Translated Copy of Fpsyg-12-569065

Kepribadian Proaktif dan
Dukungan Sosial Dengan

Kecemasan Pra-pensiun:
Peran Mediasi Kesuksesan
Karir Subyektif
Lawrence Ejike Ugwu1*, Ibeawuchi K. Enwereuzor2, Barnabas
E. Nwankwo3, Stella Ugwueze1, Franscisca N. Ogba4, Evelyn E.
Nnadozie2, Chinyere O. Elom4, Angela Eze5 dan Michael A.
Yehez6
1
Departemen Psikologi, Universitas Renaissance Ugbawka, Enugu, Nigeria,
2
Departemen Psikologi, Universitas Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 3Departemen
Psikologi, Universitas Caritas, Enugu, Nigeria, 4Yayasan Pendidikan, Universitas
Federal Alex Ekwueme Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi , Nigeria, 5Pendidikan Seni dan
Humaniora, Universitas Federal Alex Ekwueme Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi, Nigeria,
6
Departemen Psikologi, Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Negeri Enugu, Enugu,
Nigeria
Diedit oleh:
Omer Farooq Malik, Tujuan utama dari makalah ini adalah untuk menyelidiki
Kampus Islamabad, Pakistan peran mediasi subjektif keberhasilan karir (SCS) dalam
Diulas oleh: hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif, dukungan sosial
Moon-Ho R. Ho,
(SS), dan kecemasan pra-pensiun. Menggunakan desain
Universitas Teknologi Nanyang, Singapura
Melinde Coetzee, longitudinal dua gelombang, sampel 624 pra-pensiunan
Universitas Afrika Selatan, (M= 56,49 tahun; SD= 4,56); dari jumlah tersebut, 237
Afrika Selatan
(37,98%) adalah laki-laki dan 387 (62,02%) adalah
*Korespondensi:
perempuan. Model pengukuran dan uji mediasi
Lawrence Ejike Ugwu
law.ugwu@gmail.com dilakukan dengan menggunakan software SmartPLS dan
IBM SPSS Amos. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
Spesialisasi bagian:
kepribadian proaktif, SS, dan SCS menunjukkan
Artikel ini dikirim ke Psikologi Organisasi,
bagian dari jurnal hubungan negatif dengan dimensi kecemasan sebelum
Frontiers in Psychology pensiun (kesiapan finansial, kewajiban sosial, dan
Diterima: 02 Juni 2020 keterasingan sosial). Keberhasilan karir subjektif
Diterima: 20 April 2021
Diterbitkan: 02 Juli 2021
memediasi hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif dan
kecemasan pra-pensiun.
Kutipan:
Ugwu LE, Enwereuzor IK,
Kata kunci: kesuksesan karir subjektif, dukungan sosial, kecemasan sebelum
Nwankwo BE, Ugwueze S, Ogba FN, Nnadozie EE, Elom CO, Eze A dan Ezeh MA
pensiun, kesiapan finansial, kewajiban sosial, keterasingan sosial
(2021) Kepribadian Proaktif dan Dukungan Sosial Dengan
Kecemasan Sebelum Pensiun: Peran Mediasi Kesuksesan Karir Subjektif. Depan.
Psiko. 12:569065.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569065 PENDAHULUAN
PENELITIAN ASLI
diterbitkan: 02 Juli 2021
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569065 Kecemasan yang datang dengan pensiun bisa sebagai
akibat dari ketidaksiapan yang dirasakan dan kurangnya
kecukupan diri atau kehancuran yang dirasakan dan
pengalaman traumatis di kehidupan beberapa pensiunan
yang masa pensiunnya tidak diketahui. Disposisi psikologis
dan sosial ekonomi yang merugikan yang diidentifikasi mereka tempati sebagai pegawai negeri (Hansson et al.,
sebagai ciri pensiunan pegawai negeri sipil karena 2019). Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang
penghentian fungsional dari sumber mata pencaharian persepsi dan sikap karyawan terhadap kecemasan
reguler mereka dan penurunan status sosial yang sesuai menjelang pensiun.
tidak dapat dilebih-lebihkan (Yeung dan Zhou, 2017). Beberapa penelitian telah mengeksplorasi pensiun, tetapi
Tantangan tersebut meliputi ketidakcukupan finansial, sangat sedikit penelitian yang menjelaskan peran
kesehatan yang menurun, masalah keluarga yang tidak pra-pensiun atau bagaimana variabel kepribadian seperti
berfungsi, dan gangguan psikologis atau perilaku, seperti proaktif dan dukungan sosial (SS) mempengaruhi
depresi, hipertensi, krisis identitas, kesepian, dan penuaan kecemasan pra-pensiun. Studi ini mengisi kesenjangan
cepat yang kadang-kadang disebabkan oleh kurangnya mengeksplorasi kecemasan pra-pensiun. Hal ini juga
akomodasi yang baik antara lain (Tokunboh, 1998). memeriksa peran yang dimainkan kepribadian proaktif
Beberapa juga mengalami kehilangan harga diri karena dalam mengurangi kecemasan di pra-pensiun sebagai
status yang lebih rendah di mana mereka membayangkan
diri mereka pensiun dari posisi yang sangat tinggi yang
Perbatasan dalam Psikologi | www.frontiersin.org 1 Juli 2021 | Jilid 12 | Pasal 569065

Ugwu dkk. Kepribadian, Dukungan Sosial, Pra-pensiun Kecemasan
dalam kecemasan pra-pensiun. Studi ini meningkatkan
literatur yang berkembang tentang pensiun (Wang et al.,
kepribadian proaktif telah dibentuk untuk meningkatkan 2016; Zhu dan Walker, 2018) dan kebutuhan untuk
kepuasan di tempat kerja dan pensiun (misalnya, Jawahar memahami bagaimana negara berkembang mengelola
dan Liu, 2016; Kuo et al., 2019). Selain itu, juga terkait untuk mengatasi selama masa transisi ini. Rencana
dengan peran berbagai dimensi SS (keluarga, teman, dan pensiun bagi para pekerja di negara-negara ekonomi ini
orang terdekat) dalam membantu calon pensiunan tidak mengagumkan, tetapi para pensiunan tidak punya
menyesuaikan diri dengan masa pensiun yang akan pilihan selain bertahan hidup. Studi ini akan sangat
datang. Menurut Kubicek et al. (2010), beberapa sumber membantu dalam memberikan wawasan tentang
daya di tempat kerja dan kehidupan pribadi seorang bagaimana bersiap-siap sebelum masa pensiun yang tak
individu dapat memiliki efek tidak langsung pada pensiun terhindarkan.
untuk menentukan kualitas hidup. Studi saat ini
menganggap bahwa kesuksesan karir dapat memediasi Kepribadian Proaktif dan Kecemasan
hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif, dukungan sosial, Sebelum Pensiun
dan kecemasan pra-pensiun. Kepribadian proaktif adalah kecenderungan yang relatif
Fokus pada kecemasan pra-pensiun relevan karena stabil yang ditandai dengan peramalan perubahan masa
tidak adanya penelitian yang tepat tentangnya di Afrika depan, perencanaan, dan ketekunan (Bateman dan Crant,
dan khususnya di Nigeria. Pekerja tidak mengetahui 1993). Ini juga menunjukkan kecenderungan disposisional
skema pensiun yang digunakan di organisasi mereka, hal untuk terlibat dalam perilaku proaktif dalam berbagai
ini mengakibatkan lebih sedikit pekerja (8,1% dari populasi situasi. Individu dengan kepribadian proaktif cenderung
pekerja) yang berpartisipasi dalam skema pensiun iuran mengubah keadaan mereka dengan sengaja, termasuk
yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 2004 lingkungan fisik mereka (Mccormick et al., 2018).
(Pricewaterhousecooper, 2016). Ada ketidakpercayaan Pekerja yang memiliki sifat kepribadian proaktif
yang tinggi pada pemerintah karena sebagian besar cenderung berjuang untuk tujuan tertentu. Mereka
tabungan pensiun digelapkan oleh beberapa pengelolanya membuat sesuatu terjadi dan umumnya baik dan
(Abu dan Musari, 2012; Nweke, 2014). Studi pra-pensiun mengarahkan situasi menuju hasil yang diinginkan.
dibenarkan karena tantangan pensiun memiliki prekursor; Mereka mengidentifikasi peluang, mengambil tindakan,
prekursor ini jika dirawat dengan baik, kemungkinan besar dan
dapat mencegah beberapa tantangan pensiun di masa bertahan sampai mereka membawa perubahan yang
depan. Kepribadian proaktif, dukungan sosial, dan berarti (Crant, 2000). Meskipun beberapa orang bereaksi,
kesuksesan karir adalah faktor-faktor yang mungkin dapat beradaptasi, dan dibentuk oleh lingkungan mereka,
mengurangi kecemasan sebelum pensiun (Li et al., 2010; orang-orang proaktif mengambil inisiatif pribadi untuk
Maurer dan Chapman, 2017; Kuo et al., 2019). Selain itu, berdampak pada dunia di sekitar mereka.
Kubicek et al. (2010) mengemukakan bahwa beberapa Sementara beberapa penelitian telah menyelidiki
sumber daya di tempat kerja dan kehidupan pribadi hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif dan variabel, seperti
individu dapat memiliki efek tidak langsung pada pensiun usia, keberhasilan pekerjaan, kinerja pekerjaan,
untuk menentukan kualitas hidup. Studi saat ini produktivitas organisasi, keberhasilan kewirausahaan, dan
menganggap bahwa kesuksesan karir dapat memediasi perilaku kewarganegaraan organisasi (Gan dan Cheung,
hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif, dukungan sosial, 2010; Feldman dan Beehr, 2011; Bakker et al. , 2012),
dan kecemasan pra-pensiun. Asumsi-asumsi ini bisa sejauh pengetahuan penulis, tidak ada penelitian yang
sangat membantu dalam menemukan pola hubungan berfokus secara eksplisit pada hubungan antara
yang ada antara variabel-variabel ini dan tentu saja kepribadian proaktif dan kecemasan pra-pensiun atau
mengisi kesenjangan dalam literatur. Jarang ada penelitian pensiun. Namun, kami dapat menarik kesimpulan dari
untuk pengetahuan kita yang telah mempertimbangkan studi yang ada untuk mengembangkan hipotesis kami.
peran kepribadian proaktif dan dukungan sosial bermain Misalnya, Feldman dan Beehr (2011) mengamati
bahwa individu yang sangat berhati-hati dapat melihat Henkens, 2008; Dulin et al., 2011). Namun, sebuah studi
penurunan kinerja sebagai tanda kecocokan yang buruk, longitudinal oleh Reitzes dan Mutran (2006) mengamati
sedangkan individu yang sangat setuju mungkin lebih bahwa hubungan unik pra-pensiun dan karakteristik
terbiasa dengan umpan balik sosial yang positif daripada dukungan sosial mempengaruhi penyesuaian pensiun
umpan balik tugas negatif dalam pekerjaan mereka. awal dan kehidupan selanjutnya. Oleh karena itu kami
pekerjaan. Conscientiousness adalah sifat kepribadian berhipotesis:
berhati-hati atau rajin dan menyiratkan keinginan untuk
melakukan tugas dengan baik dan untuk mengambil H1: Kepribadian proaktif
kewajiban kepada orang lain dengan serius (Mayor et al., akan secara negatif
2006). Penting untuk dicatat bahwa pekerja yang memiliki memprediksi kecemasan
ciri kepribadian proaktif tinggi sangat teliti. Pekerja yang sebelum pensiun [(a)
teliti cenderung efisien dan terorganisir sebagai lawan dari kesiapan finansial, (b)
santai dan tidak teratur. Studi lain (Sahin, 2006; Ozkurt kewajiban sosial, dan (c)
dan Alpay, 2018) mencatat peran yang dimainkan oleh keterasingan sosial].
kepribadian proaktif dalam mengubah masalah
kecemasan dan kesalahan hidup menjadi pengalaman Dukungan Sosial dan Kecemasan Sebelum Pensiun
baru. Dukungan sosial adalah persepsi dan aktualitas bahwa
Robinson dkk. (2010) menemukan bahwa neurotisisme seseorang diperhatikan, memiliki bantuan yang tersedia
terkait dengan pandangan negatif tentang keadaan yang dari orang lain, dan bahwa seseorang adalah bagian dari
mengarah pada pensiun, sedangkan kesadaran terkait jaringan sosial yang mendukung (Taylor, 2011). Keluarga
dengan alasan aspirasional untuk pensiun. Filer dan Petri besar, teman, anggota gereja, tetangga, dan kerabat fiktif
(1988) mengemukakan bahwa keterbukaan dan merupakan sumber dukungan yang saling melengkapi
keterampilan sosial dikaitkan dengan pensiun nanti, bersih (Billingsley, 1992; Dilworth-Anderson et al., 1993; Chatters
dari tuntutan kognitif dan fisik, dan karakteristik pekerjaan et al., 1994; Taylor et al., 1997). Di Afrika, budaya kolektif
lainnya. Salah satu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk kami: gaya hidup komunitas dan sistem keluarga besar
mempelajari secara langsung kepribadian proaktif dan membuat dukungan sosial menjadi keharusan (Pusat
kecemasan menjelang pensiun. Keadilan Sosial, 2010; Okasha et al., 2012; Olaore dan
Dalam hal kehilangan peran kerja, ikatan sosial Drolet, 2017). Sumber-sumber ini
memfasilitasi penyesuaian yang mudah (van Solinge dan

Ugwu dkk. Kepribadian, Dukungan Sosial, Pra-pensiun Kecemasan
diandalkan dapat digunakan dalam mempromosikan
perawatan, kesehatan, dan kemandirian orang dewasa
dukungan dapat menjadi lebih menonjol dalam kondisi yang lebih tua. Peristiwa kehidupan dapat memiliki efek
perubahan sosial, emosional, ekonomi, dan demografis yang signifikan pada dukungan sosial dengan orang
seperti mendekati masa pensiun. Dukungan ini dapat dewasa yang lebih tua yang lebih rentan terhadap
berupa emosional (misalnya, pengasuhan), nyata perubahan sebagai akibat dari peristiwa usia tertentu,
(bantuan keuangan), informasional (nasihat), atau seperti pensiun (Gurung et al., 2003).
persahabatan (rasa memiliki). Kurangnya sistem Pensiunan individu telah terbukti mengalami
dukungan sosial dan kontak sosial yang intim lebih peningkatan kontak dengan teman-teman di luar
cenderung menyebabkan kesepian, depresi, dan pekerjaan, mungkin untuk mengkompensasi hilangnya
kecemasan untuk orang dewasa yang lebih tua (Green et ikatan sosial yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan (Fox,
al., 2001). Kontak sosial yang dekat seperti itu merupakan 1977). Kontak dengan keluarga juga biasanya meningkat
sumber dukungan sosial yang penting di kemudian hari. di antara para pensiunan karena waktu yang tersedia lebih
Dukungan sosial dari sudut pandang komunikasi banyak (Price, 1992; van Tilburg, 1992). Waktu luang yang
interpersonal dipahami sebagai perilaku mendukung yang baru ditemukan ini menunjukkan bahwa kakek lebih
dilakukan untuk individu oleh orang lain dan sering dinilai menyukai momen keluarga dengan anak dan cucu
dengan persepsi dukungan yang diterima dari individu daripada pergi keluar, sementara nenek menyukainya,
(Burleson dan MacGeorge, 2002; Goldsmith, 2004). mereka lebih banyak berhubungan dengan kontak di luar
Dengan demikian, studi saat ini mempertimbangkan keluarga (Field dan Minkler, 1988; Sapadin, 1988;
implikasinya dalam kecemasan pra-pensiun pegawai Stacey-Konnert dan Pynoos, 1992; Myers dan Booth,
negeri sipil di Nigeria. 1996).
Kontak dengan teman dan keluarga telah dikaitkan Persahabatan yang berkualitas telah terbukti
dengan kesehatan yang lebih baik (Lee dan Ishii-Kuntz, menurunkan kecemasan sosial dan depresi di antara para
1987; Thompson dan Heller, 1990), dan kepuasan dengan pensiunan dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup (Krabill dan
dukungan telah terbukti memiliki efek positif pada Aday, 2005; Rodebaugh et al., 2015). Potts (1997) dalam
kesejahteraan (Chi dan Chou, 2001). . Semakin banyak penelitiannya menemukan bahwa pergaulan dengan
individu yang mendekati masa pensiun akan mencapai teman-teman yang jauh dari komunitas individu
usia tua. Sangat penting bahwa kepastian dan tuntutan memainkan peran yang lebih baik dalam mengurangi
sosial hidup pada orang dewasa yang lebih tua diselidiki kecemasan dan depresi daripada hubungan komunitas
dan dipahami dengan baik sehingga informasi yang dapat yang dekat. Namun, Kasper et al. (2019) dalam studi
eksplorasi mereka di empat negara (Amerika Serikat, Salah satu alasan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui
Belanda, Thailand, dan Malaysia) menunjukkan bahwa apakah kesuksesan karir subjektif, yang menggambarkan
hubungan dengan teman tidak berpengaruh signifikan kepuasan dengan karir seseorang, dapat memprediksi
terhadap kepuasan finansial, kecuali di Amerika Serikat kecemasan pra-pensiun.
yang menunjukkan hubungan negatif. Harris (2013)
dengan jelas menyatakan bahwa persahabatan H3: Keberhasilan karir
merupakan unsur penting dalam pensiunan seiring subjektif akan secara
bertambahnya usia dan lelah dalam kesehatan fisik dan negatif memprediksi
pikiran, teman-teman yang mereka pertahankan selama kecemasan sebelum
bertahun-tahun adalah orang-orang yang akan tetap ada pensiun [(a) kesiapan
di saat-saat terburuk dalam hidup mereka. Oleh karena itu finansial, (b) kewajiban
kami berhipotesis: sosial, dan (c) keterasingan
sosial].
H2: Dukungan sosial akan
secara negatif Sukses Karir Subjektif sebagai Mediator Kesuksesan
memprediksi kecemasan karir mengacu pada sejauh mana dan cara-cara di mana
sebelum pensiun [(a) seorang individu dapat digambarkan sebagai sukses
kesiapan finansial, (b) dalam pekerjaan-kehidupannya sejauh ini (Gunz dan
kewajiban sosial, dan (c) Heslin, 2005; Ng dan Feldman, 2014). Menurut Seibert et
keterasingan sosial]. al. (1999), kesuksesan karir dapat dilihat sebagai objektif
Kesuksesan Karir Subjektif dan Kecemasan dan subjektif. Keberhasilan karir yang objektif menjelaskan
Sebelum Pensiun kenaikan gaji tinggi, jabatan, perusahaan bergengsi
Kesuksesan karir subjektif (SKS) mengacu pada tempat seseorang bekerja, penghargaan, dan
kenikmatan kerja, kebanggaan atas pencapaian, penghargaan. Sedangkan kesuksesan karir subjektif
kepuasan dalam pekerjaan mereka, dan hubungan adalah kenikmatan kerja, kebanggaan atas prestasi,
dengan rekan kerja karyawan (Groysberg dan Abrahams, kepuasan kerja, dan hubungan dengan rekan kerja
2014). Kurangnya studi di SCS mempersempit kepuasan (Groysberg dan Abrahams, 2014).peneliti (Abele dan
pekerja untuk sebagian besar kesuksesan karir objektif, Spark, 2009; Dyke dan Duxbury, 2010) telah mempelajari
yang mencakup keuntungan finansial, promosi, dan signifikansi kesuksesan karir subjektif sepanjang
penghargaan yang lebih nyata. Beberapa peneliti seperti post-modernisasi pengembangan karir. Sukses telah
van Dam et al. (2009) menyimpulkan bahwa pekerja yang bertransisi dari model pengembangan karir tradisional ke
tinggi dalam kesuksesan karir subjektif lebih mungkin pendekatan pengembangan karir tanpa batas/tanpa batas.
untuk menunda pensiun dengan mengambil pekerjaan lain Di satu sisi, beberapa penelitian telah meneliti kesuksesan
yang serupa daripada mereka dengan kesuksesan karir karir subjektif sebagai variabel mediasi (Erdogan et al.,
subjektif rendah. Perannya dengan kecemasan 2012; De Vos dan Segers, 2013; Amah, 2014; Liu et al.,
pra-pensiun belum dipelajari. Penting untuk dicatat bahwa 2015). Di sisi lain, De Coen dkk. (2015) menunjukkan
pada tahap pra-pensiun ini, isu-isu dalam teori bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara
perkembangan Erikson (1982), konsep integritas vs kepuasan karir dengan pensiun. Namun,
keputusasaan datang dengan beberapa kekhawatiran Armstrong-Stassen dan Cattaneo (2010) menunjukkan
tentang integritas ego, depresi, dan kecemasan. Mereka bahwa mereka dengan kesuksesan karir yang lebih tinggi
yang memiliki kesuksesan karir subjektif yang tinggi dapat mengalami kecemasan pensiun yang lebih rendah.
mengalami tingkat integritas yang lebih tinggi daripada Dengan meninjau literatur, tidak ada penelitian yang
keputusasaan. Mereka memiliki sedikit penyesalan dan mengevaluasi peran mediasi kesuksesan karir subjektif
banyak hal yang membuat mereka bahagia. Hal ini dalam hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif atau
didukung oleh beberapa penelitian yang menemukan dukungan sosial dan kecemasan pra-pensiun.
hubungan negatif antara integritas ego dan kecemasan Selanjutnya, seperti yang dijelaskan sebelumnya, ada
(James dan Zarrett, 2005; Phillips dan Ferguson, 2013). hubungan langsung antara kesuksesan karir subjektif dan
Frontiers kepribadian proaktif dalam Psikologi | www.frontiersin.org 3 Juli 2021 | Jilid 12 | Pasal 569065
Ugwu dkk. Kepribadian, Dukungan Sosial, Kecemasan Sebelum Pensiun
gilirannya , mungkin lebih puas dengan hidupnya dan
memiliki tingkat afek positif yang tinggi dan afek negatif
(Seibert et al., 1999), dukungan sosial (Powell dan yang rendah. Dari diskusi di atas, kami menduga peran
Maineiro, 1992; Nabi, 2001), dan konstruksi terkait dengan mediasi kesuksesan karir subjektif antara kepribadian
kecemasan pensiun (Calvo et al., 2007; Wang, 2007; proaktif dan dukungan sosial dengan kecemasan
Wang dan Bodner, 2007; Horner, 2012; Luhmann et al., pra-pensiun.
2012). Dengan demikian, kami berasumsi bahwa Oleh karena itu, kami berhipotesis hipotesis berikut:
kesuksesan karir subjektif juga dapat memediasi
hubungan antara kepribadian proaktif, dukungan sosial, H4: Keberhasilan karir
dan kecemasan pra-pensiun, di mana seorang individu subjektif akan secara
yang puas dengan karirnya sebagai akibat dari memiliki signifikan memediasi
kepribadian proaktif yang tepat dan memadai, pada hubungan antara
kepribadian proaktif dan keluarga, gereja, dll yang akan meringankan tantangan
kecemasan pra-pensiun [(a) hidup.
kesiapan keuangan, (b) Pertumbuhan ini datang dengan keuntungan finansial,
kewajiban sosial, dan (c) status, dan pengakuan. Fokus pada kesuksesan dan
keterasingan sosial]. imbalan yang menyertainya diasumsikan dibagi di antara
H5: Keberhasilan karir jaringan sosial individu. Pelepasan dari jaringan sosial
subjektif akan secara individu sebagai akibat dari mengejar kesuksesan menjadi
signifikan memediasi merugikan saat seseorang mendekati masa pensiun.
hubungan antara Imbalannya akan ada, tetapi kepuasan yang menyertainya
dukungan sosial dan akan berumur pendek
kecemasan sebelum sebagai akibat dari kesepian, depresi, dan kecemasan
pensiun [(a) kesiapan akan hal yang tidak diketahui. Pilihan yang dibuat orang di
finansial, (b) kewajiban tempat kerja dipengaruhi oleh apa yang mereka nilai, gaji,
sosial, dan (c) status, layanan kepada orang lain, dll., sejalan dengan
keterasingan sosial]. prinsip agensi.
Orang proaktif tidak menunggu kehidupan terjadi pada

mereka, mereka mengambil inisiatif untuk membentuk BAHAN DAN METODE
dunia di sekitar mereka. Mereka mengikuti perubahan
yang berkembang dan tetap relevan dalam arus hal-hal di Peserta
sekitar mereka. Agar tetap relevan, individu perlu dengan Peserta dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 624 pegawai
sengaja mengikuti tren dan secara teratur memperbarui negeri sipil dari perguruan tinggi di ibukota negara bagian
pengetahuan dan keterampilan mereka. Perilaku ini dapat dari enam negara bagian. Menggunakan sampling cluster
berupa kelanjutan pendidikan dan pelatihan serta sederhana, sebuah negara bagian diambil menggunakan
investasi. Keterlibatan yang disengaja dalam tabel angka acak dari SPSS v17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL,
pengembangan diri ini berkaitan dengan pengambilan Amerika Serikat) dari masing-masing dari enam zona
inisiatif dan kebutuhan risiko untuk pertumbuhan positif. geopolitik Nigeria. Partisipan yang memiliki masa pensiun
Perspektif ini dijabarkan dalam prinsip pengembangan 5 tahun atau kurang menjadi target populasi karena
rentang hidup dari teori kursus kehidupan. Perkembangan pemikiran pensiun dapat menjadi perhatian dalam periode
tersebut tidak berakhir pada usia 18 tahun, artinya ketika ini (Ode, 2004; Maurer dan Chapman, 2017). Dari total
individu mengalami perubahan dalam hidupnya (fisiologis sampel, 237 (37,98%) adalah laki-laki dan 387 (62,02%)
dan psikologis) maupun berakhir pada masa pensiun adalah perempuan. Usia rata-rata mereka adalah 56,49
kerja. Keterampilan dan pengetahuan yang mereka (SD= 4,56), mulai dari 55 hingga 66 tahun. Mayoritas
peroleh selama bertahun-tahun dapat diandalkan setelah peserta sudah menikah 556 (89,10%), 18 (2,89%) belum
pensiun (Gambar 1). menikah, dan 50 (8,01%) adalah janda. Tingkat
Saat mereka berusaha untuk mempertahankan pendidikan peserta adalah sebagai berikut: Pemegang
pertumbuhan yang stabil, mereka tidak perlu lupa bahwa Sertifikat Lulus Sekolah Pertama (n= 12, 1,92%),
orang-orang di sekitar mereka juga berbagi kisah sukses Pemegang Sertifikat Sekolah Menengah (n= 17, 2,72%),
mereka dan penggemar terbaik yang selalu mereka miliki Diploma Biasa (n= 167, 26,76%), Gelar pertama
dalam hidup mereka. Tanggung jawab kepada keluarga, pemegang gelar (n= 192, 30,77%), pemegang gelar
teman, dan orang lain yang bergantung pada mereka akan Master (n= 130, 20,83%), dan Ph.D. pemegang (n= 106,
berkontribusi pada kesuksesan mereka. Prinsip kehidupan 17,05%).
terkait membantu orang untuk membuat pilihan, milik
GAMBAR 1 | Model konseptual peran mediasi karir antara kepribadian proaktif, dukungan sosial, dan kecemasan pra-pensiun.

Ugwu dkk. Kepribadian, Dukungan Sosial,
setuju. Responden diharapkan untuk menunjukkan sejauh
mana mereka setuju dengan item mengenai tingkat
Tindakan kecemasan pra-pensiun mereka saat ini. Butir 8, 9, 10, 11,
dan 14 diberi skor terbalik. Setelah skor terbalik
Skala Kepribadian Proaktif Kepribadian
proaktif diukur dengan Skala Kepribadian Proaktif yang item kata negatif, skor yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan
kecemasan pra-pensiun yang lebih tinggi dan skor yang
dikembangkan oleh Crant dan Bateman (2000). Skala
lebih rendah menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan pra-pensiun
kepribadian proaktif 10 item menilai tingkat upaya individu
yang lebih rendah. NPAS memiliki tiga dimensi, yaitu
dalam memanipulasi lingkungan kerja yang sulit dengan
kesiapan finansial lima item yang berhubungan dengan
menciptakan dan mengambil peluang untuk mendapatkan
tabungan dan investasi finansial, misalnya, “Saya memiliki
hasil positif. Item sampel termasuk, "Saya terus mencari
sumber pendapatan yang dapat diandalkan setelah
cara baru untuk meningkatkan hidup saya" dan "Tidak
pensiun untuk memenuhi gaya hidup saya”; enam item
peduli apa kemungkinannya, saya percaya pada sesuatu
kewajiban sosial, yang berkaitan dengan tugas-tugas
yang saya akan mewujudkannya." Setiap pertanyaan
dasar yang diharapkan dari seseorang sebagai akibat dari
menanyakan seberapa kuat responden setuju atau tidak
statusnya misalnya, “Saya merasa saya belum memenuhi
setuju dengan pernyataan kepribadian proaktif pada skala
kebutuhan dasar saya sebelum pensiun (perumahan,
lima poin yang berkisar dari 1 = sangat tidak setuju sampai
mobil, dll.)”; dan keterasingan sosial empat item, yang
5 = sangat setuju. Skor tinggi menunjukkan kepribadian
berhubungan dengan rasa takut diabaikan dan tidak
proaktif yang lebih tinggi dan skor yang lebih rendah
relevan dalam keluarga atau masyarakat, misalnya, "Saya
menunjukkan kepribadian proaktif yang rendah. Crant dan
takut saya akan kesepian ketika saya pensiun." Ugwu dkk.
Bateman (2000) memperoleh indeks reliabilitas
(2019) melaporkan koefisien keandalan masing-masing
(Cronbach's alpha) sebesar 0,85.
0,72, 0,71, dan 0,75 untuk tiga dimensi.
Skala Multidimensi Dukungan Sosial yang Dirasakan

Skala Multidimensi Dukungan Sosial yang Dirasakan Prosedur
dikembangkan oleh Zimet et al. (1988) untuk mengukur Kami merekrut dan melatih enam asisten peneliti yang
persepsi dan kepuasan dengan dukungan sosial. Ini membagikan kuesioner di masing-masing negara bagian.
adalah skala 12 item dengan format respons tujuh poin Asisten peneliti adalah pegawai negeri sipil, dosen, dan
mulai dari 1 = sangat tidak setuju hingga 7 = sangat mahasiswa yang mengetahui tata cara pengumpulan data
setuju. Skala ini memiliki tiga dimensi: item 1, 2, 5, dan 10 di lapangan. Mereka membantu dalam distribusi dan
mengukur dukungan dari orang penting lainnya, misalnya, pengumpulan kuesioner untuk periode interval 2 bulan.
“ada orang spesial yang ada di sekitar saya saat saya Semua peserta diberitahu bahwa partisipasi mereka
membutuhkan” dan “ada orang spesial yang bisa saya bersifat sukarela, dan bahwa data akan tetap rahasia.
ajak bergaul. berbagi suka dan dukaku”; butir 3, 4, 8, dan Sekitar 1.200 eksemplar kuesioner dibagikan (200 di
11 mengukur dukungan dari keluarga, misalnya, “Saya masing-masing dari enam negara bagian yang disurvei)
dapat membicarakan masalah saya dengan keluarga dengan bantuan asisten peneliti. Populasi target disaring
saya”; butir 6, 7, 9, dan 12 mengukur dukungan dari dari kuesioner yang dikumpulkan. Setiap set kuesioner
teman, misalnya, “Teman saya sangat berusaha dapat diselesaikan dalam waktu sekitar 10 menit. Setelah
membantu saya.” Zimet dkk. (1990) melaporkan koefisien selesai dan dikumpulkan, salinan kuesioner yang diisi
sebesar 0,88 untuk skala total, 0,87 untuk subskala dengan benar digunakan untuk analisis. Mengingat bahwa
keluarga, 0,85 untuk subskala teman, dan 0,91 untuk tujuan kami diarahkan untuk mencakup Nigeria sebagai
subskala orang lain yang signifikan. sebuah negara, satu negara bagian dari masing-masing
dari enam zona geopolitik Nigeria dijadikan sampel.
Alasan untuk memasukkan peserta dengan 5 tahun ke
Skala Sukses Karir Subyektif Skala
masa pensiun dan mengecualikan mereka yang lebih dari
Sukses Karir Subjektif adalah ukuran kesuksesan karir
5 tahun didasarkan pada fakta bahwa orang-orang yang
yang dikembangkan oleh Greenhaus et al. (1990). Skala masa pensiunnya sudah dekat cenderung secara alami
keberhasilan karir subjektif lima item mengukur persepsi merasa lebih peduli tentang masa pensiun mereka
karyawan dan kepuasan mereka dengan mengacu pada (Barnes-Farrell, 2003).
tujuan dan pencapaian finansial/nonfinansial pribadi. Item
Kuesioner yang dikembalikan sebanyak 937 eksemplar,
sampel termasuk, "Saya puas dengan kesuksesan yang
sedangkan 624 eksemplar valid digunakan untuk analisis
telah saya capai dalam karir saya" dan "Saya puas
setelah penyaringan berdasarkan batas usia yang
dengan kemajuan yang telah saya buat untuk memenuhi
dibutuhkan (5 tahun untuk pensiun), menghasilkan tingkat
tujuan pendapatan saya." Item dinilai pada skala lima poin
respons yang valid sebesar 52% dari 1.200 eksemplar
mulai dari 1 = sangat tidak setuju sampai 5 = sangat
kuesioner. yang awalnya didistribusikan.
setuju. Greenhaus dkk. (1990) melaporkan indeks
reliabilitas alpha Cronbach sebesar 0,89.
Desain dan Statistik
Skala Kecemasan Pra-pensiun Studi ini mengadopsi desain longitudinal dua gelombang
Nigeria 15-item Skala Kecemasan Pra-pensiun Nigeria dengan jeda waktu 2 bulan. Pesertanya adalah pegawai
(NPAS) yang dikembangkan oleh Ugwu et al. (2019) pegawai negeri (staf perguruan tinggi di seluruh tanah air).
digunakan untuk menilai kecemasan pra-pensiun calon 1.200 karyawan yang dipilih secara sengaja diberikan
pensiunan. Tanggapan dipolakan pada skala lima poin kuesioner tercetak. Data dikumpulkan dalam dua
mulai dari 1 = sangat tidak setuju hingga 5 = sangat gelombang, dengan interval 2 bulan. Alasan pengumpulan
data dalam dua gelombang adalah untuk mencapai memudahkan identifikasi. Semua gelombang survei
gelombang minimum yang diperlukan untuk menguji memperoleh penilaian diri karyawan tentang koordinasi
model mediasi (Cole dan Maxwell, 2003). Untuk relasional, kepuasan kerja, dan penggunaan praktik kerja
mencocokkan tanggapan dari kedua gelombang, setiap berkinerja tinggi. Peringkat
individu diminta untuk menggunakan inisial untuk

Ugwu dkk. Kepribadian, Dukungan Sosial, Kecemasan Sebelum Pensiun
The value of AVE should be greater or equal to 0.5 in order
to achieve this validity (Hair et al., 2018; Table 1). The
Semua variabel penelitian diperoleh dalam dua construct validity is achieved when the fitness indices
gelombang. Namun, data digunakan sesuai dengan achieve the level of Goodness of Fit Index (GFI),
kebutuhan untuk prosedur analitis. Variabel kontrol (jenis Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and root mean square error
kelamin, usia, status perkawinan, jumlah anak, dan of approximation (RMSEA), and standardized root mean
tanggungan finansial) disurvei hanya pada gelombang square residual (SRMR). The quality of a test is also
pertama. Setelah mencari nilai yang hilang, 912 tanggapan gauged on the basis of the reliability (internal reliability and
dapat digunakan dari survei gelombang pertama (76%). composite reliability) of scores from it (Oppenheim, 1992).
Pada survei gelombang kedua, hanya 653 karyawan yang In addition, the fit indices of the measurement model,
bersedia melanjutkan studi. Dengan demikian, kuesioner χ2= 40.083, χ2/df= 2.358, GFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97,
gelombang kedua didistribusikan di antara 653 karyawan. RMSEA = 0.079, and SRMR = 0.079 all showed that the
Setelah mencari nilai yang hilang dan mencocokkan model provided a good fit to the data (Hu and Bentler,
respons gelombang pertama dan kedua, hanya 624 1999; Hair et al., 2010).
respons (52%) yang dapat digunakan. Tingkat respons We also compared the extent of fit to the data of the
dari sampel awal hingga data akhir yang dapat digunakan hypothesized eight-factor model (ie, proactive personality;
adalah 52%. social support: friends, family, and others; subjective
Analisis kami melibatkan empat langkah (Clair et al., career success; and pre-retirement anxiety: financial
2015). Pada langkah pertama, kami mengukur reliabilitas preparedness, social obligation, and social alienation) with
dan validitas model pengukuran menggunakan SmartPLS that of an alternative six-factor model (ie, proactive
v3.2.8 (SmartPLS GmbH, Bönningstedt, Jerman; Ringle et personality; social support; subjective career success; and
al., 2015) di samping indeks kecocokan menggunakan pre-retirement anxiety: financial preparedness, social
IBM SPSS Amos v24 (IBM Corp. , Armonk, NY, Amerika obligation, and social alienation) using the following fit
Serikat; Arbuckle, 2016). Prosedur-prosedur ini indices: Akaike's information criterion (AIC), Bayesian
memungkinkan kita untuk memvalidasi sifat psikometrik information criterion (BIC), consistent Akaike's information
dari ukuran kita dari konstruksi individu sebelum criterion (CAIC), and expected cross-validation index
melanjutkan ke pengujian dan menafsirkan hubungan (ECVI). In these fit indices, the lower the values the better
struktural antara konstruksi. Langkah kedua melibatkan the model. For the alternative six-factor model, AIC =
analisis korelasi Pearson (r) yang dilakukan di antara 162.083, BIC = 368.537, CAIC = 429.537, and ECVI =
prediktor studi dan variabel kriteria menggunakan IBM 0.747, whereas for the hypothesized eight-factor model,
SPSS v24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, Amerika Serikat). AIC = 119.068, BIC = 240.910, CAIC = 276.910, and ECVI
Menurut Cohen (1988, 1992), ukuran efek rendah jika nilai = 0.549. Based on the results, the hypothesized model
r bervariasi sekitar 0,1, sedang jika r bervariasi sekitar displayed a better fit with the data relative to the alternative
0,3, dan besar jika r bervariasi lebih dari 0,5. Langkah model. Thus, the hypothesized model was selected.
ketiga adalah post hoc t-test pada variabel kontrol, The Pearson's correlation was performed to ascertain
jenis kelamin, untuk mengkonfirmasi pengaruh variabel the associations of the study variables including the
kontrol (jenis kelamin) terhadap variabel hasil. Hal ini demographic variables or control variables (see Table 2).
penting karena penelitian sebelumnya telah mencatat The results revealed that there was a significant
pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap pensiun (Obsorne, 2017; relationship between gender (dummy coded “0” = female
Niles et al., 2018). Namun, langkah keempat terdiri dari and “1” = male) and financial preparedness and social
pengujian arah variabel independen pada variabel obligation (r= 0.44, p= 0.001 and r= 0.14, p= 0.037,
dependen dan peran mediasi kesuksesan karir subjektif respectively), indicating that males were more associated
dengan menerapkan analisis jalur menggunakan IBM with anxiety relating to financial preparedness and social
SPSS Amos v24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, Amerika obligation than females. Age was significantly and
Serikat; Arbuckle, 2016) untuk mengevaluasi model positively related to social alienation (r= 0.28, p= 0.007)
struktural. but was not significantly correlated with social obligation
and financial preparedness. This reveals that the older
they are, the more likely socially alienated they felt.
RESULTS Multiple-level dummy category was created for marital
status (single, married, separated/ divorced, and
To test for the measurement model, we used the widowed), it was found that singles were associated with
SmartPLS v3.2.8 (SmartPLS GmbH, Bönningstedt, financial preparedness and social alienation anxiety (r=
Germany) to obtain factor loadings, composite reliability, 0.21, p= 0.002 and r= 0.16, p= 0.017, respectively),
Cronbach's alpha, and average variance extracted (AVE). whereas married were found to be less likely to be
associated with social alienation (r= −0.13, p= 0.015),
and separated/ divorced and widowed were equally found negative relationship with financial preparedness (r=
to be associated with social alienation (r= 0.17, p= 0.016 −0.29, p= 0.005), social obligation (r= −0.22, p= 0.011),
and r= 0.22, p= 0.005, respectively). Number of children and social alienation (r= −0.11, p= 0.043). Social support
had a significant positive relationship with social obligation (family) had a significant negative relationship with
(r= 0.38, p= 0.001) but not financial preparedness and financial preparedness (r= −0.16, p= 0.041), social
social alienation. Financially dependent had a significant alienation (r= −0.14, p= 0.048), and social obligation
positive relationship with social obligation (r= 0.28, p= (r= −0.16, p= 0.032). Social support (friend) had a
0.001) but not financial preparedness and social alienation. significant negative relationship with financial
Proactive personality had a negative relationship with preparedness (r= 0.45, p= 0.001) but not with social
financial preparedness (r= −58, p= 0.001), social obligation and social alienation. Social support (other) had
obligation (r= −0.32, p= 0.001), and social alienation a significant negative
(r= −31, p= 0.001). Career success had a significant
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 6 July 2021 | Jilid 12 | Article 569065

Ugwu et al. Personality, Social Support, Pre-retirement Anxiety
TABLE 1 | Measurement model.
Factor loading Composite reliability rho_A Cronbach's alpha AVE
Financial preparedness FP10 0.547 0.647 0.755 0.729 0.540

FP11 0.758
FP14 0.119
FP8 0.687
FP9 0.584
Social obligation SO2 0.568 0.784 0.966 0.828 0.631 SO3 0.395
SO4 0.462
SO5 0.991
SO6 0.634
SO1 0.273
Social alienation SA12 0.923 0.477 0.781 0.711 0.567 SA13 0.324
SA15 0.330
SA7 0.059
Proactive personality PP1 0.695 0.881 0.826 0.871 0.488 PP10 0.643
PP2 0.641
PP3 0.466
PP4 0.698
PP5 0.662
PP6 0.643
PP7 0.724
PP8 0.645
PP9 0.718
Social support (family) SP1 0.757 0.904 0.914 0.903 0.705 SP10 0.958
SP2 0.763
SP5 0.865
Social support (friends) SP12 0.746 0.916 0.936 0.915 0.734 SP6 0.976
SP7 0.800
SP9 0.887
Social support (others) SP11 0.771 0.864 0.865 0.864 0.614 SP3 0.778
SP4 0.826
SP8 0.757
Subjective career success CS1 0.741 0.908 0.910 0.908 0.664 CS2 0.800
CS3 0.820
CS4 0.851
CS5 0.859
AVE, average variance extracted.
relationship with financial preparedness (r= −0.46, p= Test of the Structural Model
0.001) but not with social obligation and alienation. To test all the hypotheses and the overall mediation model
shown above, the mediation analysis was conducted using
Post hoc Test the IBM SPSS Amos v24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United
The post hoc t-test result showed that females States) controlling for age, gender, marital status, number
were less likely to experience higher financial of children, and financial dependents. Finally, a bootstrap
preparedness and social obligation anxiety than males. was conducted to ensure that the mediation indirect
effect was actually significant and reduce error variance,
bias, and prediction error. respectively). Social support (friends) was significantly
It was shown in Figure 2 that proactive personality was associated to financial preparedness and social alienation
significantly associated with social obligation, financial (β= −0.19, p< 0.05 and β= −0.15, p< 0.05), whereas
preparedness, and social alienation (β= −0.18, p= 0.037; social support (others) was significantly associated with
β= −0.17, p= 0.045; and β= −0.09, p= 0.048, social obligation, financial preparedness, and social
respectively, supporting H1). Social support (family) was alienation (β= 0.46, p< 0.001; β= 0.16, p> 0.05; and β=
significantly associated with social obligation and social 0.29, p< 0.05, respectively, supporting H2). Subjective
alienation (β= 0.26, p= 0.044 and β= −0.22, p= 0.048, career success was significantly

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Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org8 July 2021 | Jilid 12 | Article 569065

proactive personality and
pre-retirement anxiety (financial preparedness, social
associated with financial preparedness (β= −0.28, p< obligation, and social alienation).
0.001) but not social obligation and social alienation (partly The result of the path analysis showed that proactive
supporting H3). personality was a significant negative predictor of social
Subjective career success mediated the relationship obligation but was not a significant predictor of the other
between proactive personality and pre-retirement anxiety two dimensions of pre-retirement anxiety (financial
(social obligation, financial preparedness, and social preparedness and social alienation). The hypothesis was
alienation). This shows that subjective career success had therefore not rejected. The significant relationship between
a mediating effect on the relationship between proactive proactive personality and social obligation is supported by
personality and pre-retirement anxiety (social obligation, some studies (Lockenhoff et al., 2009; Robinson et al.,
financial preparedness, and social alienation; supporting 2010; Claes and Van Loo, 2011; Feldman and Beehr,
H4). In the first set of mediation analysis that showed 2011; Jawahar et al., 2012), which point to the fact that
subjective career success did not mediate the relationship those who adapt or make necessary adjustments to fit into
between social support (others) and pre-retirement the changing world and work demands were more likely to
anxiety, whereas the mediation analysis shows that remain relevant and contribute to their work and life after
subjective career success mediated the relationship retirement than those who are passive.
between social support (friends) and pre-retirement Social obligation, which is the feeling that people have
anxiety (social obligation and financial preparedness, about fulfilling their social obligation to themselves, family,
supporting partly H5). We used bootstrap confidence and society, can induce anxiety when they fail at it. Some
intervals as a test of significance to test the mediational of these obligations could be like taking care of their
model of subjective career success as a mediator of the health, welfare of their family (housing, education, and
relationship between proactive personality, social support, psychological and economic support), and assisting
and pre-retirement anxiety at different levels (Table 3). friends and relatives when they needed help. From the
findings, the failure could be as a result of their not taking
initiative, taking charge and taking the basic risks required
DISCUSSION of them at the earlier stages of their work–life to ensure
that they fulfill these obligations. The proactive behavior
The main objective of this study was to determine whether could be taking up new challenges in improving
subjective career success would mediate the relationship themselves for a better job and supporting their families
between proactive personality, social support, and even with the little they have. The nonsignificant
pre-retirement anxiety. The first hypothesis of the study relationship between proactive personality and financial
predicted a significant negative relationship between preparedness was in contrast to some
FIGURE 2 | Regression results of relationships of proactive personality, career success, social support (family, friends, and others), and pre-retirement
anxiety. ∗p< 0.05 and ∗∗p< 0.01 Covariates = gender, age, marital status, number of children, and financial dependents.
Perbatasan dalam Psikologi | www.frontiersin.org 9 July 2021 | Jilid 12 | Article 569065

TABLE 3 | Path analysis test decomposition of effects (n= 624).
Variables Coefficient SE BC 95% CI p LL UL
Proactive personality → (SCS) →social obligation −0.035 0.017 0.054 0.010 0.000 Proactive personality → (SCS) →financial preparedness −0.033 0.023
0.012 0.109 0.004 Proactive personality → (SCS) →social alienation −0.023 0.018 0.015 0.049 0.014 SS friends → (SCS) →social obligation −0.021 0.029
0.059 0.088 0.023 SS friends → (SCS) →financial preparedness 0.044 0.015 −0.008 0.107 0.086 SS friends → (SCS) →social alienation 0.011 0.017 −0.011
0.064 0.287 SS family → (SCS) →social obligation −0.009 0.034 −0.066 0.007 0.269 SS family → (SCS) →financial preparedness 0.037 0.016 −0.017 0.119
0.184 SS family → (SCS) →social alienation 0.009 0.016 −0.009 0.064 0.280 SS Others → (SCS) →social obligation −0.011 0.018 −0.080 0.007 0.214 SS
Others → (SCS) →financial preparedness 0.045 0.038 −0.011 0.146 0.117 SS Others → (SCS) →social alienation 0.011 0.019 −0.010 0.076 0.246
Bootstrapping results were based on 5,000 bootstrapped samples. SE, standard error; BC, bias corrected; CI, confidence interval, LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit; SS,
social support; SCS, subjective career success.
tendencies in its works (Idowu and Olanike, 2010). The
studies (eg, Wawoe, 2010; Claes and Van Loo, 2011), organizational type of which the previous studies were
which submitted that proactive people have higher conducted was not specified, but it was observed that they
tendencies to save or plan for future earnings than less tested for financial knowledge. Public organization workers
proactive people. The basic tendencies of proactive people (public sector) are probably comfortable with the job
make it easy for them to have a bigger picture of the world security and pension safety net they feel will cover their
around them than the mere moment. This result could retirement demands and possibly do not seek financial
trigger a sense of helplessness in controlling their income. knowledge within or outside the organization. However,
The policies and constant changes in political decisions of most workers with private organizations are constantly on
leaders could affect their plans financially by delayed the lookout for means to secure themselves considering
payment of salaries, unpredictable economic trends, etc. the fact that they could lose their job anytime. It can be
From the finding of this study, proactive personality was assumed that the participants in the study were exposed to
not a significant predictor of financial preparedness. This financial knowledge, which influenced their decisions to
was in contrast to the study of Hershey and Mowen (2000) make early plans on savings and starting a business to
and Segel-Karpas and Werner (2014), who posited that keep them liquidated after retirement (Denton et al., 2004;
proactivity influences pre-retirement financial planning McCullough, 2012).
behavior. The difference in the findings could be as a Proactive personality was also found not to predict
result of the organizational type (private and public sector) social alienation; this was also in contrast to the study of
that the participants belong to, which induces risk aversive
Adams et al. (2004), who posited that as people approach there exists a disconnect between his/her family members
retirement, they get depressed and feel lonely. This study from his/her coworkers. The closest people around the
showed that proactivity does not directly lead to social person are his/her family, both immediate and extended.
alienation. The relationship between proactive personality The result further showed that there was a significant
and social alienation negative relationship between social support from
could be indirect as there is a possibility that the significant other and social obligation but not financial
relationship could be complex or nonlinear, meaning that it preparedness and social alienation. This also shows that
could be moderated or mediated by another factor. the higher one feels supported by his/her significant other,
The second hypothesis of the study predicted a the lower the anxiety associated with approaching
significant negative relationship between social support retirement. This finding is also consistent with the outcome
(friends, family, and significant other) and pre-retirement of some studies (eg, Casale et al., 2015; Kugbey et al.,
anxiety (financial preparedness, social obligation, and 2015; Rapee et al., 2015; Roohafza et al., 2015; Lilympaki
social alienation). The results of the path analysis clearly et al., 2016). The results posit that people care about their
showed that family social support was a significant relationships with others outside their families. These
negative predictor of social obligation. This means that the significant others could be coworkers, neighbors, and the
higher support an individual perceives he/she receives or relationship with religious organizations or societies they
hopes to receive from his/her family network, the lower the belonged to. These significant others could be of immense
chances that he/she is going to experience anxiety help to them upon retirement in diverse ways. The
pertaining to social obligation before retirement. This is relationship established with coworkers, neighbors, or
consistent with some findings (eg, van Tilburg, 1992; religious affiliations makes it easy for an individual to ask
Price, 1998), which argued that as people approach for favors for self or family and gain access to some
retirement, the family relationship is considerably reflected resources, which normally would have required longer
as this could affect the well-being of the retiree after processes. For example, a coworker who is a medical
retirement. This also can be true as the individual retires, doctor can be reached

been associated with higher financial satisfaction. This is
in line with previous studies (eg, Quadagno, 1978; Brooke,
later for free consultancy. Furthermore, the information 2009; van Dam et al., 2009; Damman et al., 2013; De Vos
about employment/contracts/grants opportunities can be and Segers, 2013; De Coen et al., 2015). From the studies
gotten for self or family members as a result of affiliation to reviewed, it was observed that some reasons why some
a significant other. people experience anxiety are because the benefits
Although the social support of friends was not expected from their career are not coming or that the
significant with any of the dimensions of pre-retirement benefits they are currently enjoying might come to an end
anxiety, the finding is in contrast with previous studies (eg, soon after retirement. Another possible reason could be
Takagishi et al., 2011; Casale et al., 2015; Kugbey et al., the failure to realize that age and trends were changing
2015; Rapee et al., 2015; Roohafza et al., 2015; Lilympaki (meaning that as time passes and knowledge grows, one
et al., 2016), which found that friends play a significant role is expected to upgrade to flow with trends; thus, it presents
in reducing anxiety in various incidences of lives of people opportunities for promotion and consequently higher
like retirement. But it can be argued that confusion of the financial benefits; van Dam et al., 2009) around their
concept of friendship and others outside the family could works, for example, teachers (Arogundade, 2016),
be responsible as it is possible that anybody close to the physicians (Quadagno, 1978), and IT professionals
individual is seen as a family member, whereas those not (Brooke, 2009), who failed to plan. They desire to delay
too close are considered outsiders and can also be their retirement, whereas some others were forced to retire
construed as friends. unprepared as a result of poor performance and poor
The third hypothesis of the study predicted a significant health (Damman et al., 2013). All these show challenges
negative relationship between career success and toward adequate financial preparedness. The
pre-retirement anxiety (financial preparedness, social unpredictability of trends (economically and politically) in
obligation, and social alienation). Career success was only the work ecosystem of Nigeria can present challenges to
a significant negative predictor of financial preparedness workers to prepare financially for retirement as some of
but not social obligation and social alienation. The third these unpredictable factors can make a worker spend
hypothesis was not rejected (financial preparedness). This his/her savings before retirement, leaving them relatively
could possibly be that as people gain satisfaction with their empty at retirement. The hypothesis was therefore
careers, their fear of financial wants dissipates as they confirmed.
never chose the career because of financial gains, and it The fourth hypothesis, which states that career success
could also be as a result of the experienced returns and will significantly mediate the relationship between
expected return on social capital investments they must proactive personality and pre-retirement anxiety (financial
have made in lives of many people throughout the course preparedness, social obligation, and social alienation)
of their career. This shows that as people aspire and attain among Nigerian civil servants, was significant. The fourth
higher career satisfaction, the effects of financial hypothesis was also not rejected. This finding is in line with
challenges are minimized. Higher career success has the results of previous studies (eg, Lockenhoff et al., 2009;
Sutin et al., 2009; Sutin and Costa, 2010; Feldman and
Beehr, 2011), which showed that proactive workers learn enhance his/her experience and outcomes (Maurer and
quickly to adjust or adapt to changing trends in their Chapman, 2017). Proactive personality from this study can
abilities and work environment to fit into the requirements be opined to be positively related to satisfaction with work
of their work. Career success has shown to mitigate the that is the opposite of pre-retirement anxiety, which
anxiety that comes with retirement as cited by previous indicates that having a proactive personality is associated
studies (eg, Armstrong-Stassen and Cattaneo, 2010; De with a more positive experience as one moves away from
Coen et al., 2015), which posited that those high on career work and becomes fully retired. Perhaps the end of career
success tend to be more effective and enjoy their work–life and the beginning of retirement is not perceived as a
so they desire to continue. Thus, they achieve in a less stressful disruption or unwelcomed event for the proactive
demanding position. With great satisfaction with their work, person, but instead, retirement represents a new context
the idea of retirement is nonexistent (eg, Wingrove and and a new challenge, which is surmountable and which will
Slevin, 1991; Armstrong-Stassen and Cattaneo, 2010; De be managed to his/ her benefits.
Vos and Segers, 2013; De Coen et al., 2015). These The fifth hypothesis, which states that career success
tendencies have been found among proactive individuals will significantly mediate the relationship between social
who make deliberate choices in changing their work and support (family, friends, and others) and pre-retirement
world and follow their desired career path. This can be anxiety (financial preparedness, social obligation, and
seen among some retired academicians and military alienation) among Nigerian civil servants, was found to be
personnel who end up working with research institutes and significant among social support (friends) and
non-governmental organizations or engage in their own pre-retirement anxiety (financial preparedness). This can
personal projects. The hypothesis was therefore be explained as a situation where those with quality
confirmed. The results of this study lead one to consider friendship and high career success experience less
the role that personality dimension could play in the anxiety with their financial preparedness. In their study,
pursuits of happiness and life satisfaction of a worker as Taylor et al. (2008) examined the effects of social support
opposed to relying solely on the social status and rank of a on post-retirement adjustment via a longitudinal study.
worker and the reputation of the organization or institution. Results suggested that social support consistently and
The proactive individual is one who identifies opportunities significantly predicted satisfaction early
and does not shy away from unfamiliar situations. The
proactive individual generates change constructively to

and later in retirement. Moreover, Obodo (2017) IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

investigated social support as a predictor of pre-retirement
anxiety among prospective retirees in the civil service The research findings revealed the roles that subjective
within Enugu metropolis. Results revealed that social career success plays in the relationship between proactive
support negatively predicted pre-retirement anxiety, personality, social support, and pre-retirement anxiety. The
implying that prospective retirees with poor social dimensions studied show that retirement challenges are
support/network have high levels of anxiety toward not just on financial inadequacies, but the challenges of
retirement. Furthermore, Amorim et al. (2017) examined not meeting some social obligations and the fear of being
predictors of happiness among retirees from urban and alienated. For the individual, the findings draw attention to
rural areas in Brazil. Results identified healthy social some social and personality characteristics that need to be
support and economic situation as important predictors of considered all through work–life of individuals, such as
happiness, but no moderation effects of urban and rural family, friends, and pursuit of job satisfaction.
areas were found. Based on the review of social support The findings point to the need for an early intervention
literature on retirement satisfaction, it could be said that for pre-retirees in various organizations to build resources,
social support is a potent mediator in the relationship socially and emotionally. This could be achieved by
between retirement satisfaction and its antecedents. This adopting the resource oriented group intervention
implies that the presence of social support is likely to make technique on retirement by Seiferling and Michel (2017)
up for limitations in leisure satisfaction, health quality, and who have developed cognitive techniques to help
career success among retiring employees (Umukoro and pre-retirees to prepare for their transition to retirement by
Adejuwon, 2017). These findings are supported by breaking cognitive barriers, limiting intentional future plans.
research on human relationships, such as the MacArthur Specifically, these techniques could be reproduced across
studies of aging (Rowe and Kahn, 1998), which validated the organizations and incorporated into the training and
the link of social relationships to loneliness and development programs for employees. This way, as soon
depression. Those who have a great deal of social as employees get into service, they come in contact with
support, such as quality relationships, financial resources, structured orientation programs on how to prepare for
and a network of supportive family members, tend to be retirement. By the pre-retirement stage, therefore, they are
healthier than individuals who lack such support (Bosworth expected to be better positioned for transitioning.
and Schaie, 1997). For governments, these findings point to the need for
structured policies that address the retirement process.
For instance, it is important that the government begins to researchers.
formulate policies that favor pre-retirees within the It is remarkable that research has linked proactive
organizations and which address the need for employers personality, social support, and subjective career success
to focus attention on early intervention for pre-retirees. to feelings, such as pre-retirement anxiety, but retirement
Furthermore, the findings from this study have planning and decision making were not addressed on how
implications for directing future research in understanding proactive personality and social support will influence it
retirement adjustment, a field that is rapidly growing in (Topa et al., 2009). The present study suggests that
terms of interest and need. The literature has not yet research might explore whether proactive personality is a
adequately covered the specific relation between proactive predictor of retirement planning and preparation, and the
personality, social support, and retirement adjustment, and preparation contributes to life satisfaction in retirement.
this relation may have a substantial impact on how we
understand this adjustment process. In the domain of
practice, there is a potential for intervention tailored for CONCLUSION
people with different levels of personality traits in order to
increase their chances of experiencing a positive transition This study found the immense role of social support
to retirement. systems in the lives of individuals before retirement,
especially in Africans who take pride in family and friends.
Moreover, this study found that there are some complex
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND relationships that could induce anxiety among pre-retirees,
FUTURE RESEARCH such as the indirect role of career success in facilitating
the influence of proactivity and social support on
Although the methodology deals adequately with the pre-retirement anxiety.
manifest variables, critical latent variables cannot be Finally, pre-retirement anxiety among workers
suitably accounted for by the use of purely quantitative approaching retirement can be said to be enhanced or
instruments. Due to the complex and multifaceted nature alleviated by understanding the complex web of
of pre-retirement, a deeper understanding of the roles of connections with factors, such as proactivity, social
proactive personality, social support subjective career support, and subjective career success.
success, and pre-retirement can be attained using both
quantitative and qualitative approaches. Perhaps
qualitative approaches, such as interviews with DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
pre-retirees, pension scheme stakeholders, and
employers, can provide insights and answers to some The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will
questions in this field of scientific inquiry. This mixed be made available by the authors, without undue
method approach in investigating pre-retirement is reservation.
worthwhile and should be considered by future

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Orang proaktif tidak menunggu kehidupan terjadi pada

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Skala Multidimensi Dukungan Sosial yang Dirasakan

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TABLE 1 | Measurement model.

Factor loading Composite reliability rho_A Cronbach's alpha AVE

Financial preparedness FP10 0.547 0.647 0.755 0.729 0.540

AVE, average variance extracted.

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TABLE 3 | Path analysis test decomposition of effects (n= 624).

Variables Coefficient SE BC 95% CI p LL UL

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and later in retirement. Moreover, Obodo (2017) IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

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