Diabetes Melitus
Tipe-2
Pembimbing :
Disusun oleh:
I Made Aananta Wiguna 112019124
Novelia Ratna Ury 112021242
• Nama : Ny. K
• Usia : 60 tahun
• Alamat :Sungai Langka
• Agama : Islam
• Tanggal Lahir : 20-6-1962
• Status perkawinan : menikah
• No. RM : 072039
• Pekerjaan : Ibu Rumah Tangga
• Tanggal masuk: 8-6-2022 pukul 10.30 WIB
Anamnesis
Autoanamnesis , pada tanggal 8 Juni 2022
Keluhan Utama
Keluhan Tambahan
( - ) Lain – lain
Kepala
( - ) Trauma ( - ) Sakit kepala
( - ) Sinkop ( - ) Nyeri pada sinus
Anamnesis sitem
Mata
( - ) Nyeri ( - ) Radang
( - ) Sekret ( - ) Gangguan penglihatan (diplopia)
( - ) Kuning / Ikterus ( - ) Ketajaman penglihatan
Telinga
( - ) Nyeri ( - ) Gangguan pendengaran
( - ) Sekret ( - ) Kehilangan pendengaran
( - ) Tinitus
Anamnesis sitem
Hidung
( - ) Trauma ( - ) Gejala penyumbatan
( - ) Nyeri ( - ) Gangguan penciuman
( - ) Sekret ( - ) Pilek
( - ) Epistaksis
Mulut
( - ) Bibir (pecah-pecah) ( - ) Lidah
( - ) Gusi ( - ) Gangguan pengecap
( - ) Selaput ( - ) Stomatisis
Anamnesis Sistem
Tenggorokan
Dada ( Jantung / Paru – paru)
( - ) Nyeri tenggorokan
( - ) Nyeri dada ( - ) Sesak napas
( - ) Benjolan
( - ) Nyeri leher
Anamnesis Sistem
Abdomen Saluran Kemih/Alat Kelamin
Pemeriksaan Sistematis
• Perut
Inspeksi : Rata, dilatasi vena (-)
Palpasi
Dinding perut : Nyeri tekan epigastrium (+), defens muscular (-), massa (-)
Hati : Tidak teraba
Limpa : Tidak teraba
Ginjal : Ballotement (-), nyeri ketok CVA (-)
Lain-lain : Tidak ada
Perkusi : Timpani seluruh lapang abdomen, undulasi (-), shifting dullnes (-)
Auskultasi : Bising usus (-) normal
Refleks dinding perut : Baik
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Pemeriksaan Sistematis
• Anggota gerak
Lengan
Kanan Kiri
Otot
Tonus Normotonus Normotonus
Massa Eutrofi Eutrofi
Sendi Tidak ada kelainan Tidak ada kelainan
Gerakan Aktif Aktif
Kekuatan 5 5
Lain-lain Ptekie (-) Ptekie (-)
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Pemeriksaan Sistematis
• Anggota gerak
Tungkai dan Kaki
Pemeriksaan Sistematis
• Anggota gerak
Refleks
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
EKG
Pemeriksaan Foto Thoraks
Paru-paru:
• Pemeriksaan Fisik:
• TD: 140/100
Ras IMT
Berat badan lebih (IMT ≥
23 kg/m2)
Keluarga
Keluarga, riw lahir BB<2,5kg, riw. • Hipertensi (> 140/90 mmHg)
Melahirkan bayi BB>4kg, riw DM • Dislipidemia (HDL < 35 mg/dL
gestasional
dan/atau trigliserida > 250
mg/dL)
Usia
• Diet tak sehat
usia (>45)
Kalsifikasi
jenis etiologi
Destruksi sel beta pankreas oleh sel imun yang
Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 mengakibatkan defisiensi insulin absolut.
HbA1c
Memperkirakan risiko berkembangnya komplikasi diabetes & kadar glukosa darah rata-rata
dalam jangka Panjang (2-3 bulan) .
Jadwal pemeriksaan:
- Setiap 3 bulan (terutama bila sasaran pengobatan belum tercapai), atau minimal 2 kali
dalam setahun .
PEMERIKSAAN
LAIN
● Kreatinin serum
● Ureum
● Keton, sedimen dan protein dalam urin
● Anti-GAD (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase)
● Elektrokardiogram
● Foto sinar-x dada
PENATALAKSANAAN
1. Edukasi
2. Diet
Jangka Panjang
Tercegah dan terhambatnya progresivitas penyulit mikroangiopati dan
makroangiopati.
1. EDUKASI
Tujuan : Meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang penyakit dan
pengelolaannya dengan tujuan pasien dapat merawat dirinya
sendiri sehingga mampu mempertahankan hidup dan mencegah
komplikasi lebih lanjut.
Diperlukan partisipasi aktif dari pasien, keluarga dan masyarakat.
Terapi Non-Medikamentosa
2. DIET
Mempertahankan atau mencapai berat badan ideal.
Mempertahankan kadar glukosa darah mendekati normal,
mencegah komplikasi akut dan kronik serta meningkatkan kualitas
hidup.
3 J : Jumlah kalori yang dibutuhkan, jadwal makan yang harus
diikuti & jenis makanan.
Karbohidrat : 45-60% Protein : 10-15%
Lemak : 20-25% Serat (± 25 g/hr)
Garam (≤ 3000 mg atau 6-7 gr/hari)
Terapi Non-Medikamentosa
3. EXERSICE
Menurunkan dan menjaga kadar gula darah tetap normal.
Memperbanyak jumlah dan meningkatkan aktivitas reseptor insulin dalam
tubuh.
Tidak perlu olahraga berat (olahraga ringan yang dilakukan secara teratur).
CRIPE (Continuous, Rhytmical, Interval, Progressive, Endurance
Training).
30-40 menit per hari, didahului dengan pemanasan 5-10 menit dan diakhiri
pendinginan antara 5-10 menit.
Terapi Non-Medikamentosa
Terapi Medikamentosa
4. OBAT
o Apabila penatalaksanaan terapi tanpa obat belum berhasil.
o Terapi obat hipoglikemik oral, terapi insulin, atau kombinasi
keduanya.
Terapi Medikamentosa
4. OBAT
1. Obat Hipoglikemik Oral
(OHO)
PERKENI 2021
Terapi Medikamentosa
4. OBAT
2. Insulin
Indikasi pemberian insulin:
1. HbA1c saat diperiksa ≥ 7.5% dan sudah menggunakan satu atau dua obat antidiabetes.
2. HbA1c saat diperiksa > 9%.
3. Penurunan berat badan yang cepat.
4. Hiperglikemia berat yang disertai ketosis.
5. Krisis hiperglikemia.
6. Gagal dengan kombinasi OHO dosis optimal.
Terapi Medikamentosa
4. OBAT
2. Insulin
Indikasi pemberian insulin:
7. Stres berat (infeksi sistemik, operasi besar, infark miokard akut, stroke).
8. Kehamilan dengan DM/diabetes melitus gestasional yang tidak terkendali dengan
perencanaan makan.
9. Gangguan fungsi ginjal atau hati yang berat.
10. Kontraindikasi dan atau alergi terhadap OHO.
11. Kondisi perioperatif sesuai dengan indikasi.
Terapi Medikamentosa
4. OBAT
2. Insulin
JENIS AWITAN PUNCAK LAMA
Insulin kerja pendek 0,5 – 1 jam 2 – 4 jam 5 – 8 jam
4. OBAT
2. Insulin
JENIS PREPARAT CARA PEMBERIAN
KERJA
Kerja pendek Actrapid human 40 / humulin. Diberikan 15-30 menit sebelum
Actrapid human 100 makan.
Kerja sedang Monotard human 100 Diberikan 15-30 menit sebelum
Insulatard makan.
NPH 1-2 kali sehari.
Kerja panjang PZI (tidak dianjurkan lagi) Diberikan 15-30 menit sebelum
makan.
Kerja campuran Mixtard Diberikan sesaat sebelum makan.
Terapi Medikamentosa
4. OBAT
3. Terapi Kombinasi
Terapi dengan OHO
kombinasi harus
dipilih dua macam
obat dari kelompok
dengan cara kerja
yang berbeda.
ADA 2020
PENCEGAHAN
Pencegahan primer
Pencegahan primer adalah upaya yang ditujukan kepada kelompok yang memiliki faktor
risiko, yakni mereka yang belum terkena, tetapi berpotensi untuk mendapat DM dan
kelompok intoleransi glukosa.
Faktor risiko : Ras dan etnik, riwayat keluarga dengan DM, BB lebih, kurangnya aktivitas
fisik.
Pencegahan: Program penurunan berat badan, diet sehat, latihan jasmani, berhenti merokok.
PENCEGAHAN
Pencegahan sekunder:
- Pencegahan sekunder adalah upaya mencegah atau menghambat timbulnya komplikasi
pada pasien yang telah menderita DM.
- Pemberian pengobatan yang cukup dan tindakan deteksi dini komplikasi sejak awal
pengelolaan penyakit DM.
Pencegahan tersier:
- Ditujukan pada kelompok penyandang diabetes yang telah mengalami komplikasi, dalam
upaya mencegah terjadinya kecacatan lebih lanjut.
- Materi penyuluhan termasuk upaya rehabilitasi yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencapai
kualitas hidup yang optimal.
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest Prevention
planet of them all
Neptune
It’s the farthest planet
Pluto is the ninth Uranus is seventh
from the sun
planet from the sun planet from the sun
Saturn
It’s a gas giant and Treatment
has several rings
Venus
Venus is the closest
Despite being red, it’s It’s the biggest planet
planet of the sun
actually a cold place of them all
Diabetes infographic
Main types Organs affected Prevention
It’s the fifth planet from the sun It’s a gas giant with a radius of
and the largest in the solar system about nine times that on Earth
Symptoms Treatment
It’s the fourth planet from the sun It’s the eighth and farthest-known
and it’s a cold place solar planet from the sun
Diabetes infographic
Neptune Venus
It’s the farthest planet from Venus is the closest planet
the sun of the sun
Saturn Uranus
It’s a gas giant and has Uranus is the seventh planet
several rings from the Sun
Earth Pluto
Earth is the third planet Pluto is a dwarf planet in the
from the sun Kuiper belt
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest It’s the closest planet
planet of them all of the sun
Neptune Earth
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
Saturn Mars
It’s a gas giant and has Despite being red, it’s
several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest It’s the closest planet
planet of them all of the sun
Neptune Earth
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
Saturn Mars
It’s a gas giant and has Despite being red, it’s
several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
Venus Mars
It’s the closest planet Despite being red, it’s
of the sun actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest It’s the closest planet
planet of them all of the sun
Neptune Earth
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
Saturn Mars
It’s a gas giant and has Despite being red, it’s
several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
Earth
It’s the third planet
from the sun
1995
60%
Saturn 2000
It’s a gas giant with 88%
an average radius 2005
2000 2005 2010 2015
of about nine 30% Venus is the
times that on Earth 2010 closest planet Uranus is the seventh
46% to the sun planet from the Sun
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest It’s the closest planet
planet of them all of the sun
Neptune Earth
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
Saturn Mars
It’s a gas giant and has Despite being red, it’s
several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
2 4
Mars Venus
Despite being red, it’s Venus is the closest
actually a cold place planet to the sun
1 3 5
Jupiter Saturn Neptune
Jupiter is the biggest It’s a gas giant and has It’s the farthest planet
planet of them all several rings from the sun
Diabetes infographic
2.9M TREATMENT
Saturn
Earth is the only Venus is the It’s a gas giant and has
known planet to closest planet to several rings
harbor life the sun
AREAS AFFECTED
Neptune
It’s the farthest planet from
the sun
Kidney Heart Sight Brain Feet Ears
Diabetes infographic
Venus
It’s the closest 1
planet to the sun
Mars
2 It’s actually a really
cold place
Earth
Earth is the third 3
planet from the sun
Jupiter
4 It’s the biggest
planet of them all
Neptune
It’s the farthest 5
planet from the sun
Diabetes infographic
Symptoms Treatment
Mars Earth
Avoid
Enjoy
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
Saturn Venus
It’s a gas giant and Despite being red, it’s
has several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
Venus
It’s the closest
planet to the sun
Mars
It’s actually a really
cold place
Earth
Earth is the third
planet from the sun
Jupiter
It’s the biggest
planet of them all
Neptune
It’s the farthest
planet from the sun
Diabetes infographic
Earth
Saturn
Earth is the third
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun planet from the sun
and the second-largest in the Solar
75 System, after Jupiter.
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Neptune
It’s the farthest
planet from the sun
65%
Jupiter 40%
50%
40%
30%
It’s the fifth planet from Venus
the sun and the largest
in the solar system It’s the closest
planet to the sun
Diabetes infographic
33% 25%
Jupiter is the biggest It’s the closest planet
planet of them all of the sun
14% 28%
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
14% 14%
It’s a gas giant and has Despite being red, it’s
several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
What is diabetes? How is it diagnosed? What are the symptoms?
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Saturn is the sixth planet from the
Sun and the second-largest in the Sun and the second-largest in the
Solar System, after Jupiter. Solar System, after Jupiter.
Fatigue Tingling
Saturn
25%
INSULI
Jupiter
It’s the fifth planet from the sun and 75%
the largest in the solar system
Diabetes infographic
Venus
Saturn
Sugar control Thirst
Mars
Diabetes infographic
55% Symptoms
1995 60%
2000 40%
2005 70%
Healthy food Exercise Insulin 2010 20%
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is the biggest It’s the closest planet
planet of them all of the sun
Neptune Earth
It’s the farthest planet It’s the third planet
from the sun from the sun
Saturn Mars
It’s a gas giant and has Despite being red, it’s
several rings actually a cold place
Diabetes infographic
Affects of Diabetes Percentages
Eye disease
75% 50%
Kidney disease
Saturn
70%
Jupiter
Nerve damage 90%
Venus
55%
Feet damage Uranus
75%
Diabetes infographic
Saturn Neptune
It’s a gas giant with an It’s the eighth and
average radius of about farthest-known solar
nine times that on Earth planet from the sun
Jupiter Mars
It’s the fifth planet from It’s the fourth planet
the sun and the largest from the sun and it’s
in the solar system a cold place
Saturn
Venus
Venus Venus is the second,
closest and brightest
planet from the sun
Uranus
Diabetes infographic
14% Saturn
A
33% Venus Saturn is the sixth planet
25% from the Sun and the
Mars second-largest in the Solar
System, after Jupiter.
28% Pluto
0 B
It’s a gas giant and It’s the farthest Jupiter is the biggest Venus is the closest
has several rings planet to the sun planet of them planet of the sun
Diabetes infographic
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest Prevention
planet of them all
Neptune
It’s the farthest planet
Pluto is the ninth Uranus is seventh
from the sun
planet from the sun planet from the sun
Saturn
It’s a gas giant and Treatment
has several rings
Venus
Venus is the closest
Despite being red, it’s It’s the biggest planet
planet of the sun
actually a cold place of them all
Diabetes infographic
Saturn Jupiter
It’s a gas giant and has Jupiter is the biggest
several rings planet of them all
Uranus Mars
Uranus is the seventh It’s a gas giant and has
planet from the Sun several rings
Earth Venus
It’s the third planet Venus is the closest
from the sun planet of the sun
Diabetes infographic
Symptoms Prevention
Treatment
Always Extreme
thirsty fatigue Insuline Medicine Control
Diabetes infographic
Hydration Type
Jupiter is the biggest Venus is the closest
planet of them all planet of the sun
Evolution Medicine
It’s the farthest planet Uranus is seventh
from the sun planet from the sun
Jupiter
It’s the fifth planet from
the sun and the largest
in the solar system
Mars
25% It’s the fourth planet
5.8 75%
from the sun and it’s a
cold place
Saturn
It’s a gas giant with an
average radius of about
nine times that on Earth
Diabetes infographic
Neptune Uranus
It’s the farthest planet Uranus is seventh
from the sun planet from the sun
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