ± 1.00 4.34 ± 1.23 P = 0.861
Table 6. Females Satisfaction in the Two Intervention Groups a tions in the heat therapy group compared with the control
Satisfaction Heat Therapy Cold Therapy P Value
group. Most studies did not compare the relieving effect
of heat and cold (23). In the current study, the heat therapy
Type of intervention 0.671
intervention was also conducted at the second phase of la-
Satisfied/very 24 (68.6) 25 (65.6)
bor, which also showed the reduction of pain at the second
satisfied
phase in heat therapy group. In this regard, the study by
Neutral 11 (31.4) 11 (34.4)
Dahlen et al., that examined the effect of heat therapy on
Dissatisfied/very 0 (0) 0 (0)
dissatisfied
the perineum at the second phase of labor indicated that
the severity of pain in pregnant females during the second
Desire to re-use 0.782
phase of labor three to four hours before discharging from
Yes 25 (71.4) 26 (74.3)
delivery room was statistically different from that of the
Delivery process 0.952 control group, which indicated the reduction of pain due
Satisfied/very 27 (77.1) 28 (77.2) to the effect of heat therapy in the intervention group com-
satisfied
pared with the control group (14).
Neutral 8 (22.9) 8 (22.8)
In the current study, the average duration of first and
second phases of labor showed a statistically significant
First experience of 0.782 difference among the three groups, but no statistically sig-
breastfeeding nificant difference was observed among the three groups
regarding the average duration of the third phase of la- bor,
which was inconsistent with the results of the study by
Neutral 6 (17.1) 8 (20)
Behmanesh et al. They reported that the duration of the first
and third phases of labor in the heat therapy group was less
than those of the control group, but the duration of the
a
Values are expressed as No. (%).
second phase showed no statistically significant dif-
ferences between the two groups (30). Perhaps, one of the
reasons of this inconsistency could be the non-similarities
and ice massage groups. Of course, the cold effects were of factors such as watering rupture (premature rupture of
more than the heat (29). It seems that applying cold or heat membranes; PROM) and lack of oxytocin use in the two
can influence the outcomes. In the current study, the same studies. According to another report, labor pain was de-
form of heat and cold was used, thus more investigations creased by a cold pack (31). It was also reported that the
are needed to compare the effect of various forms of heat intermittent heat and cold therapy effectively decreased
and cold. Also, more reduction of pain was observed at the labor pain compared with the control group (7). Some
first phase during 5 - 6 cm, 7 - 8 cm, and 9 - 10 cm dilata- mechanisms for effectiveness of heat/cold include provid-
ing stimuli from peripheral sensory receptors to inhibit hospital in Karaj, Iran.
pain awareness, antinociceptive effects on the gate control
system, decreasing muscle tension, and distraction of at-
Footnotes
tention from pain (32-34).
In the current study, no statistically significant differ- Authors’ Contribution: Mansoureh Yazdkhasti, study
ence was observed among the three groups in terms of av- concept and design, and data analysis; Shoheila|Moghimi
erage Apgar score in the first and fifth minutes, which was Hanjani, criticallyevaluationof themanuscriptandcontri-
consistent with the results of several other studies (14,23, butiontothewritingprocess; Zahra|Mehdizadeh Tourzani,
30). Therefore, it seems that heat therapy and cold ther- the main investigator and the study advisor. All authors
apy intervention had no negative effects on Apgar score or read and approved the final copy of the manuscript.
other factors such as time of cuddling the newborn after Conflicts of Interest: Authors declared no conflict of in-
giving birth and the first breastfeeding. terest.
In the current study, no statistically significant differ-
Financial Disclosure: There was no financial disclosure.
ence was observed between the two groups (heat and cold)
Funding/Support: The study was financially supportedby
such as satisfaction with the type of intervention, the de-
AUMS.
sire to re-use, satisfaction with the delivery process, and
satisfaction with breastfeeding. Therefore, both groups
were equally satisfied with the method of heat and/or cold References
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